SYNTHETIC AND SOLVOLYTIC STUDIES IN THE
BISMETHANONAPHTHALENE SYSTEM
By
JOHN FOUSHEE TIMBERLAKE
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF
THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
1976
To Laurie
without whose love, understanding, and support the author
could not have coped with the rigors of graduate study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank Professor Merle A. Battiste
for his interest and enthusiasm in the development of this
research. It has been a pleasure to work with a research
director who knows when to let the student work out his own
problem and when assistance is needed. Appreciation is ex-
pressed to Dr. Roy W. King for his many helpful discussions.
Special thanks also go to Dr. Rocco Fiato, Dr. Donna McRitchie,
Dr. Richard Galley, Dr. Robert Posey, Dr. Lou Kapicak, Henry
Gingrich, George Kuta, and Neil Weinstein for their advice,
suggestions, and for generally making the author's stay in
Gainesville pleasant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
II PENTACYCLO[6.3.1.13' 6.02'7 09'1
TRIDEC-13-YL BROSYLATE
III TETRACYCLO[6.2.1.13 6.02,7] DODEC-
4-EI211-Y, PENTACYCLO[6.3.1.03-10.-
0 .0 3' DODEC-ll-YLv AND PENTA-
CYCLO[7.2.1.04,11.05,12.06,1 ]DODEC-
2-YL BROSYLATES
IV KETO- AND KETAL-SUBSTITUTED BROSYLATES
V CIS,ANTI-4 5-EPOXY-ANTI-TETRACYCLO-
[6.2.1.13' .02,7]DODEC-l--YL BROSYLATE
VI EXPERIMENTAL
Synthesis
Kinetic Studies
Solvolysis Product Studies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
LIST OF TABLES
Table
I Relative Rates of Solvolysis in the 7- 6
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl and the 8-Tricyclo-
[3.2.1.02,4]octyl Series
II Acetate Product Distribution from the 36
Acetolysis of (9)-OBs, (15)-OBs, and
(16) -OBs
III Relative Rates of Sulfonate Esters at 41
25 C
IV Rates of Acetolysis of Several 7-Nor- 54
bornyl Brosylates
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Free Energy Diagram for the Acetolysis 42
of (15)-OBs and (16)-OBs
2 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of the Acetolysis 51
Mixture from (51)-OBs
3 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of (101) 60
4 Correlation Diagram for the Highest 63
Occupied MO's in Cyclopropane, Oxirane,
and Thiirane
5 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of the Product Mixture 65
Obtained from Solvolysis of (72)-OBs to
Greater Than 10 Half-Lives in 60% Aqueous
Acetone
6 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of (103) 67
7 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of the Product Mixture 68
Obtained from Solvolysis of (72)-OBs to
2.6 Half-Lives in 60% Aqueous Acetone
8 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of the Reduction Products 69
of a Mixture of (76) and (103)
9 The 1Hnmr Spectrum of (105) 70
10 Plot of ln Observed Versus Time for (55)- 131
OBs at 140 C
11 Plot of ln Observed Versus Time for (51)- 133
OBs at 50 C
12 Plot of In Observed Versus Time for (72)- 138
OBs at 100 C
Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the
Graduate Council of the University of Florida
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
SYNTHETIC AND SOLVOLYTIC STUDIES IN THE
BISMETHANONAPHTHALENE SYSTEM
By
John Foushee Timberlake
August, 1976
Chairman: Dr. Merle A. Battiste
Major Department: Chemistry
Acetolysis studies of exo,endo,exo-pentacyclo[6.3.1.13'6-
02,7.09'll]tridec-13-yl brosylate (I) have shown a rate which
is 107.7 times faster than 7-norbornyl brosylate and a mix-
ture of products containing a least eight acetates. The two
major products have been shown via extensive spectral analysis
to be exo- and endo-pentacyclo[6.3.2.03 .'10 4'1.0 5'9]tridec-
9-yl acetates rather than the expected endo-pentacyclo[6.6.-
13'10.04'1.05'9]tridec-10-yl acetate (II). Attempts to syn-
thesize II and the ketone derived from II via ring expansion
were unsuccessful.
During the synthesis of starting materials for these
ring expansion reactions, exo,exo-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13 6.02'7]-
dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (III-OBs) was observed to give
both endo-pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04'12.05'9]dodec-10-yl
acetate (IV)-OAc and exo-pentacyclo[7.2.1.04'11.05'12.06'10]-
dodec-2-yl acetate (V)-OAc upon acetolysis contrary to the
previously reported result that III-OBs gave only IV-OAc.
Reinvestigation of the acetolysis products showed that III-
OBs gives 91.5% of IV-OAc and 8.5% of V-OAc while IV-OBs
gives 65.4% of IV-OAc and 34.6% of V-OAc, and V-OBs gives
9.9% of IV-OAc and 90.1% of V-OAc. Furthermore, acid cata-
lyzed equilibration of a 65/35 mixture of IV-OAc and V-OAc
in acetic acid resulted in 99.5% of IV-OAc and 0.5% of V-OAc
corresponding to 3.7 kcal/mole energy difference between
these two acetates. Thus product stability, as reflected in
the transition state, is a dominant factor in determining the
relative extent of competitive carbon-carbon bond participa-
tion in the solvolysis of IV-OBs. In an attempt to synthe-
size V-OH more conveniently than previously reported, penta-
cyclo[7.2.1. 4'11 .o5'12.06'10]dodeca-2,7-diene was generated
in one step by the reaction of 7-chloronorbornadiene with
cyclopentadienyl thallium in diglyme at 150 C.
The introduction of an electron withdrawing ketal or
keto group in the 12-position of I was investigated in the
hopes of reducing both the number and extent of carbonium
ion rearrangements on solvolysis. Contrary to expectations
acetolysis of 12,12-dimethoxy-exo,endo,exo-pentacyclo[6.3.-
1.13,6.02,7.09,11]tridec-13-yl brosylate (VI) was accelerated
by a factor of 1.3 over I at 50 C, and gave at least twelve
volatile products (glpc), 58% of which could be assigned to
methoxy ketones. By contrast, exo,endo,exo-pentacyclo[6.3.-
1.13'6.02'7.09'11]tridecan-12-on-13-yl brosylate (VII)
viii
solvolyzed in acetic acid ca. 100 times slower than I at
100 C and gave endo-pentacyclo[6.4.1.03"10.04'13.05'9]tri-
decan-13-on-10-yl acetate as the major (68.7%) product. For
comparison, 12,12-dimethoxy-exo,exo-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'.02'7]-
dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (VIII) and exo,exo-tetracyclo-
[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-4-en-12-on-ll-yl brosylate (IX) were
solvolyzed in acetic acid. The rate of acetolysis of VIII
at 25 oC was at least as fast as III-OBs and gave exo-10-
methoxypentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04'12.05'9]dodec-12-one(X-OMe)
as the major (69%) product. Other products isolated and
identified were X-OAc (19%) and 2-carbomethoxytetracyclo-
[5.3.1.03'8.04,ll]undec-9-ene (3.3%). Brosylate IX solvolyzed
ca. 100 times slower than III-OBs and gave 85% of X-OAc and
15% of the decarbonylated brosylate.
With a view to examining the possibility of remote
participation by an oxirane ring in a solvolysis reaction,
4,5-epoxy-exo,exo-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-ll-yl
brosylate (XI) was prepared and its solvolytic rate constants
determined in 60% aqueous acetone. When extrapolated to
acetic acid at 25 C these rates correspond to a 104.6
accelerative factor compared to 7-norbornyl brosylate. Par-
ticipation by the edge carbon-carbon bond of the oxirane
ring was confirmed by the isolation of endo-10-hydroxy-endo-
tetracyclo[6.2.1.0 4,11.05 9]undecan-3-carboxaldehyde.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Nonclassical carbonium ion chemistry was thrust into
the forefront of mechanistic organic chemistry with the re-
port by Winstein and Trifan of the exo/endo rate ratio of
350 for the acetolysis of 2-norbornyl p-bromobenzene sulfon-
ates (brosylates) (1)-OBs and (2)-OBs and the complete
scrambling of Cl and C2 in the products of acetolysis of
(1)-OBs. The controversy has raged between the followers
of Winstein's theory that the symmetrical "nonclassical"
1 2 3 4
carbonium ion (3) is produced as an intermediate in the
solvolysis of (1)-OBs and the followers of Brown's theory
that unsymmetrical, equilibrating "classical" cations de-
picted by (4) are the intermediates.2'3 Though the contro-
versy may never be resolved to the satisfaction of both
camps, much work continues both in support and opposition
to the existence of nonclassical carbonium ions.
The bridged ion (3) is envisioned as arising from
participation of the CI-C6 a-bond simultaneous with the de-
velopment of positive charge at C2. The stabilization de-
rives from a bridging three-center, two-electron charge de-
localized bond rather than a simple vertical (hyperconjugative)
stabilization. Since the initial observation of the bridged
ion (3) other carbon-carbon bonding groups have been shown
to participate including the n-bonds of the carbon-carbon
double bond and the strained o-bonds of the cyclopropane.
The anti-7-norbornenyl system (5) demonstrates a
decidedly more dramatic neighboring group rate acceleration
in solvolysis reactions than does (1). An acceleration fac-
tor of 1011.2 compared to 7-norbornyl p-toluenesulfonate
(tosylate) (6)-OTs was observed for (5)-OTs whereas syn-7-
norbornenyl tosylate (7)-OTs is only 103.6 times faster than
(6)-OTs.4'5 This tremendous rate acceleration for (5) was
attributed to backside stabilization of the developing car-
X X X
5 6 7 8
bonium ion center at C-7and was expressed as the bishomo-
cyclopropenyl ion (8).6 As in the previous example some
authors preferred to write equilibrating classical ions.7
To check the generality of participation of double
bonds and to determine the effect of a different orientation
of the double bond on the solvolytic rate enhancement, Win-
stein and Hansen solvolyzed tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]-
dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (9)-OBs in acetic acid and observ-
ed a rate which was 107 times that of tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'6.-
02,7]dodec-ll-yl brosylate (10)-OBs. A better model for the
+
10
10-- 11 12
rate enhancement of the double bond in (9)-OBs might be
7-norbornyl brosylate (6)-OBs because (10) is accelerated by
103 over (6), perhaps via hydride participation leading to
hydrogen bridged ion (11) Collapse of ion (11) to the
carbon bridged ion (12) followed by solvent capture provides
an adequate explanation of the products of acetolysis of
(10)-OBs. Relative to 7-norbornyl brosylate (6)-OBs the
double bond in (9)-OBs then shows an accelerative effect of
10 The bishomocyclopropenium ion (13) should be initially
formed on ionization of (9)-OBs, but could subsequently re-
arrange to ion (14) prior to solvent capture. However, the
only product reported from acetolysis of (9)-OBs was exo-
pentacyclo[6.3.1.03,10.04,12.05,9]dodec-ll-yl acetate (15)-OAc.8a
Had ion (14) been involved one would expect some exo-penta-
cyclo[7.2.1.04'11.05'12.06'10]dodec-2-yl acetate (16)-OAc
XT X^z,_Sb
15 16
to be produced along with the (15)-OAc. This absence of
(16)-OAc may point to the thermodynamic stability of the bis-
homocyclopropenium ion (13) to the exclusion of rearrangement
to other ions.
More recently, the cyclopropane ring has been employed
9
as a neighboring group. The strained o-bond of the cyclo-
propane should provide greater stabilization of the develop-
ing positive charge than a "normal" carbon-carbon a-bond
because the higher energy orbitals of the cyclopropane should
allow better mixing with the empty p-orbital. The initial
example of cyclopropane participation involved the solvolytic
study of the 3-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl systems (17) and (18).
Formation of the symmetrical trishomocyclopropenyl ion (19)
X
17 18 19
from cis-ester (17) was implicated by product and labeling
studies but the rate enhancement was less than anticipated.10
More dramatic evidence for participation of the cyclo-
propane o-bond was demonstrated via the solvolytic study of
the 8--tricyclo[3.2.1.02'4]octyl systems (20) through (23).
X XX X X
20 21 22 23 24
These systems were chosen so as to require the bicyclol[3.1.0]-
hexyl moiety to assume a rigid chair conformation for (20)
and (21) and boat conformations for (22) and (23). Direct
comparisons of any of the systems (20) through (23) could
also be made with 7-norbornyl (6), syn- and anti-7-norborn-
enyl (5) and (7), and 7-norbornadienyl (24) derivatives.
Thus (6) was designated as the "parent model" for the series.
The relative rates of solvolysis for the 7-bicyclo[2.2.1]-
heptyl and 8-tricyclo[3.2.1.02'4]octyl derivatives are sum-
marized in Table I.
The rate of solvolysis of endo,anti-8-tricyclo[3.2.1.-
0 2' 4]octyl p-nitrobenzoate (20)-OPNB was 1015.7 times faster
than (6)-OPNB.4bll To account for this exceptionally large
rate acceleration, the authors proposed the formation of the
delocalized trishomocyclopropenium cation (25) derived from
interaction of the "edge" cyclopropane orbitals with the
developing positive charge at C-8. The rate factor of 0.4
for (22), when compared to the factor of 1015.7 for (20) pre-
cludes the importance of "face" participation by cyclopro-
TABLE I. Relative Rates of Solvolysis in the 7-Bicyclo-
[2.2.1]heptyl and the 8-Tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octyl Series
Compound Reference krel25
re 1
x
k
x
x
xt
1011.2
103 .6
1014.7
4b,ll
pane while edge participation is geometrically impossible
25
isme.12a
in this isomer. The meager rate acceleration of only 6
for the endo,syn-isomer (21) rules out any effective stabi-
lization of charge development at C-8 by the cyclopropane
via frontside assistance to ionization.llb The edge cyclo-
propane bond must be properly oriented to interact effective-
ly with the rear lobe of the developing vacant p-orbital.
The 103 acceleration of exo,syn-(23) over (6) has been pos-
tulated to be due to steric acceleration of ionization rather
than any stabilization of the developing positive charge by
the cyclopropane. 12b,13
With the success obtained from the 8-tricyclo[3.2.1.02'4]-
octyl derivatives, researchers looked for other systems in
which the orientational effect on cyclopropyl assistance
could be tested. One obvious choice was pentacyclo[6.3.1.-
13,6.02'7.09'11]tridec-13-yl brosylate (26)-OBs in which the
orbitals of the edge cyclopropane bond are less favorably
oriented in relation to the developing empty p-orbital than
is the edge cyclopropane bond in the endo,anti-ester (20)-
OPNB.14 The rate acceleration for (26)-OBs of 107.7 rel-
ative to (6)-OBs reflects this less favorable orientation.14
Although 107.7 is a considerable rate acceleration, the
cyclopropane in (26) is 10 times less effective as a neigh-
boring group than is the cyclopropane in (20).
Acetolysis of (26)-OBs gave a mixture of products con-
taining no brosylates and at least eight acetates, none of
which had the structure (26)-OAc.14 A possible reaction
scheme leading to six acetates is given in Scheme I in which
classical ions are used for simplicity. The rate accelera-
tion points to the initial formation of the tris-homocyclo-
propenium ion (27) upon ionization of (26)-OBs, which could
subsequently rearrange to other ions such as (28), (29), and
(30). Capture of these ions by solvent would lead to three
epimeric pairs of acetates, (31) through (36). Other prod-
ucts could arise from hydride shifts or further rearrange-
ments in the carbon skeleton.
On the basis of extensive 1Hnmr spectral analysis, the
major component has been assigned the structure (35)-OAc.15
The second most abundant component was assigned the structure
of the epimer (36)-OAc by reducing (35)-OAc with lithium
aluminum hydride, oxidation to the ketone, reduction to a
mixture of alcohols with lithium aluminum hydride, and re-
conversion to the acetates with acetic anhydride and pyridine.
This mixture of acetates had the same gas-liquid partition
chromatography (glpc) retention times as did the major and
second most abundant products.15
The extensive rearrangements observed in the solvolysis
of (26)-OBs are surprising considering the total lack of
OAc
33-OAc
AcO
N34-OAc
26-a3
26-OBs
27 28
+z-S
29
1!
QOAc
AcO -
31-OAc 32-OAc
Ac
35-OAc
+
OAC
36-OAc
SCHEME I
^
rearrangements reported in the solvolysis of the unsaturated
brosylate (9)-OBs. This dramatic difference would suggest
that bishomocyclopropenium ion (13) is much more stable than
its rearranged ion (14) while the trishomocyclopropenium ion
(27) must be less stable than or about equally as stable as
ions (28), (29), and/or (30). It is even more surprising
that (15)-OBs is reported to give only (15)-OAc upon acetol-
ysis since (15)-OBs has the possibility of direct partici-
15
pation by either the C9-C10 bond to give ion (13) or the C1-
C12 bond to give ion (14).
Recent studies have been conducted on systems similar
to (15) in which direct participation of more than one
carbon-carbon bond is possible. For example, exo-tricyclo-
[4.3.0.0 3,]non-7-yl brosylate (37)-OBs could solvolyze by
6 5 +
BsO B 3 > and/or
83
37-OBs 38 39
participation of the C3-C8 bond to give ion (38) or the
C5-C6 bond to give ion (39).16a In this case products de-
rived from ion (38) predominate by a factor of 2.2 : 1 over
products from ion (39). This is significant because ion (39)
is favored by thermodynamic considerations (product stabili-
ties) while ion (38) is favored by bond alignment.16a
Similarly, exo-tetracyclo[5.2.1.02'6.04 .8]dec-9-yl
tosylate (40)-OTs would be expected to give ion (41) by par-
ticipation of the Cl-C2 bond and ion (42) by participation
of the C4-C8 bond. However, in this case the sole isolated
TsO = Ts0JO
2
40-OTs 41 42
product from acetolysis of (40)-OTs is (40)-OAc which could
arise from capture of either ion by the solvent.
