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PAGE 4 In Situ In Situ IN SITU PAGE 5 In Situ PAGE 12 in situ in situ PAGE 14 Overview in situ PAGE 15 in situ Analytical Tribology PAGE 17 in situ In Situ Raman Tribometer In Situ Raman Studies PAGE 18 in situ in situ in situ in s itu PAGE 19 In situ in situ in situ PTFE Raman Studies in situ PAGE 23 MoS2 Raman Study Introduction PAGE 25 in situ PAGE 26 Raman Spectroscopy of MoS2 in situ gE gE gE PAGE 27 zd xy d gE gE PAGE 28 in situ in situ PAGE 29 Stacy & Hodul ( Stacy 1995 ) Chen & Wang ( Chen 1974 ) Frequency (cm -1 ) Order Origin Frequency (cm -1 ) Order Origin 34 First 32 First 177 Second 188 Second 287 First 286 First 383 First 383 First 409 First 408.3 First 466 Second 450.2 Second 529 Second 567.3 Second 572 Second 596 Second 601 Second 750 Second 643 Second 778 Second 780 Second 816.7 Second 820 Second Spark Diagnostic Study Introduction gAMLAM gE gE gE LAM gEMLAM gA gE gEMLAM gAMLAM ggAMEM ggAorAM gAMLAM gE gE gE LAM gA gE gEM gA PAGE 30 Spark Creation Fundamentals PAGE 31 v E d PAGE 32 cH R F ccVIR ccTTVxK PAGE 33 di/dt di VL dt PAGE 34 CAdI ULRIUt dt CAAbUUUU Rt It RRL Ab a CACLIUU t UUU PAGE 35 Spark Induced Wear Mechanisms PAGE 36 Non -Sparking Electric Induced Wear Mechanisms Previous Work PAGE 38 eI Ie PAGE 41 Raman Light Scattering PAGE 42 E mEEt mE mPEEt PAGE 43 err r re v emvrrrt rm mvrt r m mm vPEt Er tt r v v PAGE 44 m mmv m mvE PEtr t r E rt r r PAGE 46 v PAGE 47 Raman spectroscopy: v v v A v v v B PAGE 48 ovibvv ov vibv v vibv vibv ov ov PAGE 49 vibv PAGE 50 Emission Spectroscopy PAGE 51 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 250260270280290300Intensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm) Mg (II) 279.55 Mg(II) 280.27 Mg(I) 285.21 Si(I) 288.158 Fe(II) Fe(II) PAGE 52 Boltzmann plot: hcE kTNAg Ie u Ihc Econst AgkT hc kT T PAGE 53 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 3 1063.5 1064 1064.5 1065 1065.5 1066 1066.5 106Cu (I) Boltzmann Plot y = 26.355 1.7747e-06x R= 0.99151 ln(lamda*I/gA)Energy Level (m-1) PAGE 54 IN SITU Tribo -Raman Setup in situ Tribometer PAGE 55 Laser Excitation PAGE 56 Raman Collection PAGE 59 0 2 1044 1046 1048 1041 105300400500600700Intensity (a.u.)Wavenumber (cm-1) Si 520 cm-1 Ar-ion Laser Residual Frequency 501.7 nm Ar-ion Laser Residual Frequency 496.5 nmNo Filter Filter Micro-Raman Si Spectrum PAGE 60 Results Micro -Raman System Characterization PAGE 62 0 5000 1 1041.5 1042 1042.5 1043 1041200125013001350140014501500Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Custom Micro-Raman Commercial Micro-Raman (Shifted) PAGE 63 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1000110012001300140015001600Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1)C-C CH21174 cm-11067 cm-1C-C 1132 cm-1CH2CH2CH2CH21374 cm-11421 cm-11465 cm-11299 cm-1 CH21445 cm-1Custom Micro-Raman 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 1000110012001300140015001600Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1)Commercial Micro-Raman PAGE 64 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 200400600800 100012001400Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) 632.8 nm Micro-Raman Shifted 1000 Counts Custom Micro-Raman PAGE 65 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 250300350400450500550600Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Residual Ar-ion Laser Line Located @ 496.5 nm 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 560600640680720760800840Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 115012001250 1300 135014001450Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) PAGE 66 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 710715720725730735740745750 79 mins 2883 mns 8334 minsIntensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) PAGE 67 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 20004000 6000 8000 10000PTFE Raman Signal vs Sliding TimeP/BTime (min) PAGE 68 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2000 4000 60008000 1 104PTFE Wear Track ProfileHeight ( m)X-dir ( m) -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 200400600800 1000Zoomed PTFE Wear Track ProfileHeight ( m)X-Dir ( m) PAGE 69 A B C PAGE 70 8000 9000 1 1041.1 1041.2 104710715720725730735740745750 Image A Image B Image CIntensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) PAGE 71 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 710720730740750 210 min 5875 min 14407 minIntensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) PAGE 72 Polymer Plasticization Results 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 5000 1 1041.5 104P/BTime (min) PAGE 73 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 1 1041.05 104704712720728736744752760Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Bulk PTFE Slow Wear Track Fast Wear Track PTFE Ribbon (Fast Sliding) PAGE 75 80 160 240 320 400 480 300320340360380Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Unworn 270 min 1320 min 18750 min PAGE 76 0 500 1000 1500 2000 720725730735740745750Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Unworn 270 min 1320 min 18750 min 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1375 1380 1385 1390Intensity (a.u.)Wavenumber (cm-1) Unworn 30 min 7095 min 18750 min 23040 min PAGE 77 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 280285290295300305Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Unworn 30 min 90 min 2970 min 4050 min PAGE 78 100 200 300 400 500 600 370375380385390395Intensity (a.u.)Wavenumber (cm-1) Unworn 30 min 1140 min 2910 min 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 137013751380138513901395Intensity (a.u.)Wavenumber Unworn 30 min 90 min 1290 min 4335 min PAGE 79 520560600640680 Raman Shift (cm-1) Unworn 90 min 1140 min 2970 min 4050 min 4335 min PAGE 80 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 250 300 350 400 450Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Room Temperature Heated Sample CF2 twist CF2 scissors 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 700710720730740750760770Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Room Temperature Heated Sample PAGE 81 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 500550600650700750800850900Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Room Temperature Heated Sample CF2 wag CF2 rock 4000 4500 5000 5500 1150120012501300135014001450Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) Room Temperature Heated sample CF2 asymmetric stretch C-C stretch C-C symmetric stretch PAGE 82 Discussion in situ PAGE 83 in situ PAGE 87 Fundamental MoS2 Raman Study Raman System PAGE 88 Results PAGE 89 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 200400600800 1000Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) 0.6 mW 6.3 mW380 407 451 820 464 PAGE 90 200400600800 1000 Raman Shift (cm-1) 0.6 mW 6.3 mW Intensity (a.u.) PAGE 91 0 5000 1 1041.5 104200400600800 1000Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) PAGE 92 MoO3 High Power Low Power High Power Low Power Wavenumber (cm-1) Wavenumber (cm-1) Wavenumber (cm-1) Wavenumber (cm-1) Wavenumber (cm-1) 148 177 145 146 158 282 380* 179 179 198 377 407* 383* 384* 217 403* 451 409* 409* 245 447 464 419 424 283 622 526 453 465 338 818 565 465 529 365 992 595 528 573 379 639 570 600 471 820 599 644 666 643 723 819 765 738 996 778 767 820 780 806 821 Amorphous MoS2 Crystal MoS2 PAGE 93 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950 4000 4050 350400450500550600650Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1)377 cm-1402 cm-1 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 400440480520560600640Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1)383 cm-1408 cm-1453 cm-1 Laser line PAGE 94 Discussion PAGE 96 uE PAGE 97 Temperature/Environment Raman Study Experimental Methods PAGE 98 Results/Discussion PAGE 101 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 200400600800 1000Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) 293 K 573 K MoO3 Peak 820 cm-1 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 250300350400450500550600Relative Intensity of 820 cm-1 band (Baseline Normalized)Temperature (K) PAGE 103 200400600800 1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Raman Shift (cm-1) 6.3 mW 0.6 mWIntensity (a.u.) PAGE 104 200400600800 1000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 Raman Shift (cm-1) 6.3 mW 0.6 mWIntensity (a.u.) PAGE 105 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 200400600800 1000Intensity (a.u.)Raman Shift (cm-1) 6.3 mW 0.6 mW PAGE 107 riseqazza Tz ka q PAGE 108 200400600800 1000 Wavenumber (cm-1) 002 Low Intensity 100 Low Intensity 100 High Intensity (Perpendicular) 002 High Intensity (Parallel) MoO3MoO3MoS2MoO3 MoS2 q k q k PAGE 109 Conclusion PAGE 113 Experimental Setup PAGE 116 in situ Zinc (I) Wavelength E upper Ag Wavelength (nm)(m^-1) (s^-1) (nm) 510.5530784002.00E+06 4 328.2 515.3249935006.00E+07 4 330.26 521.8249942007.50E+07 6 330.29 529.2562403001.09E+05 8 334.5 578.230535001.65E+06 2 334.56 334.59 Copper (I) e e e e PAGE 117 Results Initial Prototype Emission Measurements 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 500525550575600625650675 CO2 at 90% RH Ambient AirIntensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm) Cu