In view of the work on (37)-OBs and the extensive re-
arrangements in the solvolysis of (26)-OBs, the isolation of
only (15)-OAc from the acetolysis of (9)-OBs and (15)-OBs
seemed suspect. This is particularly true since the work was
done prior to the routine use of nmr and prior to the advent
of capillary glpc. In addition, preliminary work had indi-
cated that (16)-OBs solvolyzes in acetic acid to give ca.
80% of (16)-OAc and ca. 20% of (15)-OAc. All of the above
considerations led to the reinvestigation of the products
of acetolysis of (9)-OBs and (15)-OBs and the synthesis and
acetolysis of (16)-OBs, the results of which are discussed
in Chapter III of this dissertation.
A detailed investigation of the products of acetolysis
of (26)-OBs is essential before the nature of the ions in-
volved can be determined. One approach is that used by
Seidl, i.e., separation of the products and identification
by spectral analysis. This method is practical for the
major components but is less feasible for the minor compo-
nents, particularly considering the long synthetic route to
(26)-OBs. A more practical approach would appear to be the
authentic synthesis of the probable products of solvolysis
of (26)-OBs. In this vein one could synthesize the acetates,
alcohols, or ketones and then compare their properties with
those of the isolated components. The present study attempt-
ed to synthesize pentacyclo[6.4.1.03'10.04'13.05'9]tridecan-
12-one (43) which could be derived for (31)-OAc or (32)-OAc.
43 44 45
Several approaches to the synthesis of (43) were proposed,
all of which involved pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04,12.05'9]do-
decan-ll-one (44) as a key intermediate.8a Some of the pro-
posed procedures also involved ll-methylenepentacyclo[6.3.1.-
03,10.04'12.05'9]dodecane (45) which could be prepared from
(44) .
Ring expansion of ketone (44) with diazomethane would
be expected to give (43) although complications might occur
due to addition to the "wrong" side and by multiple addi-
tions. Ring expansion of (45) directly to (43) might be
possible through the action of arenesulfonyl azides or thal-
lium(III) perchlorate. 20 Spiro{pentacyclo[6.3.1.010
04'12.05'9]dodecan-exo-11,2'-oxacyclopropane} (46) prepared
by epoxidation of (45), and the endo-isomer (47), prepared
by methylene addition to (44), should give aminoalcohols (48)
and (49) upon reaction with sodium amide in liquid ammo-
nia.21,22,23 Reaction of the individual aminoalcohols with
CH2NH2 H
46 47 48 49
nitrous acid should yield ketone (43), pentacyclo[6.4.1.03'10
04'1 .05' ]tridecan-11-one (50), or a mixture of both.23
50
The details of these synthetic attempts are discussed in
Chapter II.
Another approach to the identification of the solvolysis
products of (26)-OBs is to appropriately substitute (26)-OBs
to prevent or retard the extensive rearrangements observed.
Appropriate substitution should reduce the number of products
and simplify their separation and identification. Substitu-
tion of a ketal or ketone group in the 12-position of (26)-
OBs would appear to be a likely choice, because these elec-
tron withdrawing groups would retard rearrangements to ions
having positive charge site R to the ketal or ketone func-
tional group. The synthesis of 12,12-dimethoxypentacyclo-
[6.3.1.13'6.02,7.09,11]tridec-13-yl brosylate (51)-OBs and
pentacyclo[6.3.1.13'6.02'7.09'11]tridecan-12-on-13-yl bros-
ylate (52)-OBs could be achieved by the same route used to
MeO
MeO
51 52
synthesize (26)-OBs with minor modifications. Examination
of the rates of solvolysis of (51) and (52) might provide
some insight into the nature of the trishomocyclopropenium
ions derived from (26). The synthesis and solvolysis of
12,12-dimethoxytetracyclo[6.2.1.13,6.02'7]dodec-4-en-ll-yl
brosylate (53)-OBs, tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-4-en-
12-on-ll-yl brosylate (54)-OBs, 12,12-dimethoxytetracyclo-
[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-ll-yl brosylate (55)-OBs, and tetra-
cyclo[6.2.1.13'6 .02'7]dodecan-12-on-ll-yl brosylate (56)-OBs
were also undertaken for comparison to the solvolysis of the
cyclopropyl brosylates.
Work reported by Gassman and coworkers on various 7-
substituted 2-norbornyl derivatives may assist in predicting
24
the results of solvolysis of (51) and (52). Exo-bicyclo-
MeO
MeO
53
MeO
MeO
0
54
Ox
0"",V
55 56
[2.2.1]heptan-7-on-2-yl tosylate (57)-OTs did not exhibit
rate acceleration similar to other 2-norbornyl systems.1,24a
In fact, the endo-epimer (58)-OTs solvolyzed six times
0
zLx
0
0
57 58 59
faster than (57)-OTs in acetic acid at 25 'C.24a This un-
usual behavior was attributed to the normal solvent-assisted
ionization of (58)-OTs and an absence of stabilization from
the formation of bridged ion (59) in the solvolysis of (57)-
OTs, because (59) places a partial positive charge adjacent
to the carbonyl group. Analysis of the products of acetol-
ysis of (57)-OTs showed the presence of 48% of (57)-OAc,
44% of (58)-OAc, 4% of nortricyclanone (60), and 4% of
bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-7-one (61), while (58)-OTs gave 97.7%
of (57)-OAc and 2.3% of (58)-OAc.
0 0
60 61
In further study of 7-substituted 2-norbornyl derivative,
the acetolysis of the ethylene glycol ketals of (57) and
(58), (62)-OTs and (63)-OTs, was performed.24b The rate of
0 0 0 0 CH2OH
X
62 63 64
solvolysis of (62) was nine times that of (63). The products
were similar to those of (57) with ketal group intact
for both (62) and (63), except there was a large amount (57%)
of cleavage product from (63) having structure (64) after
reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The cleavage prod-
uct complicates any correlation of the rates of (62) and (63).
Finally, exo- and endo-7,7-dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-
2-yl tosylates (65)-OTs and (66)-OTs were solvolyzed in
acetic acid.24c Ketal (65)-OTs solvolyzes 37 times faster
than (66)-OTs in acetic acid at 25 C. The products of
solvolysis of (65) were 95.5% of (65)-OAc and 4.5% of (66)-
OAc, while (66) gave 16% of 2-methoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-7-one
MeO OMe MeO OMe
X OMe
X
65 66 57-OMe
(57)-OMe, 29% of nortricyclanone (60), and 55% of (57)-OAc
with no products isolated with the ketal intact.
A natural extension of cyclopropane participation is
the use of three-membered rings containing heteroatoms as
a neighboring group in solvolysis reactions. Several authors
have recently published the synthesis and solvolysis of
compounds which might be expected to show such anchimeric
assistance. Syn- and anti-9-oxabicyclo[6.1.0]non-2-yl
brosylates (67)-OBs and (68)-OBs were solvolyzed in 80%
o O
67 68
aqueous acetone. The rate of solvolysis of (67)-OBs
was 260 times that of (68)-OBs. This rate difference results
from better Cl-C8 bond alignment for participation with the
developing positive charge in (67)-OBs than in (68)-OBs.
The only reported attempt to show remote participation
of an oxirane carbon-carbon bond in a solvolysis reaction
employed cis- and trans-6-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl tosylates
(69)-OTs and (70)-OTs which are exactly similar to Winstein's
3-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl system.10,25b Epoxide (69)-OTs solvol-
yzes 12 times faster than (70)-OTs and 11 times slower than
cyclopentyl tosylate in acetic acid at 25 OC.25b,10c The
absence of an appreciable rate enhancement for the solvolysis
of (69)-OTs as well as the absence of products involving
OTs
OTs
69-OTs 70-OTs
C -C5 bond cleavage rules out any significant participation
of the epoxide ring in the solvolytic process.25b This
system suffers from the same nonrigid stereochemistry as the
3-bicyclohexyl systems.10 Two systems which should alleviate
this problem are the epoxides (71) and (72). Both systems
freeze the epoxide ring with the carbon-carbon bond in a
geometry favorable for participation as in the cyclopropane
analogs.11,14 For the present study epoxide (72)-OBs was
chosen because of the ease of synthesis by epoxidation of
0
71 72
(9)-OBs and because of the similarity to other systems in
this study. Solvolysis in aqueous acetone of (72)-OBs would
19
give trishomocyclopropenium ion (73) which should rapidly
rearrange to ion (74) or (72)-OBs could give ion (74) direct-
ly. Capture of ion (74) by solvent (water) would give hemi-
acetal (75) which should hydrolyze to the hydroxyaldehyde
bbHO bOHC
73 74 75 76
(76). The results of the solvolysis of (72)-OBs are dis-
cussed in Chapter V.
CHAPTER II
PENTACYCLO[6.3.1.13'6.02'7.09'11]TRIDEC-13-YL BROSYLATE
Introduction
One approach to unraveling the complex mixture of prod-
ucts obtained from the acetolysis of pentacyclo[6.3.1.13'6.-
02'7.09'11]tridec-13-yl brosylate (26)-OBs is to isolate and
characterize each component separately.14 A more practical
approach to the identification of all but the two most abun-
dant components is the authentic synthesis of compounds antic-
ipated to be among the acetolysis products of (26)-OBs.
Thus the synthesis of pentacyclo[6.4.1.03'10.04'13.05'9]tri-
decan-12-one (43) was attempted via several ring expansion
reactions. Comparison of the properties of ketone (43) with
those of the ketone mixture derived from the acetolysis
products of (26)-OBs would indicate the amount of products
with structure similar to (43).
Synthesis
The synthetic route used in the preparation of (26)-OBs
followed the published procedure and is outlined in Scheme II.
Norbornadiene reacted with benzoyl peroxide in benzene using
a copper(I) bromide catalyst to give 7-norbornadienyl benzo-
ate (24)-OBz after vacuum distillation.27 Reaction of (24)-OBz
OBz OH
eMgBr >
ether
24-OBz
24-OH
LiAlH4
ether
Cl
A -OAc //
C16
150 C
77-OAc
OAC
Ac20
pyridine
5-OAc
LiAlH4
ether
-78 C
O H OH AC
C16-L Na Ac20
tBuOH pyridine
77-OH THF 9-OH 9-OAc
CH2N2
Cu (I)Br
B BsC1
pyridine
26-OBs
H LiA1H4
ether
26-OH
SCHEME II
(OCO2) 2
C(H
Cu(I)Br
OH
ks
5-OH
OAc
"1-
26-OAc
with phenyl magnesium bromide in ether gave a good yield of
7-norbornadienol (24)-OH, which afforded anti-7-norbornenol
(5)-OH on reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. 27,28 The
acetate (5)-OAc, prepared by treatment of (5)-OH with acetic
anhydride in pyridine, was reacted with hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene in a Diels-Alder fashion to give 3,4,5,6,12,12-
hexachloro-exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13 '6.02'7]dodec-4-
en-ll-yl acetate (77)-OAc.26'29
Reduction of (77)-OAc with lithium aluminum hydride in
refluxing ether according to the reported procedure resulted
in a mixture of products (glpc) with the major component of
this mixture being the desired (77)-OH.26 The mass spectrum
of (77)-OH contained a series of isotope peaks at m/e 380
(six chlorines), 345 (five chlorines), and 309 (four chlo-
rines), with the isotope peak at m/e 311 as the base peak.
These peaks correspond to loss of a chlorine atom from the
parent ion for 345 and further loss of hydrogen chloride for
309. The second most abundant component which was also the
shortest retention time component was isolated by preparative
glpc and tentatively assigned the structure of the didechlo-
rinated alcohol (78). The shorter glpc retention time for
Cl
H Cl
78
(78) is in agreement with its lower molecular weight and
expected lower polarity. The IHnmr was essentially identical
to (77)-OH except for the presence of a two-proton singlet at
6 2.32. The mass spectrum exhibited a series of isotope
peaks at m/e 312 (four chlorines), 277 (three chlorines),
241 (two chlorines), and 202 (four chlorines) with the base
peak at m/e 204. With m/e 312 as parent ion, then m/e 277
and 241 correspond to loss of a chlorine atom and further
loss of hydrogen chloride, respectively, as in (77)-OH. The
peak at m/e 202 agrees with a retro Diels-Alder cleavage of
the parent ion to give tetrachlorocyclopentadiene radical
cation and norbornenol. The only isomer in which two chlo-
rines have been replaced by hydrogens that would be consist-
ent with a two proton singlet at 6 2.32 is (78), similar to
previously reported substitution of bridge chlorine by hydro-
gen via lithium aluminum hydride.30
These complications were avoided by reducing (77)-OAc
at -78 C and destroying the excess lithium aluminum hydride
prior to warming the sample to room temperature. In this
way (77)-OH of sufficient purity for further reaction was
produced. Dechlorination of (77)-OH with sodium and tert-
butanol in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gave (9)-OH in relatively
impure form.26 Chromatography on silica gel followed by
recrystallization from hexane gave (9)-OH which showed a
single glpc peak. Preparation of (9)-OAc was achieved by
reaction of (9)-OHu with acetic anhydride in pyridine. After
distillation (9)-OAc was converted to (26)-OAc by reaction
with diazomethane in the presence of copper(I) chloride as
catalyst. Reduction of (26)-OAc with lithium aluminum
hydride followed by treatment with p-bromobenzenesulfonyl
chloride in pyridine gave (26)-OBs in good yield.
The ketone (44) and olefin (45), as well as the
epoxides (46) and (47), were required for the attempted syn-
thesis of ketone (43) which is expected to be derived from
the products of acetolysis of (26)-OBs. The synthesis of
ketone (44) followed the published route with one modifica-
tion and is outlined in Scheme III.3a Treatment of (9)-OH
with p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride followed by solvolysis
in sodium acetate buffered acetic acid afforded (16)-OAc as
well as (15)-OAc contrary to the previous report. For a
more thorough consideration of this development, see
Chapter III. Treatment of this mixture with p-toluenesul-
fonic acid in acetic acid gave essentially pure (15)-OAc,
which gave (15)-OH upon reduction with lithium aluminum hy-
dride. Oxidation of (15)-OH with Jones' reagent gave (44)
cleanly.31 Attempts to prepare olefin (45) by reaction of
(44) with the Wittig reagent failed, perhaps because of steric
interactions in the transition state.32 Reaction of (44),
prepared from the crude solvolysis mixture of (9)-OBs, with
methyl lithium afforded a mixture containing two components
(glpc). The major component was isolated by preparative
glpc and confirmed to be (79) by the presence of a methyl
singlet at 6 1.19 in the 1Hnmr and an alcohol stretching
peak in the infrared spectrum at 3230 cm-1. The infrared
and glpc both showed the absence of any unreacted ketone (44).
SCHEME III AcO
H >0 L OBs 15-OAC
BsC1 B HOAc +
pyridine NaOAc
9-OH 9-OBs AcO
16-OAc
LiA1H4 HOTs
ether HOAc
15-OH
15-OAc
Jones'
Reagent
OH
0 L Me H 2
MeLi M HOTs 2
ether OH
44 79 45
Me3SOI+
NaH
DMSO 0
m-Cl)CO3 H
CH2C12
0
Treatment of (79) with toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing
benzene gave the olefin (45).33 The infrared spectrum had
a methylene stretching absorption of 1670 cm-1 and the 1Hnmr
spectrum had two one-proton doublets at 6 4.53 (J = 1.7 Hz)
and 4.35 (J = 1.7 Hz) corresponding to the two nonequivalent
vinyl protons. The mass spectrum gave m/e at 172 for the
parent ion and 91 for the base peak.
Treatment of (45) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave
the epoxide (46) The vinyl protons of (45) were trans-
formed into a two-proton singlet at 6 2.86 in the 1Hnmr spec-
trum of (46). Exo-addition would be expected since 2-methyl-
enenorbornane gives 86% exo-addition and olefin (45) is much
more hindered towards endo-addition.34 The attempted prep-
aration of epoxide (47) by the reaction of ketone (44) with
trimethylsulfoxonium iodide and sodium hydride in dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) was unsuccessful.22
Product Study
Before the authentic synthesis of the products of sol-
volysis of (26)-OBs can be meaningful, the actual products
must be obtained for comparison. Solvolysis of (26)-OBs in
acetic acid gave a mixture of at least eight acetates (glpc),
the largest four peaks integrating for 50.8, 24.5, 9.1, and
9.0%, respectively, of the mixture. The major component was
previously assigned the structure of acetate (35)-OAc by ex-
tensive 1Hnmr spectral examination.15 Reduction of the prod-
uct mixture with lithium aluminum hydride gave a mixture of
at least ten alcohols whose four major components integrated
AcOA
AcO
35-OAC 36-OAc
for 49.4, 24.4, 7.1, and 6.7%, respectively, of the mixture.
The increased number of peaks is probably due to better glpc
separation of the alcohols and not to the production of addi-
tional products upon reduction. Oxidation of the alcohol
mixture gave a mixture of at least five ketones whose major
two components integrated for 76.7 and 13.3%, respectively,
of the mixture. When compared to the percentages for the
acetates and alcohols, the ketone percentages suggest that
the two major components are epimeric as are the third and
fourth components. Seidl assigned the epimeric structure
(36)-OAc to the second most major component after the reduc-
tion of (35)-OAc with lithium aluminum hydride, oxidation to
the ketone, and reduction to a mixture of two alcohols.15
Reconversion to the acetates gave two acetates with the same
glpc retention times as the two major components. This anal-
ysis was coupled with the same series of reactions on the
product mixture to give the same ratio of the two major ace-
tates as from (35)-OAc.15
Aside from the two major components, the further isola-
tion of the products of solvolysis of (26)-OBs is impractical
because of the similar properties and incomplete separation
SCHEME IV
-N
44 80 2
50
as well as the long synthetic route to (26)-OBs. The more
feasible approach is the authentic synthesis of expected
acetates, alcohols, or ketones derived from (26)-OBs.
The reaction of ketone (44) with diazomethane would
be expected to give intermediate (80) and then lose nitrogen
and rearrange to ketone (43) or (50) as depicted in Scheme IV.
Rearrangement by the migration of the C10-C11 bond (path a)
to give (43) would be expected to predominate because the
migration of the C1-C11 bond (path b) to give (50) would
have to go through a more strained transition state to give
(50) initially in the conformation shown in Scheme IV. The
complete absence of ring expanded products would point to
steric repulsions in the formation of intermediate (80) as
the oxide ion is forced into the vicinity of the endo-alkyl
groups. The presence of boron trifluoride should act as a
driving force since coordination of boron trifluoride to the
carbonyl oxygen would place greater positive charge on the
carbonyl carbon, but still no ring expanded products were
obtained.
The possible difficulty in the formation of intermediate
(80) could be circumvented by the action of nitrous acid
on aminoalcohols (48) and (49). This would give intermediates
CH2NH H
HIO H2NH2C
48 49
similar to those derived from endo- and exo-addition, respec-
tively, of diazomethane to ketone (44). Reaction of nitrous
acid with (48) should give ketone (50) while (49) should give
ketone (43). The reaction of epoxide (46) with sodium amide
in liquid ammonia was expected to yield (48) but gave
only starting material. The failure of this reaction is
further evidence for steric hindrance to attack at C-ll from
the endo direction in this ring system. The failure in the
attempted synthesis of epoxide (47) precludes the formation
of amino alcohol (49).
Reaction of (45) with toluenesulfonyl azide or m-nitro-
benzenesulfonyl azide gave only starting materials under the
conditions reported to give ring expansion products in other
similar systems. The reaction of (45) with thallium(III)
perchlorate was expected to give (43) and (50). Only a minor
amount of volatile material was observed (glpc) with com-
plete destruction of (45).
30
All these reactions appear to suffer to some extent
from the steric problems observed in the diazomethane addi-
tion reaction. Apparently another approach is needed to
solve the product mixture from (26)-OBs. One approach,
the substitution of electron withdrawing groups to retard
rearrangements,is discussed in Chapter IV.
CHAPTER III
TETRACYCLO[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]DODEC-4-EN-11-YL, PENTACYCLO-
[6.3.1.03',1.04,12.05'9]DODEC-ll-YL, AND PENTACYCLO[7.2.1.-
04,1.05,12.06,10]DODEC-2-YL BROSYLATES
Introduction
As previously noted, the absence of additional re-
arranged products in the reported solvolysis of tetracyclo-
[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (9)-OBs and
pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04'12.05'9]dodec-ll-yl brosylate
(15)-OBs was surprising considering the extensive rearrange-
ments observed in the solvolysis of (26)-OBs. Contrary to
the published result, an additional product was observed
in the synthesis of (15)-OAc from (9)-OBs videe supra).
This result coupled with the finding that pentacyclo[7.2.1.-
04'11.05'12.06'10]dodec-2-yl brosylate (16)-OBs gave a
mixture of acetates with (16)-OAc predominating upon acetol-
ysis prompted a reinvestigation of the solvolysis products
of (9)-OBs and (15)-OBs and the synthesis and solvolytic
product study of (16)-OBs.17
Synthesis
Since (9)-OH and (15)-OH were available from previous
work, the only task remaining was the synthesis of (16)-OH.
The reported synthesis of (16)-OH was a rather time consuming,
SCHEME V
l T diglyme [2 + 41
150 C
24-Cl 81 82
m-Ci CO3 H
CH2Cl2
0 C
HO LiA1H4 H 2 O
Pd/C
16-OH 84 83
low yield process and required equipment not generally avail-
able in the laboratory. A more convenient synthesis of
(16)-OH was proposed and is depicted in Scheme V. Reaction
of 7-chloronorbornadiene (24)-Cl with thallium cyclopentadi-
enide in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) at 150 C
led to pentacyclo[7.2.1.04,11.05,12.06,10]dodeca-2,7-diene
(82) apparently via the intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization
of (81).35 This single step process yields (82) in 8-12%
yield compared to 7.3% overall yield for the previously re-
ported multistep synthesis of (82).
Treatment of diene (82) with an equimolar amount of
m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave a mixture of unreacted diene,
the monoepoxide (83), and the diepoxidized olefin which were
easily separated via chromatography on alumina. Because
of time limitations and the generosity of Professor Paquette
in supplying a sample of (16)-OH, further work on the synthesis
of (16)-OH was discontinued. A feasible route to obtain
(16)-OH would involve catalytic hydrogenation of the un-
saturated epoxide (83) to the saturated epoxide (84) and
reduction with lithium aluminum hydride to give (16)-OH.
An interesting second product was obtained from the
reaction of (24)-Cl with thallium cyclopentadienide whose
Hnmr was strikingly similar to that of a mixture of dihydro-
as-indacenes.36 The mass spectrum was in good agreement
with this assignment, giving strong peaks at m/e 154, 153,
and 152 corresponding to the molecular ion, loss of one
hydrogen, and loss of two hydrogens, respectively, and sig-
nificant peaks at m/e 77, 76.5, and 76 probably due to
doubly charged ions. The absence of further significant
fragmentations is typical of aromatic systems.
A possible reaction pathway for the formation of the
dihydro-as-indacenes (85) and (86) is given in Scheme VI.
Attack of the thallium cyclopentadienide at the C2 position
of the bishomocyclopropenium ion (87) followed by successive
1,5-hydrogen migration, Cope rearrangement, and homo-1,5-
hydrogen rearrangement leads to the tricyclic intermediate
(88). Two different 1,5-hydrogen shifts followed by de-
hydrogenation, presumably oxidative in nature, lead to
dihydro-as-indacenes (85) and (86). Another possible route
to (86) is two consecutive 1,5-hydrogen shifts from (88)
involving only the five membered ring followed by oxidation
to give (86). The oxidizing agent in these cases could be
-Tl Cl
+
[1,5]
>y
[3,3]
[1,5]
88
[1,5]
86
an impurity in the thallium reagent resulting from air
oxidation of the thallium cyclopentadienide. This suggestion
would appear to explain the observation that dihydro-as-in-
dacenes were formed in appreciable amounts only when aged
and somewhat discolored thallium reagent was used. When a
fresh bottle of the thallium reagent was used, much less
dihydro-as-indacene was formed and what was presumed to be
SCHEME VI
[1,5]
_____ ^ ^
I [
the unoxidized tetrahydro-as-indacene(s) was detected in the
product mixture.
The product studies for which the above syntheses were
attempted required the preparation of (9)-OBs, (15)-OBs, and
(16)-OBs. Treatment of the respective alcohols with p-bromo-
benzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine gave the brosylates
with the expected downfield shift of the a-hydrogen in the
Hnmr. For comparison to possible products of solvolysis
of these brosylates, the endo-alcohol (89)-OH was prepared
by reduction of ketone (44) with lithium aluminum hydride.
OH
89-OH
The spectral properties were in agreement with the assigned
structure.
Product Studies
Acetolysis of the three interrelated brosylates (9)-OBs,
(15)-OBs, and (16)-OBs gave mixtures of the acetates (15)-OAc
and (16)-OAc which were analyzed by capillary glpc and
checked by 1Hnmr. The results of these glpc analyses are
given in Table II. Reduction of the acetate mixtures ob-
tained from acetolysis of (9)-OBs and (15)-OBs with lithium
aluminum hydride resulted in alcohol mixtures which were
also analyzed by capillary glpc. Incomplete separation of
TABLE II. Acetate Product Distribution from the Acetolysis
of (9)-OBs, (15)-OBs, and (16)-OBs
Substrate % of (15)-OAc % of (16)-OAc
Bs 91.50.2 8.50.2
9-OBs
BsO
BsO 65.40.3 34.60.3
15-OBs
BsO 9.90.3 90.10.3
16-OBs
the peaks precluded accurate analysis of the alcohols, but
the integration of the two largest alcohol peaks was in
general agreement with the acetate ratios. A third smaller
peak was observed in both alcohol mixtures. The mass spectra
of the larger peaks obtained directly by GC/MS analysis of
the alcohol mixture derived from (9)-OBs were in good agree-
ment with the conventionally obtained spectra of (15)-OH and
(16)-OH, but the glpc obtained mass spectrum of the third
component was not similar to any of the reasonable alcohol
products such as (9)-OH, (15)-OH, (16)-OH, (89)-OH or the
endo-alcohol (90)-OH. However, the third component was ob-
HO
90-OH
viously an isomeric alcohol which may either be a product
of acetolysis or a result of decomposition of the product
alcohols on the glpc column or the injection port. These
results obviously contradict the report that (9)-OBs and
(15)-OBs give a single product on acetolysis. This error
is understandable since the work was done prior to the rou-
tine use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and
the components may have given a single peak on glpc analysis
if a less efficient column were used.
The product ratio for the solvolysis of (16)-OBs
indicates that the o-bridged ion (14) is trapped by the
solvent with little or no rearrangement to the bishomocyclo-
propenium ion (13). The extremes for the extent of rearrange-
ment of ion (14) to ion (13) range from a low of zero if
capture of ion (14) leads to 90.1% (16)-OAc and 9.9% (15)-OAc
to a high of 9.9% if capture of ion (14) leads solely to
(16)-OAc. Using these extreme product ratios for the cap-
ture of ion (14) by solvent, (9)-OBs, which must ionize ini-
tially to ion (13), undergoes 8.5 9.4% rearrangement to
ion (14) prior to solvent capture. Similar analysis indicates
that ester (15)-OBs, which has the possibility of the partic-
ipation of either the C -C12 bond to give ion (14) or the
C9-C10 bond to give ion (13), leads to a mixture of 61.6 -
65.4% of ion (13) and 34.6 38.4% of ion (14) on ionization.
To assess the relative importance of thermodynamic con-
siderations (product stability) versus bond alignment in the
formation of ions (13) and (14) from (15)-OBs, the acid-
catalyzed equilibration of (15)-OAc and (16)-OAc was performed
in acetic acid at 75 C. A starting mixture of 65% of (15)-
OAc and 35% of (16)-OAc resulted in a mixture containing
99.5% of (15)-OAc and 0.5% of (16)-OAc. This ratio corre-
sponds to a free energy difference of 3.7 Kcal/mole assuming
equilibrium was established. Thus, participation of the C9-
C10 bond in (15)-OBs would be favored by thermodynamic con-
siderations while participation of the CI-C12 bond is favored
by bond alignment since molecular models show that the CI-C12
bond is exactly anticoplanar to the leaving group while the
C9-C10 bond deviates from anticoplanarity.
B sO
15-OBS
Bs
9-OBs
A similar situation is found in the exo-twistbrendyl
brosylate (37)-OBs where participation of the C5-C6 bond
BsO 654 3
37-OBs
leads to products which are 2.24 3.13 Kcal/mole more stable
than products derived from C3-C8 bond participation, but
where participation of the C3-C8 bond is favored by bond
alignment.16a Acetolysis of (37)-OBs led to products which
favor migration of the C3-C8 bond by 2.2 : 1 over C5-C6 mi-
gration. No products with the (37)-OAc structure were ob-
served because (37)-OAc is 8.7 11.8 Kcal/mole higher in
energy than the observed products. The opposite situation
is observed in the solvolysis of (15)-OBs where the products
SCHEME VII
BsO
16-OBs
14
14
13
favored by thermodynamic factors predominate ca. 2 : 1 over
products favored by bond alignment.
Analysis of the rate for acetolysis of (16)-OBs relative
to (15)-OBs may aid in explaining this behavior. A lower
limit to the rate constant for the acetolysis of (16)-OBs
can be determined from the product study with this ester.
Acetolysis for nine hours at ca. 25 C gave complete reaction
to the limits of the 1Hnmr spectral analysis which corresponds
to at least five half-lives and a rate constant of at least
-4 -1
1.lxl0 s at 25 C. The rate of (16)-OBs appears normal
when compared to exo-2-norbornyl brosylate (1)-OBs, but un-
usually high when compared to the annelated norbornyl systems
(91), (92), and (93) (Table III). On the contrary, (15)-OBs
appears quite in line with the rates of these annelated 2-
norbornyl systems. If one assumes that the free energy dif-
ference between (15) and (16) is essentially the same at
75 OC as at 25 oC, and that the products of acetolysis from
(15)-OBs represent the relative amounts of C1-C12 and C9-C10
bond participation, then a free energy diagram for the ace-
tolysisof (15)-OBs and (16)-OBs can be constructed as in
Figure 1. Most of the 4.8 Kcal/mole difference in the free
energy of activation for the respective ionizations of (15)-
OBs and (16)-OBs to ion (14) is thus seen to result from the
higher ground state energy of (16)-OBs (3.7 Kcal/mole). By
way of confirmation of the ground state energies, molecular
models indicate that (16) is more strained than (15) and in
particular that the C1-C12 bond in (16) is more strained than
Table III. Relative Rates of Sulfonate Esters at 25 C
Compound Reference k
J / 15 8a 1
16 This Work
X
Ox
x
,&X x
21200
2500
5.02
17.3
8.89
= 1.. Kcal/mole 0.4 Kcal/mole
14 13
-----3.7 Kcal/mole
Bs BsO-J /V
16-OBs
15-OBs
Reaction Coordinate
Figure 1. Free Energy Diagram for the Acetolysis of (15)-OBs
and (16)-OBs
the C1-C12 bond in (15). The added strain of the C -C12
bond in (16) raises the energy of the o-orbital allowing
better orbital mixing at the developing carbonium ion site.
If one assumes that the relative stabilities of (15)-OAc and
(16)-OAc reflect the relative stabilities of ions (13) and
(14), respectively, then the stability of ion (13), as re-
Bs BsO
1 12 1 2
15-OBs 16-OBs
flected in the transition state, may partially compensate
for the poorer alignment of the C 9-C10 bond in (15)-OBs.
Finally, the relative difficulty with which ions (13)
and (14) appear to interconvert may be a reflection of the
rigidity of this system. Realignment of the bonds for the
interconversion of these ions may be higher energy processes
than in the more flexible ions derived from the cyclopropyl
brosylate (26)-OBs.
CHAPTER IV
KETO- AND KETAL-SUBSTITUTED BROSYLATES
Introduction
As a result of the unsuccessful attempts to synthesize
the ketone (43), another approach to the identification of
the solvolysis products of (26)-OBs was taken. The intro-
duction of a ketal or ketone functional group in the 12-
position would be expected to reduce the number and/or
amounts of rearranged products from the solvolysis of bros-
ylates (51)-OBs and (52)-OBs because the electron with-
drawing effect of these groups would make the rearranged ions
less favorable. In addition the rates of acetolysis of the
substituted brosylates should give some insight into the
transition state of the solvolysis of (26)-OBs. Since the
products of acetolysis of the unsaturated (9)-OBs have been
thoroughly investigated, substitution of a ketal or ketone
functional group in the 12-position to give (53)-OBs and
(54)-OBs would be useful for a comparison of the acetolysis
products with those of the cyclopropane brosylates (51)-OBs
and (52)-OBs. The rates of the saturated brosylates (55)-
OBs and (56)-OBs can be used for comparison with the rates
of acetolysis of (51)-OBs and (52)-OBs.
Synthesis
The synthesis of 12,12-dimethoxy-exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo-
[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (53)-OH followed essentially
the same procedure used for the preparation of (9)-OH and is
outlined in Scheme VIII, along with the preparation of several
alcohols derived from (53)-OH. Heating (5)-OAc with 5,5-
dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrachlorocyclopentadiene gave 12,12-di-
methoxy-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.-
16,3.02,7]dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (94)-OAc as the only
adduct, which gave (94)-OH on reduction with lithium aluminum
hydride. Neither (94)-OAc nor (94)-OH gave a parent ion in
the mass spectrum but both showed isotope peaks for parent
minus a chlorine atom and other peaks consistent with the
structures. Dechlorination of (94)-OH with sodium and tert-
butanol in THF gave (53)-OH cleanly and in good yield, which
was in sharp contrast to the dechlorination of (77)-OH to
give (9)-OH, and must be related to the absence of chlorines
in the 12-position of (94)-OH. Hydrolysis of (53)-OH gave
the ketoalcohol (54)-OH in good yield. Ketoalcohol (54)-OH
bubbled upon melting, presumably extruding carbon monoxide
to give dienol (95)-OH. The mass spectrum showed similar
95-OH
behavior, giving no parent ion, but a spectrum consistent
SCHEME VIII
+ 7 e 150 0C
1J'4
Qc
5-QAc
-MeOAv
MeO 53-OAc
I CH2N2
Cu (I) Br
53-OH -
5% H2SO H2
N 4\ Pd/C
5 O H
54-OH
51-OAc
LiAlHe4
ether
51-OH
MeOOH
MeO
MeO 55-OH
10%
H2SO4
OH
56-OH
Meo 94-OAc
LiAlH4
ether
-78 C
52-OH
with the loss of carbon monoxide. Catalytic hydrogenation
of (53)-OH gave the saturated alcohol (55)-OH which was
hydrolyzed to the saturated ketoalcohol (56)-OH. The ele-
mental analysis for (56)-OH was consistent with partial
formation of the hydrated ketone, but there is no doubt as
to the identity of (56)-OH since a satisfactory analysis
was obtained for (56)-OBs derived from this sample of
(56)-OH.