I 510.6 515.3 521.8 Cu I 529.3 Cu I 578.2 Zn II 589.4 Zn II 602.1 610.2 Zn I 636.2 Cu & Zn 2x Ambient Air CO2 @ 90% RH PAGE 118 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 325 330 335 340 345 CO2 at 90% RH Ambient AirIntensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm) Cu I 327.4 Zn I 328.2 Zn I 330.26 330.29 Zn I 334.50 334.56 334.59 CO2 @ 90% RH Ambient Air PAGE 119 Boltzman Plot y = -1.160E-06x + 2.199E+01 R2 = 9.622E-01 y = -1.193E-06x + 2.291E+01 R2 = 9.647E-01 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2.0E+062.5E+063.0E+063.5E+064.0E+064.5E+065.0E+065.5E+066.0E+066.5E+06 Energy Level (1/m) ln(lamda*I/(Ag)) CO2 Air 12400 K 12100 K Simple Static Spark Generated Mea surements Spark Lifetime Static Spark Generator PAGE 120 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 -1 10-60 1 10-62 10-63 10-64 10-65 10-66 10-6Spark Lifetime (Negative Brush)Amp (V)Time (s) -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 -1 10-60 1 10-62 10-63 10-64 10-65 10-66 10-6Spark Lifetime (Positive Brush)Amp (V)Time (s) PAGE 121 Ab a CACLIUU t UUU I0 UC L UA Ub Number of Average MaxMin Std. Dev. Sparks ( s) ( s) ( s) ( s) 486.6916.340.834.35 Number of Average MaxMin Std. Dev. Sparks ( s) ( s) ( s) ( s) 605.0312.371.113.45 Number of Average MaxMin Std. Dev. Sparks ( s) ( s) ( s) ( s) 1085.7716.340.833.94 Positive Brush Negative Brush Combined Polarities PAGE 122 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 4 8 12 16Negative Brush Spark Lifetime DistributionNumberLifetime Bin ( s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 048 1216 20Positive Brush Spark Lifetime DistributionNumberLifetime Bin ( s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 -2 02468 1012141618 20Combined Lifetime DistributionNumberLifetime Bin ( s) PAGE 123 Atomic Spectroscopy Static Spark Generator 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 1 1041.2 1041.4 104505510515520525530535Copper (I) Atomic SpectrumIntensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm) PAGE 124 Aki gk PAGE 125 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 490500510520530540550560Theoretical Tungsten Lamp ResponseW/cm2/nmWavelength (nm) Y = M0 + M1*x + ... M8*x8 + M9*x9 1.6512 M0 -0.0076816 M1 9.3824e-06 M2 1 R PAGE 126 0 5000 1 1041.5 1042 1042.5 104505510515520525530535Theoretical and Measured Lamp Output Theoretical Irradiance (x100,000) Measured IntensityIntensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 505510515520525530535Correction FactorWavelength (nm) PAGE 127 Polarities Negative Positive Combined Average 110201111011050 Std Dev 590 740 630 Min 979097509750 Max 127001391013910 Spark Temperature Statistics (K) Brush Polarity 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 409250 9500 9750 10000 10250 10500 10750 11000 11250 11500 11750 12000 12250 12500 12750 13000 13250Number of SparksTemperature (K) PAGE 128 Prototype Arc Measurements Arc Duration Measurements PAGE 130 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 -5 10-70 5 10-71 10-61.5 10-6VoltageTime (sec) Negative Brush Positive Brush PAGE 131 Number AverageMax Min Std. Dev. Sparks 45 0.712.140.140.48 Number AverageMax Min Std. Dev. Sparks 64 1.093.640.091.05 Number AverageMax Min Std. Dev. Sparks 109 0.933.640.090.88 Negative Brush Positive Brush Combined Polarities PAGE 132 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.71.42.12.83.5Positve BrushNumberLifetime Bin ( s) 0 5 10 15 0 0.35 0.71.051.41.752.12.45NumberLifetime Bin ( s)Negative Brush 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 0.71.42.12.83.5NumberLifetime Bin ( s)Combined Polarities Atomic Emission Measurements PAGE 134 -2 1050 2 1054 1056 105322324326328330332334336Intensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm)Negative Brush Positive Brush Cu (I) 324.8 nm Cu (I) 327.4 nm Zn (I) 328.2 nm Zn (I) 330.3 nm Zn (I) 334.5 nm PAGE 135 4 1048 1041.2 1051.6 105508512516520524528532Intensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm)Neagative Brush Positive Brush Cu (I) 510.6 nm Cu (I) 515.3 nm Cu (I) 521.8 nm Zn (II) x 2 255.8 nm 528.5529529.5530530.5 Cu (I) 529.3 nm PAGE 136 Be/Cu Brushes PAGE 137 0 1 1042 1043 1044 1045 104200250300350400450500550600Intensity (a.u.)Wavelength (nm) Be (I) 313.04 nm Cu (I) 324.75 nm 327.40 nm 329.05 nm Cu (I) 510.55 nm 515.32 nm 521.82 nm 529.25 nm Conclusion PAGE 140 Previous Research In Situ Tribo -Raman Study In situ in situ PAGE 141 MoS2 Raman Study PAGE 143 Arc Atomic Emission Study PAGE 144 Future Research In situ in situ PAGE 145 in situ in stiu | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