The preparation of the cyclopropyl alcohol (51)-OH
followed the procedure previously described for (26)-OH.26
Treatment of (53)-OH with acetic anhydride in pyridine,
reaction with diazomethane in the presence of a copper(I)
chloride catalyst, and reduction with lithium aluminum hy-
dride gave the cyclopropanated alcohol (51)-OH. Hydrolysis
of (51)-OH gave the ketoalcohol (52)-OH.
The 1Hnmr spectra of (51)-OH and (52)-OH are of interest.
H H H
11 OH H10 11 H
9 9
MeO
12 0 12
MeO
51-OH 52-OH
The 1Hnmr spectrum of (51)-OH contains two one proton reso-
nances at 6 0.17 doublett of triplets, J = 4.5, 7.0 Hz) and
6 1.50 doublett of triplets, J = 4.5, 3.0 Hz). The downfield
resonance must be assigned to HI0s since the close proximity
to the oxygen would be expected to deshield H10s and since
the smaller coupling constant for the triplet would be ex-
38
pected for the HI0 which is trans to H9 and H The up-
field position of H10a is higher than expected for a normal
cyclopropane proton, but is accounted for by reciprocal shield-
ing by the electrons in the H1 0s bond which are repelled by
the oxygen. The 1Hnmr spectrum of (52)-OH contains two one
proton resonances at 6 0.23 doublett of triplets, J = 6.0,
3.0 Hz) and 6 0.72 doublett of triplets, J = 6.0, 7.0 Hz).
In this case the upfield resonance is assigned to Hl0s be-
cause of the smaller triplet coupling constant. The H10a
has a "normal" cyclopropane resonance while H10s must be in
the shielding cone of the carbonyl group.
The corresponding brosylates were prepared in the usual
manner from the respective alcohols with p-bromobenzenesul-
fonyl chloride in pyridine. The brosylates had spectra
similar to those of the corresponding alcohols.
Product Studies
Acetolysis of the unsaturated ketal (53)-OBs resulted
in a mixture of eight products (glpc), the two major products
being 69% and 19% of the mixture. These products were sepa-
rated by preparative glpc and assigned the pentacyclic struc-
tures (96)-OMe and (96)-OAc, respectively, on the basis of
spectral properties. The 1Hnmr of (96)-OAc was similar to
(15)-OAc, giving a doublet for H11 at 6 5.09 (J = 2.2 Hz)
and the acetate methyl singlet at 6 1.98. The infrared
spectrum contained the carbonyl absorptions for both the
bridge (1770 cm-1) and acetate (1740 cm-1) carbonyls. The
mass spectrum and accurate mass were also in agreement with
this structure. The 1Hnmr spectrum of (96)-OMe was similar
96-OMe
to (96)-OAc except that the resonance for H11 was shifted
upfield to 6 3.77 doublett, J = 2.2 Hz) and the acetate
methyl resonance was replaced by the methoxyl resonance at
6 3.27. In addition, the infrared spectrum showed a single
-i
carbonyl absorption resonance at 1775 cm- for the bridge
carbonyl The 13Cnmr spectrum, mass spectrum, and accurate
mass were also in agreement with this structure. The third
most abundant component (3.3%) was assigned the structure
(97) since the 1Hnmr spectrum had resonances at 6 6.40
MeO2C
97
(triplet of multiplets, J = 6.0 Hz) and 5.99 (triplet of
multiplets, J = 6.0 Hz) for the vinyl protons and a singlet
at 6 3.59 for the methyl ester. The infrared spectrum also
showed a carbonyl resonance at 1740 cm-1 for the ester
carbonyl.
By analogy, endo-2-norbornyl ketal (66)-OBs afforded
55% of (57)-OAc and 16% of (57)-OMe while (63)-OBs gave
0 T -
MfeO OMe Z4
x x
66 57 63 58
57% of the cleavage product, similar to the products iden-
tified from the solvolysis of (53)-OBs.24bc The other minor
products from (53)-OBs were not identified.
The solvolysis of the unsaturated ketone (54)-OBs gave
a mixture of products consistent with 85% of ('93)-OAc and ge-
15% of the decarbonylated brosylate (95)-OBs contrary to
the result for the solvolysis of the endo-(58)-OBs where a
significant amount of (58)-OAc was observed. Presumably,
the reason for the absence of endo products is the formation
of the bishomocyclopropenium ion from (54)-OBs and the
hindered attack from the endo direction.
Acetolysis of the cyclopropyl ketal (51)-OBs, although
anticipated to give a simpler product mixture than (26)-OBs,
gave a mixture of at least twelve products (glpc) with the
major product accounting for 21.9% of the volatile products.
The shorter retention time peaks (57.7%) can reasonably be
assigned to methoxy ketones since these would be expected
to be less polar than the corresponding acetoxy ketones and
since there are several resonances in the IHnmr spectrum
which appear to be due to methoxyl groups (Figure 2). The
57.7% of methoxy ketones from (51)-OBs is similar to the
En
0
0
4-)
Er)
5-1
*1-I
0
4-3
4-1
0
4-)
U3
w4
E-1
69% of (96)-OMe from (53)-OBs indicating a similar degree of
methoxyl participation in the transition state. Due to the
complexity of the product mixture, the only product iden-
tified was ca. 30% of (52)-OBs formed by hydrolysis of
(51)-OBs.
As in the solvolysis of the unsaturated ketone (54)-OBs,
acetolysis of the cyclopropyl ketone (52)-OBs gave a less
complex product mixture (glpc) than the ketal. The major
component (68.7%) was isolated by chromatography on silica
gel and assigned the structure of the expected (98)-OAc on
the basis of spectral analysis. The 1Hnmr spectrum contained
the acetate singlet at 6 1.97 and H12 consisted of the ex-
AcO
O0 6 0 '
98-OAc 99 100
pected doublet of doublets (J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz) at 6 5.06
since the endo H12 should show very little coupling to H1
and should show different couplings to the H11 protons. The
infrared spectrum showed only one carbonyl absorption at
1750 cm- but the mass spectrum and accurate mass were in
agreement with structure (98)-OAc. In particular, the mass
spectrum showed a large peak for parent ion minus acetic
acid indicating an easy elimination reaction as expected
from (98)-OAc. The other products were not isolated or
identified. The main reason for the absence of extensive
rearrangements is that ions (99) and (100) would be higher in
energy than the corresponding ions from (26)-OBs due to the
proximity of the electron-deficient carbonyl group.
Kinetic Studies
The acetolysis rates of the cyclopropyl (51)-OBs and
(52)-OBs and the unsaturated (53)-OBs and (54)-OBs along
with the saturated analog (55)-OBs were determined and are
given in Table IV along with several related brosylates.
The rate of the saturated ketal (55)-OBs provides an estimate
of the rate-retarding effect of the ketal function when com-
pared to (10)-OBs. The observed ratio of only five times
faster for (10)-OBs is small compared to a factor of 33 for
the endo-2-norbornyl (66)-OTs, as expected for the increased
distance between the developing positive charge centers and
the ketal functionality. The cyclopropyl and unsaturated
ketals (51)-OBs and (53)-OBs do not show any significant rate
retardation. In fact, (51)-OBs is slightly accelerated
over (26)-OBs and (53)-OBs may be accelerated over (9)-OBs
since the rate given is only a lower limit estimate. The
rate acceleration, or at least an absence of deceleration,
and the methoxy products observed point to the participation
of ketal function in the transition state by stabilization of
the developing, delocalized positive charge by the lone
pairs on oxygen. The rate acceleration suggests that de-
localization of the positive charge must be occurring early
in the reaction sequence.
54
0 0 0 0
co
0 0
D M0 00C 0 00 0
4-1 r0 r-* -i r-i -4 1-4 r-4
-P-H 0 H H H H H-
H LO m .-- H CN rn
H4 Al
0
0 h .-- r--I Lo LO r rL r i LO
o c o H a ) IV L N l )
0 4l I4 O I I II I I 4Ia
r-I o . * * +
- ) O-I r-- o1Clrln r. I
0
N 0 0D 0 0 0 0 C
H IC D II 3
1-4
0
~p0 u) 0 U U U
I o) U
a)a)
4J
4 4-J
-
0 N 0
l CO .0
Q) En 00
S4n O o
C) (B
44
0 0
Q ) 0
4-0 4J "
4 o . C .,A 0 *
S, 0 a Q4
En 40 0
ci 0 4
o ci 44 0i
(N rz 44 0
0. 440 0 4- 0
,-H -, ,-I 4 H) 4J
I X X 3 <- -0 (.
S O O (c o m 0 0 (
m 4-1 4J
4 -
4 ( P 4 .
H od -4 Ci (C
(au t 1H i i (C 1
,3 1 H 1 4-1
E-4 C: ti-4 ,
H) H H C-i 4 ) 0
I -XX X 0 c.
(0 C C00 N .0 Ci 0 C0
*I I C 0 0' H 0
uHn( o .0 0
4J C4 c -l >1 r--
0n 3 n 0 4
a 0- 4- (C ..
4-0 a) 4 1 4-
( d U ( ) Q ) I
4 1-1 () 4J z z
4 0 0 0 1 ( >U
> .c. .4 (d 0- *H E 0
- oo0 1n :I 4 i 4-
QM W 4-1 1-4 I4 | -4
Xo m 0 a) V 4 Q) a) 0
'l 0 o 4i c a) Cl .Z
E(C .0 g fV 'Cl a) (4-i
Contrary to the observed rate effect with the ketals,
the cyclopropyl ketone (52)-OBs was decelerated by a factor
of 155 compared to (26)-OBs and the unsaturated ketone (54)-
OBs was decelerated by a factor of 600 compared to (9)-OBs.
These deceleration factors are not directly comparable since
the cyclopropyl rates were compared at 100 C while the
unsaturated ketone at 50 oC was compared to (9)-OBs at 25 C
assuming a similar temperature sensitivity between (9)-OBs
and (6)-OBs. Since raising the temperature has a tendency
to diminish acceleration effects, these two factors are
probably about equal. The unsaturated brosylate (9)-OBs
shows less than 10% rearrangement to ions other than the
initially formed bishomocyclopropenium ion (13) videe supra)
and, therefore, cannot derive significant stabilization
from such rearranged ions. On the other hand, extensive
rearrangements from the initially formed trishomocyclopro-
penium ion (27) are observed in the solvolysis products of
the cyclopropyl brosylate (26)-OBs. The electron withdrawing
effect of the carbonyl group would be expected to similarly
retard rearrangements from the ions formed initially during
the acetolysis of (52)-OBs and (54)-OBs. Studies of the
solvolysis products of these two brosylates help to sub-
stantiate this contention videe supra). Since similar re-
tardation effects are observed for both ketone substituted
brosylates and since (9)-OBs cannot derive significant sta-
bilization from rearrangement of the initially formed ion
(13), then (26)-OBs must be devoid of significant stabili-
57
zation in the transition state derived from further rearrange-
ments of the initially formed trishomocyclopropenium ion (27).
CHAPTER V
CIS,ANTI-4,5-EPOXY-ANTI-TETRACYCLO-
[6.2.1.37,6.02,7]DODEC-ll-YL BROSYLATE
Introduction
A natural extension of cyclopropyl participation in
solvolysis reactions is the use of three-membered rings
containing heteroatoms as a neighboring group. The most
appropriate choice for this study was the epoxy brosylate
(72)-OBs because of the structural relationship to (26)-OBs
and because it was easily synthesized from (9)-OBs. The
only other reported attempt at remote epoxide participation
resulted in no observed acceleration and no products derived
from the carbon-carbon bond participation, so if (72)-OBs
were to demonstrate either of these features it would pro-
vide the first example of remote epoxide participation in a
solvolysis reation.25b
Synthesis
The cis,anti-4,5-epoxy-anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13' 6.0 2,7]-
dodec-ll-yl brosylate (72)-OBs was easily prepared by reaction
of the unsaturated ester (9)-OBs with m-chloroperbenzoic
acid in chloroform. The 1Hnmr spectrum had a two-proton
singlet at 6 3.04 for the epoxide protons and other resonances
consistent with this structure. ll-Oxapentacyclo[6.4.1.03'10
04'13.05'9]tridecan-10-one (101) was required for the authen-
0
.-OBs 0-
72-OBs 101 102
tic synthesis of derivatives related to the anticipated
solvolysis products of (72)-OBs. Reaction of the pentacyclic
ketone (44) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in a Baeyer-Villager
fashion might be expected to give the lactone (101) and the
isomeric (102) but only (101) was obtained, probably for the
steric reasons discussed previously for the reaction of di-
azomethane with (44). The IHnmr spectrum (Figure 3) of (101)
showed a doublet of doublets (J = 4.4, 2.5 Hz) at 6 4.80 for
H 10, a multiple at 6 3.18 for H1, a doublet of sextets (J =
4.4, 1.0 Hz) at 6 2.55 for H9, and a broad doublet (J = 2.5
Hz) at 6 2.42 for H3. The H10 resonance would be expected
to be a doublet of doublets in (101) since molecular models
indicate that the dihedral angle between H3 and H10 is better
for coupling than that between H9 and 1110. Decoupling of the
H10 resonance resulted in a sextet at 6 2.55 as expected for
the bridgehead proton H3 and a broad singlet at 6 2.42 as
expected for the bridge proton H9, with no change in the 6
3.18 resonance. Had (102) been produced, a more complex
resonance would have been expected for the a-portion (H1) of
the lactone. The mass spectrum of (101) had an unusually
C.)
44
a4
U)
C4
rz
intense peak at one unit higher than the molecular ion,
probably due to ion molecule reactions in the ion source.
The remaining spectral results for the mass spectrum, the
infrared spectrum, and the 13Cnmr spectrum were all consis-
tent with the structure of (101).
Kinetic Studies
Solvolysis of (72)-OBs in 60% aqueous acetone with
2,6-lutidine as a buffer gave rate constants of 1.68x10-4
-ilo
s-1 at 100.0 'C, 3.57xl0-5 s-1 at 85.0 C, and an extra-
-8 -
polated rate constant of 1.52xl0-8 s-1 at 25.0 C. The AH1
was 26.7 Kcal/mole and the AS was -4.8 eu. Since for simi-
lar systems the solvolysis rate for brosylates in 60% aqueous
acetone is 21.4 times faster than in acetic acid, the extra-
polated rate constant for (72)-OBs in acetic acid at 25 C
-10 -1 39
is 2.10xl0- s Thus, the rate acceleration for (72)-
OBs over 7-norbornyl brosylate is 104.6 compared to 107.7
for the cyclopropane (26)-OBs and represents 4.3 Kcal/mole
difference in activation energy at 25 oC.4a,14
The rate enhancement and solvolysis products are con-
sistent with the initial formation of the oxatrishomocyclo-
propenium ion (73) followed by collapse to the oxygen
stabilized ion (74). Capture of either of these ions by
the solvent (water) would be expected to give the hemiacetal
(75) which upon hydrolysis should afford the observed alde-
hyde (76) videe infra).
5O HO
73 74 75
One explanation for the reduced accelerative effect of
the carbon-carbon bond of the oxirane versus the cyclopro-
pane is the lower strain energy of the oxirane (13 Kcal/mole)
versus the cyclopropane (25 Kcal/mole). The lower overall
strain energy of the oxirane would be expected to lower
the energy of the occupied o-orbital of the carbon-carbon
bond thus affording poorer mixing with the developing empty
p-orbital at C.ll Additionally, the electron withdrawing
effect of the oxygen should lower the energy, and thus the
nucleophilicity, of the carbon-carbon a-bond.
The lower energy of the carbon-carbon o-bond of oxirane
compared to cyclopropane is confirmed by the photoelectron
spectra of these molecules. The correlation diagram for the
highest occupied MO's of cyclopropane, oxirane, and thiirane
is given in Figure 4.41 The most important orbitals with
respect to participation of the carbon-carbon bond in solvol-
ysis reactions are the es (one of the 2e') for cyclopropane
and the 4a, for oxirane and thiirane since these orbitals
show bonding character between the carbon atoms. Heilbronner
has shown that the 2e' orbitals of cyclopropane are split
by Jahn-Teller effects giving an average ionization potential
7
9 9.00
/ 1
10.53 1 .5/
--i 2eW 2b1
\ / 11.30
11 ,z 2b
\ 11.7__ / 11.86 2
12 4a 1l 2
/\ / 4a1
/ \ /
-13 13.2
le 2b \13 / 13.5
le 2b
-14 14.2 2 -
la2
-15
Figure 4. Correlation Diagram for the Highest Occupied MO's
in Cyclopropane, Oxirane, and Thiirane
of 10.9 eV and, further, that fusing the cyclopropane into
a norbornyl skeleton lowers the ionization potential of the
e to 9.4 eV.42 The 1.5 eV increase in the energy of the
s
e orbital is due in part to the electron donating effect
s
of the alkyl substitution and in part to the increase in
strain. Using Heilbronner's value the unsubstituted oxirane
4a1 orbital is 0.8 eV (18 Kcal/mole) lower in energy con-
tribution from ion (74) to the stabilization.
One method for distinguishing between these two possi-
bilities is the solvolysis of the thiirane analog of (72)-OBs.
If the former explanation is correct, then the thiirane will
provide less stabilization than the oxirane since sulfur is
less electronegative and, therefore, the 4a1 of the thiirane
should not be affected as greatly by alkyl substitution as
the oxirane. If the latter explanation is correct, then the
thiirane will provide greater stabilization since the 2b1
(lone pair) orbitals of the thiirane are at higher energy
and thus would interact with the developing p-orbital more
efficiently.41
Product Studies
Solvolysis of (72)-OBs for greater than 10 half-lives
gave a mixture of products whose 1Hnmr spectrum (Figure 5)
contained two aldehyde resonances. The unexpected presence
of a second aldehyde was explained by the initial formation
of endo-10-hydroxy-endo-tetracyclo[6.2.1.04'll.05 ]undecan-
3-carboxaldehyde (76) followed by isomerization to the endo,-
exo-aldehyde (103), since chromatography of the product
OHC T HO
OHC
76 103
mixture on silica gel or treatment of the product mixture
0
0
0
4J
00
(C)
r-0
r 4J~
0
'oW
0 -Hi
C>
4JH
4)
0 0-
40
04
00
4-)
l-'.-f.-
with 15% sodium hydroxide resulted in the isolation of a
single aldehyde (Figure 6) corresponding to the minor alde-
hyde of the product mixture.
Solvolysis of (72)-OBs for 2.6 half-lives gave a mix-
ture of unreacted starting material and products whose 1Hnmr
spectrum (Figure 7) contained a single aldehyde resonance
corresponding to the major aldehyde of the above product
study.
The stereochemistry of the alcohol group in (76) and
(103) must be as shown because of the similarities in coupling
constants and chemical shifts with those of H10 in lactone
(101) and because molecular models indicate that the opposite
stereochemistry would result in coupling constants which
are small or zero. Furthermore, reduction of the aldehyde
mixture and lactone (101) with lithium aluminum hydride re-
sulted in the materials which gave the 1Hnmr spectra in
Figures 8 and 9, respectively. The diol (104) derived from
lactone (101) gave a new doublet (J = 4 Hz) at 6 3.83 re-
sulting from the new methylene group. As expected the prod-
HOHC HO0
HOHHOH 2C
HOH2C
104 105
ucts from the reduction of the aldehyde mixture gave the
same resonance for the major component and an additional
C- ~
0
u)
0
4-)
~0
4)
0
a)
H0)
.4-1C
W0
'4~ 0
4-)t
0>k
00)
0).
'orL'4
ta C
LH
0
0)
04
-H
4-)
(3
0
r-o
4-
CD
0
04
Ul
doublet (J = 6 Hz) at 6 3.44 for the new methylene group of
the diol (105). Reduction of the endo-aldehyde (103) also
gave this resonance at 6 3.44 as confirmation of the assign-
ment. The different couplings for the methylenes in (104)
and (105) may be a result of the restricted rotation of
the relatively hindered methylene in (104). The less hindered
methylene in (105) shows a normal 6 Hz coupling (compared to
7 Hz in ether) whereas the hindered methylene in (104) may
be held in a conformation which is less favorable for
coupling. The GC-MS analyses of the reduction products of
lactone (101), the aldehyde mixture, and the endo,exo-alde-
hyde (103) were also consistent with these assignments.
The GC-MS analysis of the aldehyde mixture was in agree-
ment with the assigned structures (76) and (103) as is
shown in Scheme IX. Fragmentation of the endo,endo-alde-
hyde (76) shows facile transfer of the aldehyde hydrogen
to the alcohol group and loss of carbon monoxide to give
(76)-b at m/e 164. Alternatively (76)-a can fragment to
give (76)-c followed by loss of ketene to give (76)-d at
m/e 150. The endo, exo-aldehyde (103) can lose water to
give (103)-a at m/e 174 followed by loss of the formyl rad-
ical to give (103)-b at m/e 145. Further fragmentation of
(103)-b could lead to benzene and the cyclopentenyl cation
at m/e 67.
Reaction of the aldehyde mixture with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-
hydrazine gave a crystalline derivative whose infrared
spectrum, mass spectrum, and accurate mass analysis were
SCHEME IX
H20 H 2
OHC o0C --
76- (M') 76-a 76-b
m/e = 164
+ +.
H2-CH2CO >
O 76-c 76-d
m/e= 150
CHO
103- (M+)
+
-H20 -
I 103-b
CHO
103-a m/e = 145
m/e = 174
m/e = 67
We = 67
consistent with adducts formed from (76) and (103).
In conclusion, the accelerative effect demonstrated
by the carbon-carbon bond of the oxirane ring on solvolysis
reactions opens up a new area of interest in physical-organic
chemistry. As already mentioned, the thiirane analog of
(72)-OBs should be solvolyzed to determine which orbitals
of the heterocycle are involved in the solvolytic stabili-
zation. The aziridine analog of (72)-OBs might also be of
interest since the nitrogen is intermediate in electroneg-
ativity between carbon and oxygen. Also of interest would
be the solvolysis of (71)-OBs and its thiirane and aziridine
OBs
71-OBs
analogs to determine if the orientational effect of the
heterocycles on solvolytic reactivity is similar to the
cyclopropane orientational effect.
CHAPTER VI
EXPERIMENTAL
Synthesis
General
Infrared spectra were recorded on either a Perkin-Elmer
Model 137 B of Beckman IR-10 spectrophotometer. Solution
spectra were recorded using matched 0.1 mm sodium chloride
cells. The absorption band positions reported hereafter
are given in wave numbers (cm-1).
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded on
either a Varian Associates Model A-60, 60 MHz spectrophotom-
eter or a Varian Model XL-100, 100 MHz instrument. Chemical
shift values for IHnmr spectra are reported in 6 units
relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at 6 0.00. The chemical
shift values of 13Cnmr spectra are reported in ppm from TMS.
After the chemical shift values are given in parentheses the
multiplicity of the peaks, the relative integration, the
coupling constants (J) where applicable, and the assignments
of the peaks if known. The symbols used for the multiplic-
ities are s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quar-
tet, p = pentet, and m = multiple.
Melting points are uncorrected and were obtained with
a Thomas Hoover melting point apparatus.
Mass spectra were recorded on an Associated Electronic
Industries (AEI) Model MS-30 mass spectrometer at 70 eV
ionizing current. Accurate mass determinations were ob-
tained using the same instrument linked with an auxiliary
PDP-8 digital computer.
Microanalyses were performed by Atlantic Microlabs, Inc.,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Analytical gas-liquid partition chromatography (glpc)
was performed with a Varian Associates Model P1440 chromato-
graph utilizing flame ionization detection. The columns
employed were
a) 100 ft. x 0.01 in. capillary coated with diethylene
glycol succinate (DEGS),
b) 100 ft. x 0.01 in. capillary coated with UCON
LB-550,
c) 100 ft. x 0.03 in. capillary coated with DEGS, and
d) 6 ft. x 1/8 in. 5% SE-30 on Chromsorb W.
Integration of analytical glpc tracings was obtained with
an Autolab 6300 digital intetrator obtained from Spectra-
Physics, Inc.
Preparative glpc was performed with a Varian Associates
Model A-90-P utilizing a thermal conductivity detector.
The columns employed were
a) 6 ft. x 1/4 in. 20% DEGS on Chromsorb W,
b) 10 ft. x 1/4 in. 20% UCON polar 50-HB-2000 on
Chromsorb W,
c) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 5% DEGS on Chromsorb W,
d) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 3% SE-30 on Chromsorb W
e) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 7% OV-17 on Chromsorb W,
f) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 5% UCON polar 50-HB-2000 on Chrom-
sorb W, and
g) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 3% OV-225 on Chromsorb W.
Synthesis of 7-norbornadienyl benzoate (24)-OBz
In a typical reaction 4.8 g (0.033 mol.) of copper(I)
bromide and 306 g (3.32 mol.) of norbornadiene were dissolved
in 1500 ml of benzene and heated to 40 C under a nitrogen at-
27
mosphere with mechanical stirring. To this solution was added
615 g (2.54 mol.) of benzoyl peroxide in 1500 ml of benzene as
a slurry in several portions. When addition was complete, the
mixture was heated to reflux for three days, cooled to room
temperature, and separated into two portions for easier hand-
ling. Each portion was washed successively with 3 x 150 ml of
10% sodium carbonate, 2 x 150 ml of 5% ferrous sulfate, 2 x
150 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, 2 x 200 ml of 3 N hydrochlo-
ric acid, 2 x 150 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, 2 x 200 ml
of water, and 1 x 200 ml of saturated sodium chloride solu-
tion. Each set of washings was extracted with 100 ml of
benzene. The combined benzene layers were dried with an-
hydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and benzene removed
on a steam bath. The residue was distilled (1.5 torr,
140 oC) to give 226 g (25.0%) of 7-norbornadienyl benzoate,
(24)-OBz.27 The 1Hnmr (CCI4) contained the following reso-
nances: 6 7.8 8.1 (m, 2; ortho-aromatic protons); 7.1 -
7.5 (m, 3; meta- and para-aromatic protons); 6.71 (t, 2;
J = 2.3 Hz; H2 and H ); 6.59 (broad t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H5 and
H6); 4.77 (broad s, 1; H7; and 3.70 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz;
H1 and H4).
Preparation of 7-norbornadienol (24)-OH
In a typical reaction a solution of 135.5 g (0.498 mol.)
of (24)-OBz in 400 ml of anhydrous ether was added to phenyl-
magnesium bromide, prepared from 257 g (1.64 mol.) of bromo-
benzene and 40.0 g (1.67 mol.) of magnesium in 1100 ml of an-
hydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere, at a rate such as
to maintain reflux.27 The mixture was stirred for eight
hours after addition was complete and then poured into one 1
of saturated ammonium chloride. The ether layer was separated,
dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the
ether removed under reduced pressure. Pentane (50 ml) was
added and the solid triphenylmethanol removed by filtration.
The pentane was removed under reduced pressure and the residue
distilled (50 torr, 80 OC to 10 torr, 90 oC) to give 42.9 g
(79.7%) of 7-norbornadienol (24)-OH.27 The 1Hnmr spectrum
(CC14) contained the following resonances: 6 6.50 (t, 4; J =
2.0 Hz; H2, H3, H5, and H6); 3.76 (broad s, 1; H7); 3.38
(sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H1 and H4); and 3.2 (s, 1; OH).
Preparation of anti-7-norbornenol (5)-OH
Method A. A solution of 43.0 g (0.398 mol.) of
(24)-OH in 300 ml of anhydrous ether was added at room
temperature to 30 g (0.79 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride
in 600 ml of anhydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere.28
This mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hrs., cooled in an
ice/water bath, and 100 ml of water added. The solid aluminum
salts were dissolved in 400 ml of 10% sulfuric acid and the
aqueous layer was extracted with 2 x 500 ml of ether. The
combined ether layers were dried with anhydrous potassium
carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced
pressure to yield 38.5 g (87.9%) of (5)-OH. This material
was used without further purification as the IHnmr was
essentially identical to that reported and showed greater
than 95% purity.
Method B. A solution of 25.0 g (0.166 mol.) of 7-
norbornadienyl acetate (24)-OAc (Frinton) in 75 ml of ether
was added to 10.0 g (0.264 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride
in 400 ml of anhydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere.
This mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hrs., cooled in an
ice/water bath, and 10 ml of water, 10 ml of 15% sodium
hydroxide, and 30 ml of water added, respectively. This
mixture was filtered. The filtrate was dried with anhydrous
magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under
reduced pressure to give 16.1 g (87.8%) of (5)-OH which was
greater than 95% pure by 1Hnmr.28
The materials obtained by each method were identical.
The 1Hnmr spectra (CC14) of each contained the following
resonances: 6 5.98 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H2 and H3); 3.57
(broad s, 1; H7); 2.53 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H1 and H4);
2.21 (s, 1; OH); 1.8 (m, 2; H5exo and H6exo); and 1.0 (m, 2;
H5endo and H6endo)
Preparation of anti-7-norbornenyl acetate (5)-OAc
Acetic anhydride (42 ml) was added to 42.3 g (0.384
29
mol.) of (5)-OH dissolved in 42 ml of pyridine. This solu-
tion was heated to 100 OC for one hour, cooled to 25 OC, and
100 ml of water added. This mixture was stirred for 10
minutes, poured into 200 ml of water, and extracted with
2 x 200 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed
with 2 x 250 ml of 5% hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of 10%
sodium carbonate. The ether was dried with anhydrous sodium
sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pres-
sure to give 50.3 g (86.1%) of (5)-OAc. This was generally
used without further purification as the 1Hnmr was identical
to that reported. However, (5)-OAc could be distilled (con-
ditions unrecorded) to give a colorless liquid. The 1Hnmr
spectrum (CC14) contained the following resonances: 6 6.02
(t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H2 and H3); 4.33 (broad s, 1; H7); 2.76
(sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H1 and H4); 1.98 (s, 3; 02CCH3); 1.8
(m, 2; H5exo and H6exo); and 1.0 (m, 2; H5endo and H6endo).
Preparation of 3,4,5,6,12,12-hexachloro-exo,exo,anti-tetra-
cyclo[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (77)-OAc
In a typical reaction, 20.0 g (0.131 mol.) of (5)-OAc
and 150 g (0.550 mol.) of hexachlorocyclopentadiene (Aldrich)
were placed in a glass tube, frozen in a dry ice/2-propanol
bath, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and heated to 150 OC for
51 hours.26 This was cooled to room temperature, opened,
and the contents poured into 100 ml of hexane. The solid
which formed was removed by filtration and recrystallized
from hexane to give white prism, m. p. 132 133 C (lit.
132 132.5 C). The original filtrate was chromatographed
on SilicAR cc-7 with hexane to give additional solid with
a 1Hnmr spectrum identical to that of the initial solid.
The combined yield of (77)-OAc was 44.5 g (79.7%).26 The
1Hnmr spectrum (CC14) contained the following resonances:
6 4.80 (broad s, 1; H11); 2.72 (s, 2; H2 and H7); 2.50 (q, 2;
J = 2.0 Hz; H1 and H8); 1.96 (s, 3; O2CCH3); 2.0 (m, 2;
H9exo and H10exo); and 1.2 (m, 2 H9endo and Hl0endo).
Preparation of 3,4,5,6,12,12-hexachloro-exo,exo,anti-tetra-
cyclo[6.2.1.13,' 6. 02'7 ]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (77)-OH
In a typical reaction, a solution of 25.2 g (0.0593
mol.) of (77)-OAc in 300 ml of anhydrous ether was added
slowly under a nitrogen atmosphere to 5.1 g of lithium
aluminum hydride in 300 ml of anhydrous ether cooled in a
dry ice/2-propanol bath. The cold mixture was stirred for
one hour, 100 ml of water was added, and the mixture slowly
warmed to room temperature. To this was added 200 ml of
10% sulfuric acid and the mixture was stirred until all
solids had dissolved. The aqueous layer was extracted with
ethyl ether, the ether dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate,
filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pressure to
give 21.0 g (92.5%) of (77)-OH, m. p. 131 132 C (lit.
134.5 135 C).26 The 1Hnmr spectrum (CDC13) contained
the following resonances: 6 4.08 (broad s, 1; HI1); 2.73
(s, 2; H2 and H7); 2.1 2.4 (m, 4; HI, HS, H9exo, and
Hl0exo); 1.69 (s, 1; OH); and 1.0 1.3 (m, 2; H9endo and
H10endo). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 386 (1.9%),
384 (4.3%), 382 (5.6%), 380 (2.7%), 351 (19.1%), 349 (33.0%),
347 (53.7%), 345 (33.3%), 315 (10.7%), 313 (48.9%), 311
(100%), and 309 (79.5%).
In a separate reaction a sample of the acetate was
reduced according to the literature preparation in which
the lithium aluminum hydride-ether mixture was held at room
temperature during the addition and then heated to reflux
for 30 minutes.26 The excess lithium aluminum hydride was
destroyed by the addition of water at 0 C and then treated
as before. The product obtained by this method was analyzed
by glpc using analytical column (d) (200 C) to give peaks
with the following retention times (approximate percent of
the mixture is given in parentheses): 7.5 min. (10%), 12.0
min. (5%), 13.5 min. (10%), and 17 min. (75%). Initial
reaction at -78 oC followed by heating to reflux prior to
working up produced the same mixture. The major peak corre-
sponded to (77)-OH. The product with the retention time of
7.5 minutes was separated by preparative glpc using column
(d). This component had m. p. 110.5 111.5 oC. The infra-
red spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands:
3100(s), 2800(m), 1700(m), 1580(m), 1080(s), and 790(s) cm .
3100(s), 2800(m), 1700(m), 1580(m), 1080(s), and 790(s) cm
The 1Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 ) contained the following resonances:
6 3.96 (broad s, 1); 2.54 (s, 2); 2.32 (s, 2); 2.2 2.3
(m, 2); 1.8 2.2 (m, 2); 1.5 (s, 1); and 0.9 1.3 (m, 2).
The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 386 (0.02%), 384 (0.03%),
382 (0.04%), 380 (0.02%), 351 (0.08%), 349 (0.19%), 347 (0.31%),
345 (0.17%), 281 (10.0%), 279 (29.8%), 277 (30.3%), 206 (53.3%),
204 (100%), and 202 (80.0%).
Preparation of exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13' 6.02]-
dodec-4-en-ll-ol (9)-OH
In a typical reaction 60 g (0.88 mol.) of tert-butanol
were added to 40 g (1.7 g at.) of sodium in 400 ml of tetra-
hydrofuran (THF) at room temperature under a nitrogen atmos-
phere with mechanical stirring. To this was added a solu-
tion of 21.0 g (0.0549 mol.) of (77)-OH in 200 ml of THF.
This mixture was heated to reflux for 36 hours, cooled to
room temperature, the excess sodium removed by filtration,
and 500 ml of water added. This was extracted with 2 x 500
ml of ether. The combined ether layers were dried with an-
hydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed
under vacuum to give 11 g of crude (9)-OH. This material
was analyzed by glpc using analytical column (b) which showed
one major component with relatively large amounts of impuri-
ties. Chromatography on silica gel gave material which
showed the same impurity peaks on analytical glpc column (b)
but in smaller amounts. Recrystallization from hexane gave
pale yellow needles, m. p. 111 112 C (lit. 107 109 C,
108 109 C).26, 8a This material was found to be homo-
generous to glpc on capillary column (a).
The 1Hnmr spectrum (CC14) contained the following
resonances: 6 6.06 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H4 and H5); 4.71
(broad s, 1; H11); 2.85 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H1 and H8);
2.01 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H2 and H7); 1.7 1.9 (m, 2);
0.8 1.4 (m, 4); and 1.26 (s, 1; OH).
Preparation of exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]-
dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (9)-OAc
Alcohol (9)-OH (5.30 g, 0.0301 mol.) was dissolved in
20 ml of pyridine and 20 ml of acetic anhydride and this
solution heated to 100 C for one hour.29 The reaction
solution was cooled in an ice/water bath and 50 ml of water
added. The mixture was allowed to stir for one hour and then
extracted with 200 ml of ether. The ether layer was washed
with 100 ml of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate,
filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was
distilled (3.0 torr, 125 128 C; lit., 3.1 torr, 113 -
115 oC) to give 5.26 g (80.1%) of (9)-OAc. 26The 1Hnmr spectrum
(CC14) contained the following resonances: 6 6.13 (t, 2;
J = 2.0 Hz; H4 and H5); 5.45 (broad s, 1; H 11); 2.87 (broad
p, 2; H1 and H8); 0.9 2.2 (m, 10); and 1.83 (s, 3; O2CCH3).
Preparation of pentacyclo[6.3.1.13'6.02'7.09'11]tridec-13-yl
acetate (26)-OAc
Diazomethane generation was achieved by addition of
65 g of nitrosan (Aldrich, 70% in mineral oil) in small por-
tions to a flask containing 600 ml of ether, 40 ml of diethy-
lene glycol monoethyl ether, 30 ml of water, and 12 g (0.30
mol.) of sodium hydroxide which was cooled by immersion in
an ice/water bath.43 Nitrogen was passed slowly through the
ether layer containing diazomethane, through a drying tube
filled with potassium hydroxide pellets, and into a flask
immersed in an ice/water bath containing a solution of the
unsaturated acetate in ether.
Typically through a solution of 4.26 g (0.0195 mol.)
of (9)-OAc in 50 ml of anhydrous ether containing 0.5 g
(5 mmol.) of suspended copper(I) chloride catalyst was passed
diazomethane by means of the nitrogen carrier gas. After
12 hrs. of continuous treatment with diazomethane the ether
solution was filtered through a Celite pad, dried with an-
hydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed
under vacuum. The (26)-OAc was used without further puri-
fication. The 1Hnmr spectrum showed the absence of vinyl
protons and was essentially identical to the reported spec-
trum as indicated by the following resonances: 6 5.79 (broad
s, 1; H13 ); 0.8 2.5 (m, 14); 1.99 (s, 3; 02CCH3); 0.4 0.7
(m, 2); and 0.12 (m, 1; H anti ).
Preparation of pentacyclo[6.3.1.13'6.02'7.09'11]tridecan-
13-ol (26)-OH
Crude acetate (26)-OAc (4.16 g, 0.0179 mol.) dissolved
in 125 ml of ether was added to 3.0 g (0.079 mol.) of lithium
aluminum hydride in 150 ml of ether under a nitrogen atmos-
phere.26 After addition was complete, the mixture was heated
to reflux for 30 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and
40 ml of saturated sodium sulfate solution was added. The
ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous sodium sul-
fate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give
3.04 g (89.2%) of (26)-OH.26 This crude product was recrys-
tallized from 30 75 C pet ether to give white needles, m.
p. 121.0 121.5 C (lit. 118.5 120.5 C).26 The Hnmr
contained the following resonances: 6 4.98 (broad s, 1; H13);
2.32 (broad s, 2; H1 and H8); 1.6 2.1 (m, 7); 0.7 1.2
(m, 5); 0.4 0.7 (m, 2); and 0.05 (m, 1; Hl0anti) This
spectrum was identical to that previously reported.
Preparation of pentacyclo[6.3.1.13'6.02'7.09'11]tridec-13-yl
p-bromobenzenesulfonate (26)-OBs
To 0.90 g (4.7 mmol.) of (26)-OH dissolved in 50 ml of
pyridine and cooled in an ice/water bath was added 2.5 g
(9.8 mmol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride and the mix-
44
ture stirred until all solid dissolved. This solution was
maintained at 10 C for 24 hrs. and thenpoured into 300 ml
of ice/water and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of ether. The
combined ether layers were dried with anhydrous potassium
carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum. The
(26)-OBs was recrystallized from hexane to give 1.7 g (88%)
of white needles, m. p. 118.3 119.1 C (lit. 118.5 119
0C).26 The 1Hnmr spectrum (CCl4) contained the following
resonances: 6 7.58 (s, 4); 5.59 (broad s, 1; H13) ; 2.1 2.4
(m, 4); 1.6 2.0 (m, 4); 0.4 1.2 (m, 7); and 0.13 (m, 1).
Preparation of anti,endo,exo-tetracyclo[6.2.1.13'6.02'7]-
dodec-9-en-12-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (9)-OBs
Alcohol (9)-OH (2.43 g, 0.0138 mol.) was added to 7.1 g
(0.028 mol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved
44
in 50 ml of pyridine cooled in an ice/water bath. This
solution was maintained at 10 C for 24 hrs. and then poured
into 100 ml of ice/water and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of
ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml
of 3 N hydrochloric acid, dried with anhydrous potassium
carbonate, filtered, and ether removed under vacuum to give
4.3 g (79%) of (9)-OBs.8a The (9)-OBs was recrystallized
from hexane to give colorless needles, m. p. 108 109 C
(lit. 96 97 C) .a The IHnmr spectrum (CDC13) contained
the following resonances: 6 7.66 (s, 4; aromatic); 6.00
(t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H4 and H5); 5.42 (broad s, 1; H 1); 2.81
(m, 2); 2.0 (m, 4); 1.6 1.9 (m, 2); and 0.9 1.5 (m, 4).
Acetolysis of (9)-OBs
In a typical reaction, 4.3 g (0.11 mol.) of (9)-OBs
were dissolved in 200 ml of 0.1 M sodium acetate in acetic
acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride. This mixture was
heated to 90 C for 12 hrs. (greater than 10 x T1/2 for the
rearranged brosylate (15)-OBs), cooled to room temperature,
poured into 300 ml of ice/water, and extracted with 3 x 400 ml
of pentane.8a The pentane layers were combined, washed with
200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium
carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum to
give 2.6 g (110%) of a mixture of acetates which was found
by 1Hnmr to contain ca. 90% of (15)-OAc and 10% of exo-penta-
cyclo[7.2.1.04'l11.05'12.06'10ldodec-2-yl acetate (16)-OAc
videe infra). For glpc analysis see the section on product
studies.
A solution of 1.0 g (4.6 mmol.) of this acetate mixture
in 30 ml of ether was added under a nitrogen atmosphere to
0.4 g (10 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 30 ml of
ether. This mixture was heated to reflux for one hour,
cooled to room temperature, and 0.4 ml of water, 0.4 ml of
15% sodium hydroxide, and 1.2 ml of water added, respectively.
The ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous magne-
sium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed to give a crude
mixture of the alcohols. This mixture was chromatographed on
SilicAR cc-7 with benzene. The (15)-OH eluted first followed
by (16)-OH. The iHnmr spectrum (CDC 3) of (16)-OH was iden-
tical to the reported spectrum and contained the following
resonances: 6 3.98 (d of d, 1; J = 7.0, 2.7 Hz; H2); 2.0 2.3
(m, 4); 1.88 (d, 1; J = 7.0 Hz); 1.1 1.7 (m, 8); and 0.9
(m, i).17
exo-Pentacyclo[6.3.1.1310.04,12.05,9]dodec-ll-yl acetate
(15)-OAc
A crude mixture of acetates (0.20 g, 0.92 mmol.) from
acetolysis of (9)-OBs was dissolved in 10 ml of glacial
acetic acid containing 1 ml of acetic anhydride and 50 ml of
p-toluenesulfonic acid. This solution was heated to 100 C
for 4 hrs., cooled to room temperature, poured into 100 ml of
ice/water, and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of pentane. The
pentane layers were combined, washed with 100 ml of 10%
sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate,
filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum to yield
(15)-OAc.8a Analysis on capillary column (c) showed the pres-
ence of ca. 0.5% of (16)-OAc in the sample and only minor
amounts'of other impurities containing no vinyl protons.
The infrared spectrum (CC14) contained the following absorp-
tion bands: 2866(m), 1720(s), 1360(m), 1250(s), and 1040
-i
cm The Hnmr spectrum (CDC13) contained the following
resonances: 6 4.95 (broad d, 1; J = 2 Hz; H11); 1.1 2.6
(m, 14); and 1.97 (s, 3; 02CCH3). The mass spectrum (70 eV)
had m/e 218 (M 6.1%), 176 (16.0%), 174 (9.4%), 158 (54.0%),
129 (54.3%), 119 (51.1%), 91 (98.4%), and 43 (100%).
Anal.: Calcd. for C14H1802: C, 77.03; H, 8.31
Found: C, 77.03; H, 8.32.
Preparation of exo-pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04'12.05'9]dodecan-
11-ol (15)-OH
A solution of 2.3 g (0.011 mol.) of (15)-OAc containing
ca. 5% of (16)-OAc in 50 ml of ether was added to 2.0 g (0.053
mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 100 ml of ether under a
nitrogen atmosphere. This suspension was heated to reflux
for one hour, cooled in an ice/water bath, and 10 ml of
water slowly added. After the evolution of hydrogen and heat
ceased, 50 ml of 10% sulfuric acid was added. The aqueous
layer was extracted with 2 x 100 ml of ether and the combined
ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide,
dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, and filtered. Re-
moval of ether under vacuum gave 1.8 g (97%) of crude (15)-
OH.8a Recrystallization from hexane gave white needles, m. p.
82 83 C (lit. 80.0 81.5 C). 8aGlpc analysis on capillary
column (c) showed less than 2% impurities. The infrared
spectrum (CC14) contained the following absorption bands:
2960(s), 2870(m), 1120(w), and 1070(w) cm-1. The 1Hnmr
spectrum (CDC1 3) contained the following resonances: 6 4.10
(d, 1; J = 2.2 Hz; H11) and 0.9 2.4 (m, 15). The mass
spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 176 (M, 34%), 158 (23%), 119 (100%),
91 (76%), 79 (53%), 67 (42%), and 41 (39%).
Anal.: Calcd. for C12H160: C, 81.77; H, 9.15
Found: C, 81.59; H, 9.28.
Preparation of pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04 12.05'9]dodecan-
11-one (44)
Jones' reagent was prepared by dissolving 26.7 g (0.267
mol.) of chromium trioxide in a solution of 23 ml of sul-
furic acid brought to 100 ml by the addition of water. A
portion of this solution was added dropwise to a solution
of 0.148 g (0.840 mmol.) of (15)-OH in 25 ml of ether until
an orange color persisted. Water (100 ml) was added and
the mixture extracted with 2 x 100 ml of ether. The com-
bined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium
carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, fil-
tered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give the ketone
(44).8a Analysis on capillary column (c) showed this sample
to be homogeneous. The infrared spectrum (CC14) contained
the following absorption bands: 2880(m), 1750(s), 1160(w),
and 1100(w) cm- The 1Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3) contained the
following resonances: 6 2.78 (m, 1; H9) and 1.1 2.6 (m,
13). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 174 (M 59.2%),
146 (25.8%), 119 (93.9%), 108 (39.2%), 91 (100%), and 79
(82.7%).
Anal.: Calcd. for C12H140: C, 82.72; H, 8.10
Found: C, 82.65; H, 8.12.
Action of diazomethane on pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04'12.05'9]-
dodecan-ll-one (44)
Method A. To a flask containing 6.0 g (0.15 mol.) of
sodium hydroxide, 15 ml of water, 20 ml of diethylene glycol
monoethyl ether, and 300 ml of ether at 0 C was added 32.5 g
of nitrosan (70% in mineral oil, Aldrich). This mixture was
stirred at 0 C for 15 minutes and then carefully distilled
into a flask cooled in an ice/water bath. This solution was
determined to be. 0.4 M in diazomethane by adding one milli-
liter of the solution to a benzoic acid solution and integrat-
ing the ester and acid peaks in the 1Hnmr. To a solution of
0.174 g (1.00 mmol.) of (44) in 10 ml of anhydrous ether was
18
added 2.5 ml (1.0 mmol.) of the diazomethane solution. This
solution was maintained at 0 C for 1 hr. and at room tempera-
ture for 3 hrs. The only substance isolated was starting
material (glpc).
Method B. An ether solution which was 0.67 M in diazo-
methane was prepared as in Method A. To a solution of 0.174 g
(1.00 mmol.) of (44) and 0.13 ml (1.0 mmol.) of boron tri-
fluoride etherate in 10 ml of ether at 0 C was added 6.0 ml
(4.0 mmol.) of the diazomethane solution. This solution was
stirred at 0 C for 15 minutes, then washed with water, dried
with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed
under vacuum. Chromatography on silica gel gave a pentane
fraction containing the ketone (44) and an ether fraction
containing two components (glpc) with no carbonyl groups
(infrared).
Preparation of 11-methyl-endo-pentacyclo[6.3.1.03'10.04'12.
05,9]dodecan-ll-ol (79)
To 1.67 g (9.59 mmol.) of ketone (44) dissolved in 25 ml
of anhydrous ether maintained at 0 C was added a 30 ml
sample of 1.0 M methyllithium (0.030 mol.) in ether under a
nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was stirred at 0 C for
one hour and at room temperature for one hour. The mixture
was poured into 200 ml of ice/water and extracted with 2 x
100 ml of ether. The ether solution was dried with anhydrous
magnesium sulfate, filtered and the ether removed to give
1.22 g (66.9%) of a mixture of two components. Analysis
of the mixture on capillary column (a) showed a major com-
ponent (ca. 90%) at 8.6 minutes and a minor component (ca.
10%) at 9.6 minutes. The second component is probably a
result of the presence of (16)-OH prior to preparation of
the ketone. Separation by preparative glpc using column
(a) gave the major product (79) as a pale yellow solid.
|
PAGE 1
SYNTHETIC AND SOLVOLYTIC STUDIES IN THE BISMETHANONAPHTHALENE SYSTEM By JOHN FOUSHEE TIMBERLAKE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1976
PAGE 2
To Laurie without whose love, understanding, and support the author could not have coped with the rigors of graduate study.
PAGE 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Professor Merle A. Battiste for his interest and enthusiasm in the development of this research. It has been a pleasure to work with a research director who knows when to let the student work out his own problem and when assistance is needed. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Roy W. King for his many helpful discussions. Special thanks also go to Dr. Rocco Fiato, Dr. Donna McRitchie, Dr. Richard Galley, Dr. Robert Posey, Dr. Lou Kapicak, Henry Gingrich, George Kuta, and Neil Weinstein for their advice, suggestions, and for generally making the author's stay in Gainesville pleasant.
PAGE 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT CHAPTER I II III IV V VI INTRODUCTION PENTACYCLO [6.3.1.1 3 ' 6 .0 2 ' 7 .0 9,11 ]TRIDEC-13-YL BROSYLATE TETRACYCLO [6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 ] DODEC4-EN5II-YL, PENTACYCLO [6.3.1.0 3 10 .4 ' X .0 5 ' 9 ]DODEC-11-YL* AND PENTACYCLO [7 . 2 . 1 . 4 ' 1] . 5 ' 1Z . 6 ' 10 ] DODEC2-YL BROSYLATES KETOAND KETAL-SUBSTITUTED BROSYLATES CIS , ANTI-4 fi 5-EPOXY-ANTI_-TETRACYCLO[6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' b . 2 / 7 ] DODEC-11-YL BROSYLATE EXPERIMENTAL Synthesis Kinetic Studies Solvolysis Product Studies BIBLIOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 1X1 v vi vii 1 20 31 44 58 74 74 121 137 157 161 IV
PAGE 5
LIST OF TABLES Table I Relative Rates of Solvolysis in the 76 Bicyclo [2 . 2 . 1] heptyl and the 8-Tricyclo[3.2.1.0 2 ' 4 ]octyl Series II Acetate Product Distribution from the 36 Acetolysis of (9j-OBs, (15_)-OBs, and (16) -OBs III Relative Rates of Sulfonate Esters at 41 25 °C IV Rates of Acetolysis of Several 7-Nor54 bornyl Brosylates
PAGE 6
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Free Energy Diagram for the Acetolysis 42 of (15) -OBs and (16) -OBs 2 The Hnmr Spectrum of the Acetolysis 51 Mixture from (5_1) -OBs 3 The Hnmr Spectrum of ( 101 ) 6 4 Correlation Diagram for the Highest 63 Occupied MO's in Cyclopropane, Oxirane, and Thiirane 5 The Hnmr Spectrum of the Product Mixture 65 Obtained from Solvolysis of (7_2)-OBs to Greater Than 10 Half-Lives in 60% Aqueous Acetone 6 The Hnmr Spectrum of ( 103 ) 67 7 The Hnmr Spectrum of the Product Mixture 68 Obtained from Solvolysis of (7_2) -OBs to 2.6 Half-Lives in 60% Aqueous Acetone 8 The Hnmr Spectrum of the Reduction Products 69 of a Mixture of (7_6) and ( 103 ) 9 The Hnmr Spectrum of ( 105 ) 70 10 Plot of In Observed Versus Time for (55)131 OBs at 140 °C 11 Plot of In Observed Versus Time for (51)133 OBs at 50 °C 12 Plot of In Observed Versus Time for (72)138 OBs at 100 °C
PAGE 7
Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy SYNTHETIC AND SOLVOLYTIC STUDIES IN THE BISMETHANONAPHTHALENE SYSTEM By John Foushee Timberlake August, 1976 Chairman: Dr. Merle A. Battiste Major Department: Chemistry 3,6 Acetolysis studies of exo , endo , exo -pentacyclo [6.3.1.1" 2 7 9 11 ' .0 ' ] tridec-13-yl brosylate (I) have shown a rate which 7 7 is 10 ' times faster than 7-norbornyl brosylate and a mixture of products containing a least eight acetates. The two major products have been shown via extensive spectral analysis 3 10 4 13 5 9 to be exo and endo -pentacyclo [6.3.2.0 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridec9-yl acetates rather than the expected endo-pentacyclo [6 . 6 .1 3,10 .0 4,1 .0 5 ' 9 ] tridec-10-yl acetate (II). Attempts to synthesize II and the ketone derived from II via ring expansion were unsuccessful. During the synthesis of starting materials for these "3 /1 ring expansion reactions, exo , exo -tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (III-OBs) was observed to give both endo -pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 3 ' 10 . 4 ' 12 . 5 ' 9 ] dodec-10-yl acetate (IV)-OAc and exo-pentacyclo [7 . 2 . 1 . 4 ' 1:L . 5 ' 12 . 6 ' 10 ] -
PAGE 8
dodec-2-yl acetate (V) -OAc upon acetolysis contrary to the previously reported result that III-OBs gave only IV-OAc . Reinvestigation of the acetolysis products showed that IIIOBs gives 91.5% of IV-OAc and 8.5% of V-OAc while IV-OBs gives 6 5.4% of IV-OAc and 34.6% of V-OAc , and V-OBs gives 9.9% of IV-OAc and 90.1% of V-OAc. Furthermore, acid catalyzed equilibration of a 65/35 mixture of IV-OAc and V-OAc in acetic acid resulted in 99.5% of IV-OAc and 0.5% of V-OAc corresponding to 3.7 kcal/mole energy difference between these two acetates. Thus product stability, as reflected in the transition state, is a dominant factor in determining the relative extent of competitive carbon-carbon bond participation in the solvolysis of IV-OBs. In an attempt to synthesize V-OH more conveniently than previously reported, pentacyclo [7 . 2 . 1. ' .0 ' .0 ' ] dodeca-2 , 7-diene was generated in one step by the reaction of 7-chloronorbornadiene with cyclopentadienyl thallium in diglyme at 150 °C. The introduction of an electron withdrawing ketal or keto group in the 12-position of I was investigated in the hopes of reducing both the number and extent of carbonium ion rearrangements on solvolysis. Contrary to expectations acetolysis of 12 , 12-dimethoxyexo , endo , exo -pentacyclo [6.3.1.1 3,6 .0 2 ' 7 .0 9 ' 1:L ] tridec-13-yl brosylate (VI) was accelerated by a factor of 1.3 over I at 5 °C, and gave at least twelve volatile products (glpc) , 58% of which could be assigned to methoxy ketones. By contrast, exo , endo , exo -pentacyclo [6.3.1.1 3 ' 6 .0 2 ' 7 .0 9,11 ] tridecan-12-on-13-yl brosylate (VII)
PAGE 9
solvolyzed in acetic acid ca. 100 times slower than I at 100 °C and gave endo -pentacyclo [6 . 4 . 1 . Q 3 ' 10 . Q 4 ' 13 . Q 5 ' 9 ] tridecan-13-on-10-yl acetate as the major (68.7%) product. For o c 2 7 comparison, 12 , 12-dimethoxyexo , exo -tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (VIII) and exo , exo -tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 ]dodec-4-en-12-on-ll-yl brosylate (IX) were solvolyzed in acetic acid. The rate of acetolysis of VIII at 25 °C was at least as fast as III-OBs and gave exo -10methoxypentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 3 ' 10 . 4 ' 12 . 5 ' 9 ] dodec-12-one (X-OMe) as the major (69%) product. Other products isolated and identified were X-OAc (19%) and 2-carbomethoxytetracyclo[5.3.1.0 3,8 .0 4/11 ]undec-9-ene (3.3%). Brosylate IX solvolyzed ca . 100 times slower than III-OBs and gave 8 5% of X-OAc and 15% of the decarbonylated brosylate. With a view to examining the possibility of remote participation by an oxirane ring in a solvolysis reaction, "3 C 9 7 4 , 5-epoxyexo , exo -tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-ll-yl brosylate (XI) was prepared and its solvolytic rate constants determined in 60% aqueous acetone. When extrapolated to 4.6 acetic acid at 25 °C these rates correspond to a 10 accelerative factor compared to 7-norbornyl brosylate. Participation by the edge carbon-carbon bond of the oxirane ring was confirmed by the isolation of endo -10-hydroxyendo 4 11 5 9 tetracyclo [6.2.1.0 ' . ] undecan-3-carboxaldehyde .
PAGE 10
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Nonclassical carbonium ion chemistry was thrust into the forefront of mechanistic organic chemistry with the report by Winstein and Trifan of the exo / endo rate ratio of 350 for the acetolysis of 2-norbornyl p-bromobenzene sulfonates (brosylates) (1) -OBs and (2) -OBs and the complete scrambling of C, and C 2 in the products of acetolysis of (l)-OBs. The controversy has raged between the followe] of Winstein' s theory that the symmetrical "nonclassical" X — 7 +' X 12 3 4 carbonium ion (3_) is produced as an intermediate in the solvolysis of (1) -OBs and the followers of Brown's theory that unsymmetrical, equilibrating "classical" cations de2 3 picted by (4^) are the intermediates. Though the controversy may never be resolved to the satisfaction of both camps, much work continues both in support and opposition to the existence of nonclassical carbonium ions. The bridged ion (3) is envisioned as arising from
PAGE 11
participation of the C-,-C/a-bond simultaneous with the development of positive charge at C 2 The stabilization derives from a bridging three-center, two-electron charge delocalized bond rather than a simple vertical (hypercon jugative) stabilization. Since the initial observation of the bridged ion (3) other carbon-carbon bonding groups have been shown to participate including the TT-bonds of the carbon-carbon double bond and the strained a-bonds of the cyclopropane. The anti -7-norbornenyl system (5) demonstrates a decidedly more dramatic neighboring group rate acceleration in solvolysis reactions than does (1_) . An acceleration fac11 2 tor of 10 compared to 7-norbornyl p-toluenesulf onate (tosylate) ( 6) -OTs was observed for (_5) -OTs whereas syn-7norbornenyl tosylate (7) -OTs is only 10 * times faster than 4 5 (£)-OTs. ' This tremendous rate acceleration for (5^) was attributed to backside stabilization of the developing carbonium ion center at C-7 and was expressed as the bishomocyclopropenyl ion (8^) . As in the previous example some 7 authors preferred to write equilibrating classical ions. To check the generality of participation of double bonds and to determine the effect of a different orientation of the double bond on the solvolytic rate enhancement, Win-
PAGE 12
"*t f\ 1 stein and Hansen solvolyzed tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ]dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (9_) -OBs in acetic acid and observ7 3 fi ed a rate which was 10 times that of tetracyclo [6. 2. 1. 1 '.,2,7 ]dodec-ll-yl brosylate (10) -OBs. A better model for the 13 14 -> JSb -> 10 11 12 rate enhancement of the double bond in ( 9_) -OBs might be 7-norbornyl brosylate (^6) -OBs because (10J is accelerated by 3 10 over (6) , perhaps via hydride participation leading to 8 h hydrogen bridged ion (_11) . Collapse of ion (1_1) to the carbon bridged ion (12) followed by solvent capture provides an adequate explanation of the products of acetolysis of (.10) -OBs. Relative to 7-norbornyl brosylate (6^) -OBs the double bond in (9^) -OBs then shows an accelerative effect of 10 . The bishomocyclopropenium ion (13_) should be initially formed on ionization of (9_)-OBs, but could subsequently rearrange to ion (1_4) prior to solvent capture. However, the only product reported from acetolysis of (9^ -OBs was exo pentacyclo[6.3.1.0 3 ' 10 .0 4,12 .0 5,9 ]dodec-ll-yl acetate (15)-OAc. 8a
PAGE 13
Had ion (L4) been involved one would expect some exo -pentacyclo[7.2.1.0 4,11 .0 5 ' 12 .0 6 ' 10 ]dodec-2-yl acetate (16)-0Ac x 15 16 to be produced along with the (15) -OAc . This absence of ( 16 ) -OAc may point to the thermodynamic stability of the bishomocyclopropenium ion (13_) to the exclusion of rearrangement to other ions. More recently, the cyclopropane ring has been employed 9 as a neighboring group. The strained o-bond of the cyclopropane should provide greater stabilization of the developing positive charge than a "normal" carbon-carbon a-bond because the higher energy orbitals of the cyclopropane should allow better mixing with the empty p-orbital. The initial example of cyclopropane participation involved the solvolytic study of the 3-bicyclo [3 . 1 . 0] hexyl systems (1_7) and (18) . Formation of the symmetrical trishomocyclopropenyl ion (19) X 17 18 19 from cis -ester ( 17 ) was implicated by product and labeling studies but the rate enhancement was less than anticipated.
PAGE 14
More dramatic evidence for participation of the cyclopropane a-bond was demonstrated via the solvolytic study of 2 4 the 3-tricyclo [3.2.1.0 ' ] octyl systems (20) through (23). 2 21 22 23_ 24 These systems were chosen so as to require the bicyclo [3 . 1 . 0] hexyl moiety to assume a rigid chair conformation for (20) and (2JL) and boat conformations for (2_2) and (23) . Direct comparisons of any of the systems (20_) through (23_) could also be made with 7-norbornyl (6^) , syn and anti -7-norbornenyl (5) and (7) , and 7-norbornadienyl (24_) derivatives. Thus (6) was designated as the "parent model" for the series. The relative rates of solvolysis for the 7-bicyclo [2 . 2 . 1] 2 4 heptyl and 8-tricyclo [3 . 2 . 1 . ' ] octyl derivatives are summarized in Table I. The rate of solvolysis of endo , anti -8-tricyclo [3.2.1.2 4 15 7 ' ] octyl p-nitrobenzoate (20) -OPNB was 10 times faster than (6^) -OPNB. ' To account for this exceptionally large rate acceleration, the authors proposed the formation of the delocalized trishomocyclopropenium cation (2_5) derived from interaction of the "edge" cyclopropane orbitals with the developing positive charge at C-8 . The rate factor of 0.4 15 7 for (2_2) , when compared to the factor of 10 for (20) precludes the importance of "face" participation by cyclopro-
PAGE 15
TABLE I. Relative Rates of Solvolysis in the 7-Bicyclo[2.2.1] heptyl and the 8-Tricyclo [3 . 2 . 1 . 2 ' 4 ] octyl Series Compound Reference 25 °C l rel 4a 10 11.2 10 3.6 24 4b 10 14.7 20 4b, 11 10 15.7 21 lib 22 12a 0.4 23 12b 10'
PAGE 16
pane while edge participation is geometrically impossible 25 in this isomer. ' The meager rate acceleration of only 6 for the endo , syn -isomer (21) rules out any effective stabilization of charge development at C-8 by the cyclopropane via frontside assistance to ionization. The edge cyclopropane bond must be properly oriented to interact effectively with the rear lobe of the developing vacant p-orbital. 3 The 10 acceleration of exo , syn (23) over (6_) has been postulated to be due to steric acceleration of ionization rather than any stabilization of the developing positive charge by .. -, 12b, 13 the cyclopropane. 2 4 With the success obtained from the 8-tricyclo [3 . 2 . 1 . ' ] octyl derivatives, researchers looked for other systems in which the orientational effect on cyclopropyl assistance could be tested. One obvious choice was pentacyclo [6 .3 . 1 .1 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridec-13-yl brosylate (26) -OBs in which the orbitals of the edge cyclopropane bond are less favorably oriented in relation to the developing empty p-orbital than is the edge cyclopropane bond in the end o, anti -ester (20) 14 7 7 OPNB. The rate acceleration for ( 2_6) -OBs of 10 rel14 ative to ( 6_) -OBs reflects this less favorable orientation. 7.7 Although 10 is a considerable rate acceleration, the
PAGE 17
cyclopropane in (2_6) is 10 times less effective as a neighboring group than is the cyclopropane in (20) . Acetolysis of (_26) -OBs gave a mixture of products containing no brosylates and at least eight acetates, none of which had the structure (26)-OAc. A possible reaction scheme leading to six acetates is given in Scheme I in which classical ions are used for simplicity. The rate acceleration points to the initial formation of the tris-homocyclopropenium ion {21) upon ionization of (2_6)-OBs, which could subsequently rearrange to other ions such as (_28) , (29) , and (30) . Capture of these ions by solvent would lead to three epimeric pairs of acetates, (31) through (3_6) . Other products could arise from hydride shifts or further rearrangements in the carbon skeleton. On the basis of extensive Hnmr spectral analysis, the 15 major component has been assigned the structure (3 5) -OAc . The second most abundant component was assigned the structure of the epimer (3 6) -OAc by reducing (35) -OAc with lithium aluminum hydride, oxidation to the ketone, reduction to a mixture of alcohols with lithium aluminum hydride, and reconversion to the acetates with acetic anhydride and pyridine. This mixture of acetates had the same gas-liquid partition chromatography (glpc) retention times as did the major and 15 second most abundant products. The extensive rearrangements observed in the solvolysis of ( 2_6) -OBs are surprising considering the total lack of
PAGE 18
SCHEME I OBs 26-OBs 27 AcO 31-OAc OAc 3 3-OAc 28 OAC 3 2 -OAc AcO 3 4 -OAc 29 30 Ac 3 5 -OAc OAc 3 6 -OAc
PAGE 19
10 rearrangements reported in the solvolysis of the unsaturated 8a brosylate (9_)-OBs. This dramatic difference would suggest that bishomocyclopropenium ion (13_) is much more stable than its rearranged ion (14) while the trishomocyclopropenium ion (27 ) must be less stable than or about equally as stable as ions (28_) , (2_9) , and/or (3_0) . It is even more surprising that (15) -OBs is reported to give only (15) -OAc upon acetolysis since (15) -OBs has the possibility of direct partici15 pation by either the Cg-C-, n bond to give ion (13_) or the C, C-, ? bond to give ion (14_) . Recent studies have been conducted on systems similar to (1_5) in which direct participation of more than one I r carbon-carbon bond is possible. For example, exo -tricyclo3 3 [4.3.0.0 ' ]non-7-yl brosylate (3_7 ) -OBs could solvolyze by BsO .••;© and/or J£j>J 3 7 -OBs 39 participation of the C^-Cg bond to give ion ( 38 ) or the C,--C 6 bond to give ion (3_9) . In this case products derived from ion (38) predominate by a factor of 2.2 : 1 over
PAGE 20
11 products from ion (^9) . This is significant because ion (.39) is favored by thermodynamic considerations (product stabilities) while ion (,38_) is favored by bond alignment. 2 ft 4 R Similarly, exo -tetracyclo [5.2.1.0 ' . ]dec-9-yl tosylate (4_0) -OTs would be expected to give ion (4_1) by participation of the C, -C-, bond and ion (4_2) by participation of the C.-Co bond. 4 o 16b TsO However, in this case the sole isolated 4 = TS 2S? 4_0-OTs 41 4_2 product from acetolysis of (4_0) -OTs is (4 0) -OAc which could arise from capture of either ion by the solvent. In view of the work on (37_) -OBs and the extensive rearrangements in the solvolysis of (2_6_)-OBs, the isolation of only (15) -OAc from the acetolysis of (9^) -OBs and (15) -OBs seemed suspect. This is particularly true since the work was done prior to the routine use of nmr and prior to the advent of capillary glpc. In addition, preliminary work had indicated that (1_6) -OBs solvolyzes in acetic acid to give ca. 80% of (16) -OAc and ca . 20% of (15) -OAc. All of the above considerations led to the reinvestigation of the products of acetolysis of (9) -OBs and (15_) -OBs and the synthesis and acetolysis of (16>) -OBs, the results of which are discussed in Chapter III of this dissertation. A detailed investigation of the products of acetolysis
PAGE 21
12 of (26^-OBs is essential before the nature of the ions involved can be determined. One approach is that used by Seidl, i. e., separation of the products and identification 15 by spectral analysis. This method is practical for the major components but is less feasible for the minor components, particularly considering the long synthetic route to (2_6)-OBs. A more practical approach would appear to be the authentic synthesis of the probable products of solvolysis of (2_6)-OBs. In this vein one could synthesize the acetates, alcohols, or ketones and then compare their properties with those of the isolated components. The present study attempted to synthesize pentacyclo [6 . 4 . 1 . ' . ' .0 ' ] tridecan12-one (43) which could be derived for (31)-OAc or (32)-OAc. °ix AH 2 c 43 44_ 4J5 Several approaches to the synthesis of (4_3_) were proposed, 3 10 4 12 5 9 all of which involved pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . ' .0 ' .0 ' ] do8a decan-11-one (£4) as a key intermediate. Some of the proposed procedures also involved 11-methylenepentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 3 10 4 12 5 9 ' .0 ' .0 ' Jdodecane (4_5_) which could be prepared from (44) . Ring expansion of ketone (4_4) with diazomethane would be expected to give (43^) although complications might occur due to addition to the "wrong" side and by multiple addi-
PAGE 22
13 1 8 tions. Ring expansion of (4_5) directly to ( 43 ) might be possible through the action of arenesulfonyl azides or thallium(III) perchlorate. ' Spiro(pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . ' ' .0 J ' ] dodecanexo -11 , 2 ' -oxacyclopropane } (46) prepared by epoxidation of (4_5) , and the endo -isomer (47) , prepared by methylene addition to (4_4) , should give aminoalcohols ( 48 ) and (£9) upon reaction with sodium amide in liquid ammo21 22 23 nia. ' ' Reaction of the individual aminoalcohols with CH 2 NH 2 3 tC^A^ 2NH2C ' OH 4 6 47 48 49 nitrous acid should yield ketone (4_3) , pentacyclo [6 . 4 . 1. 0"' .0 J ]tridecan-ll-one (50), or a mixture of both. 3,10 50 The details of these synthetic attempts are discussed in Chapter II. Another approach to the identification of the solvolysis products of (260 -OBs is to appropriately substitute (26) -OBs to prevent or retard the extensive rearrangements observed. Appropriate substitution should reduce the number of products and simplify their separation and identification. Substitu-
PAGE 23
14 tion of a ketal or ketone group in the 12-position of (26)OBs would appear to be a likely choice, because these electron withdrawing groups would retard rearrangements to ions having positive charge site B to the ketal or ketone functional group. The synthesis of 12 , 12-dimethoxypentacyclo[6.3.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 .0 9,11 ]tridec-13-yl brosylate (51) -OBs and pentacyclo [6 . 3.1.1 3 ' 6 .0 2,7 .0 9,11 ] tridecan-12-on-13-yl brosylate (5_2)-OBs could be achieved by the same route used to 2*£ o51 52 synthesize ( 2_6 ) -OBs with minor modifications. Examination of the rates of solvolysis of (5_1) and (5_2) might provide some insight into the nature of the trishomocyclopropenium ions derived from (_26) . The synthesis and solvolysis of 12 , 12-dimethoxytetracyclo [6.2.1.1 3,6 . 2 ' 7 ] dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (53) -OBs, tetracyclo [ 6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . 2 ' 7 ] dodec-4-en12-on-ll-yl brosylate ( 5_4 ) -OBs , 12 , 12-dimethoxytetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2 ' 7 ]dodec-ll-yl brosylate (55)-OBs, and tetra~\ ft 9 7 cyclo[6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodecan-12-on-ll-yl brosylate ( 56_) -OBs were also undertaken for comparison to the solvolysis of the cyclopropyl brosylates. Work reported by Gassman and coworkers on various 7substituted 2-norbornyl derivatives may assist in predicting 24 the results of solvolysis of (51) and (52) . Exo-bicyclo-
PAGE 24
15 MeO MeO 53 54 55 56 [2.2.1]heptan-7-on-2-yl tosylate ( _57) -OTs did not exhibit rate acceleration similar to other 2-norbornyl systems. In fact, the endo -epimer ( 5_8) -OTs solvolyzed six times Q 57 59 24a faster than (5_7)-OTs in acetic acid at 25 °C.""'" This unusual behavior was attributed to the normal solvent-assisted ionization of ( 5_8) -OTs and an absence of stabilization from the formation of bridged ion (5J0 in the solvolysis of (57) OTs, because (5_9) places a partial positive charge adjacent to the carbonyl group. Analysis of the products of acetolysis of (5_7)-OTs showed the presence of 48% of (57) -OAc , 44% of (58)-OAc, 4% of nortricyclanone (60), and 4% of
PAGE 25
16 bicyclo[2. 2 . 1] hept-2-en-7-one (6JJ , while ( 5_8) -OTs gave 97. T of (57)-OAc and 2.3% of (58)-OAc. 60_ 61 In further study of 7-substituted 2-norbornyl derivative, the acetolysis of the ethylene glycol ketals of (5_7) and (58), (62_)-OTs and (6_3)-OTs, was performed. 24b The rate of r~\ X 6_2 63 6£ solvolysis of (^2) was nine times that of (6J3) . The products were similar to those of (57_) with ketal group intact for both (6_2) and (6_3) , except there was a large amount (57%) of cleavage product from (6J3) having structure (6_4) after reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The cleavage product complicates any correlation of the rates of (6_2) and (6_3) . Finally, exo and endo -7 , 7-dimethoxybicyclo [2.2.1] hept2-yl tosylates (^5_) -OTs and ( 66J -OTs were solvolyzed in 24c acetic acid. Ketal (6_5) -OTs solvolyzes 37 times faster than ((66) -OTs in acetic acid at 25 °C. The products of solvolysis of (_65) were 95.5% of (65_) -OAc and 4.5% of (66) 0Ac 7 while (66) gave 16% of 2-methoxybicyclo [2 . 2 . 1] hept-7-one
PAGE 26
17 MeO OMe MeO OMe OMe 65 66 5 7 -OMe (57) -OMe, 29% of nortricyclanone (60), and 55% of ( 5_7) -OAc with no products isolated with the ketal intact. A natural extension of cyclopropane participation is the use of three -membe red rings containing heteroatoms as a neighboring group in solvolysis reactions. Several authors have recently published the synthesis and solvolysis of compounds which might be expected to show such anchimeric 25 assistance. ' Syn and anti -9-oxabicyclo [6.1. 0] non-2-yl brosylates ( 6J7 ) -OBs and (68)-OBs were solvolyzed in 80% .-X 67 25a 68 aqueous acetone."" The rate of solvolysis of (67) -OBs was 260 times that of (6_8)-OBs. This rate difference results from better C,-Cn bond alignment for participation with the developing positive charge in (6^) -OBs than in (68) -OBs . The only reported attempt to show remote participation of an oxirane carbon-carbon bond in a solvolysis reaction employed cisand trans-6-oxabicyclo [3 . 1. 0] hex-3-yl tosylates
PAGE 27
18 (69J-OTs and ( 70_) -OTs which are exactly similar to Winstein's 3-bicyclo [3.1.0 ] hexyl system. ' Epoxide ( 69J -OTs solvolyzes 12 times faster than ( 7_0_) -OTs and 11 times slower than cyclopentyl tosylate in acetic acid at 25 °C. b ' 10c The absence of an appreciable rate enhancement for the solvolysis of (69j -OTs as well as the absence of products involving £^r OTs OTs 69-OTs 70-OTs C,-Cc bond cleavage rules out any significant participation 25b of the epoxide ring in the solvolytic process. This system suffers from the same nonrigid stereochemistry as the 3-bicyclohexyl systems. Two systems which should alleviate this problem are the epoxides (71.) and (7_2) . Both systems freeze the epoxide ring with the carbon-carbon bond in a geometry favorable for participation as in the cyclopropane 11 14 analogs. ' For the present study epoxide ( 7_2 ) -OBs was chosen because of the ease of synthesis by epoxidation of 71 72 (9) -OBs and because of the similarity to other systems in this study. Solvolysis in aqueous acetone of ( 7_2) -OBs would
PAGE 28
19 give trishomocyclopropenium ion ( 73 ) which should rapidly rearrange to ion (7_4) or ( 12) -OBs could give ion ( 74 ) directly. Capture of ion (7_4) by solvent (water) would give hemiacetal (75_) which should hydrolyze to the hydroxyaldehyde & OHC 23 74 75 76 (7_6) . The results of the solvolysis of (7_2) -OBs are discussed in Chapter V.
PAGE 29
CHAPTER II PENTACYCLO [6 . 3.1.1 3 ' 6 .0 2 ' 7 .0 9 ' 11 ] TRIDEC-13-YL BROSYLATE Introduction One approach to unraveling the complex mixture of prod•3 r ucts obtained from the acetolysis of pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' 2 7 9 11 ' .0 ' ] tridec-13-yl brosylate {26) -OBs is to isolate and 14 characterize each component separately. A more practical approach to the identification of all but the two most abundant components is the authentic synthesis of compounds anticipated to be among the acetolysis products of (26) -OBs . Thus the synthesis of pentacyclo [6 . 4 . 1 . ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridecan-12-one (4_3) was attempted via several ring expansion reactions. Comparison of the properties of ketone (4_3) with those of the ketone mixture derived from the acetolysis products of (_26) -OBs would indicate the amount of products with structure similar to (43) . Synthesis The synthetic route used in the preparation of (26) -OBs followed the published procedure and is outlined in Scheme II. Norbornadiene reacted with benzoyl peroxide in benzene using a copper (I) bromide catalyst to give 7-norbornadienyl benzo27 ate (24)-OBz after vacuum distillation. Reaction of (24) -OBz 20 26
PAGE 30
21 SCHEME II (C0 2 ) 2 "> (J>H Cu(I)Br OBz on >MgBr ether 24-OBz 2 4 -OH CI CI. OAc
PAGE 31
22 with phenyl magnesium bromide in ether gave a good yield of 7-norbornadienol (24) -OH, which afforded anti -7-norbornenol 27 28 ( 5_) -OH on reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. ' The acetate (_5)-0Ac, prepared by treatment of ( 5_) -OH with acetic anhydride in pyridine, was reacted with hexachlorocyclopentadiene in a Diels-Alder fashion to give 3,4,5,6,12,12itracy 26,29 ~\ c. 2 7 hexachloro-exo , exo , anti-tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-4en-ll-yl acetate (77) -OAc , Reduction of (77) -OAc with lithium aluminum hydride in refluxing ether according to the reported procedure resulted in a mixture of products (glpc) with the major component of this mixture being the desired (7J7)-OH. The mass spectrum of (7_7)-OH contained a series of isotope peaks at m/e 380 (six chlorines) , 345 (five chlorines) , and 309 (four chlorines) , with the isotope peak at m/e 311 as the base peak. These peaks correspond to loss of a chlorine atom from the parent ion for 34 5 and further loss of hydrogen chloride for 309. The second most abundant component which was also the shortest retention time component was isolated by preparative glpc and tentatively assigned the structure of the didechlorinated alcohol (7_8) . The shorter glpc retention time for CI ci-^ .ci H CI 78 (78) is in agreement with its lower molecular weight and
PAGE 32
23 expected lower polarity. The Hnmr was essentially identical to (11) -OH except for the presence of a two-proton singlet at 6 2.32. The mass spectrum exhibited a series of isotope peaks at m/e 312 (four chlorines) , 277 (three chlorines) , 241 (two chlorines) , and 202 (four chlorines) with the base peak at m/e 204. With m/e 312 as parent ion, then m/e 277 and 241 correspond to loss of a chlorine atom and further loss of hydrogen chloride, respectively, as in (77) -OH. The peak at m/e 202 agrees with a retro Diels-Alder cleavage of the parent ion to give tetrachlorocyclopentadiene radical cation and norbornenol . The only isomer in which two chlorines have been replaced by hydrogens that would be consistent with a two proton singlet at <5 2.32 is (7_8) , similar to previously reported substitution of bridge chlorine by hydrogen via lithium aluminum hydride. These complications were avoided by reducing (77) -OAc at -7 8 °C and destroying the excess lithium aluminum hydride 30 prior to warming the sample to room temperature. In this way (77_)-OH of sufficient purity for further reaction was produced. Dechlorination of (11) -OH with sodium and tert butanol in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gave ( 9) -OH in relatively 2 fi impure form. Chromatography on silica gel followed by recrystallization from hexane gave ( 9_) -OH which showed a single glpc peak. Preparation of (9_) -OAc was achieved by reaction of (SO -OH with acetic anhydride in pyridine. After distillation (9^) -OAc was converted to (2_6) -OAc by reaction with diazomethane in the presence of copper (I) chloride as
PAGE 33
24 catalyst. Reduction of (26) -OAc with lithium aluminum hydride followed by treatment with p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine gave (26^) -OBs in good yield. The ketone (44_) and olefin (45) , as well as the epoxides (46) and (47) , were required for the attempted synthesis of ketone (£3) which is expected to be derived from the products of acetolysis of (2j^)-OBs. The synthesis of ketone (4_4) followed the published route with one modification and is outlined in Scheme III. c Treatment of (_9) -OH with p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride followed by solvolysis in sodium acetate buffered acetic acid afforded (16) -OAc as well as (15) -OAc contrary to the previous report. For a more thorough consideration of this development, see Chapter III. Treatment of this mixture with p-toluenesulfonic acid in acetic acid gave essentially pure (15) -OAc, which gave (15_) -OH upon reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. Oxidation of (15_) -OH with Jones' reagent gave (44) 31 cleanly. Attempts to prepare olefin (4_5) by reaction of ( 44 ) with the Wittig reagent failed, perhaps because of steric 32 interactions in the transition state. Reaction of (4_4) , prepared from the crude solvolysis mixture of (9_)-OBs, with methyl lithium afforded a mixture containing two components (glpc) . The major component was isolated by preparative glpc and confirmed to be (7_9) by the presence of a methyl singlet at 6 1.19 in the Hnmr and an alcohol stretching peak in the infrared spectrum at 3 23 cm . The infrared and glpc both showed the absence of any unreacted ketone (44) .
PAGE 35
26 Treatment of (7_9) with toluenesulf onic acid in refluxing 33 benzene gave the olefin (4_5) . The infrared spectrum had a methylene stretching absorption of 1670 cm and the Hnmr spectrum had two one-proton doublets at 6 4 . 53 (J = 1.7 Hz) and 4.3 5 (J = 1.7 Hz) corresponding to the two nonequivalent vinyl protons. The mass spectrum gave m/e at 17 2 for the parent ion and 91 for the base peak. Treatment of (4J5) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave 23 the epoxide (4_6) . The vinyl protons of (45_) were transformed into a twoproton singlet at 6 2.8 6 in the Hnmr spectrum of (4_6) . Exo-addition would be expected since 2-methylenenorbornane gives 8 6% exo -addition and olefin (4_5) is much 34 more hindered towards endo-addition. The attempted preparation of epoxide (47) by the reaction of ketone (4_4) with trimethylsulfoxonium iodide and sodium hydride in dimethyl 22 sulfoxide (DiMSO) was unsuccessful. Product Study Before the authentic synthesis of the products of solvolysis of (26J -OBs can be meaningful, the actual products must be obtained for comparison. Solvolysis of (26^) -OBs in acetic acid gave a mixture of at least eight acetates (glpc) , the largest four peaks integrating for 50.8, 24.5, 9.1, and 9.0%, respectively, of the mixture. The major component was previously assigned the structure of acetate (3_5) -OAc by ex1 15 tensive Hnmr spectral examination. " Reduction of the product mixture with lithium aluminum hydride gave a mixture of
PAGE 36
27 at least ten alcohols whose four major components integrated AcO i AcO 3 5-OAc 3 6-OAc for 49.4, 24.4, 7.1, and 6.7%, respectively, of the mixture. The increased number of peaks is probably due to better glpc separation of the alcohols and not to the production of additional products upon reduction. Oxidation of the alcohol mixture gave a mixture of at least five ketones whose major two components integrated for 76.7 and 13.3%, respectively, of the mixture. When compared to the percentages for the acetates and alcohols, the ketone percentages suggest that the two major components are epimeric as are the third and fourth components. Seidl assigned the epimeric structure (3 6) -OAc to the second most major component after the reduction of (3 5) -OAc with lithium aluminum hydride, oxidation to 15 the ketone, and reduction to a mixture of two alcohols. Reconversion to the acetates gave two acetates with the same glpc retention times as the two major components. This analysis was coupled with the same series of reactions on the product mixture to give the same ratio of the two major ace15 tates as from (3 5) -OAc . Aside from the two major components, the further isolation of the products of solvolysis of (2_6) -OBs is impractical because of the similar properties and incomplete separation
PAGE 37
28 SCHEME IV 50 as well as the long synthetic route to (26^)-OBs. The more feasible approach is the authentic synthesis of expected acetates, alcohols, or ketones derived from (26) -OBs. The reaction of ketone ( 44 ) with diazomethane would be expected to give intermediate (^0) and then lose nitrogen and rearrange to ketone (43J or (50) as depicted in Scheme IV. Rearrangement by the migration of the C 10 ~ C 11 bond (path a) to give (4_3) would be expected to predominate because the migration of the C,-C.,, bond (path b) to give (50^) would have to go through a more strained transition state to give (50) initially in the conformation shown in Scheme IV. The complete absence of ring expanded products would point to steric repulsions in the formation of intermediate (80) as the oxide ion is forced into the vicinity of the endo -alkyl groups. The presence of boron trifluoride should act as a driving force since coordination of boron trifluoride to the carbonyl oxygen would place greater positive charge on the
PAGE 38
29 carbonyl carbon, but still no ring expanded products were obtained . The possible difficulty in the formation of intermediate (80) could be circumvented by the action of nitrous acid on aminoalcohols (48) and (49) . This would give intermediates CH 2 NH 2 )H i&y H 2 NH 2 C ' similar to those derived from endo and exo-addition , respectively, of diazomethane to ketone (4_4_) . Reaction of nitrous acid with (^8) should give ketone (5_0) while (££) should give ketone {43} . The reaction of epoxide (_46) with sodium amide in liquid ammonia was expected to yield (4_8) but gave only starting material. The failure of this reaction is further evidence for steric hindrance to attack at C-ll from the endo direction in this ring system. The failure in the attempted synthesis of epoxide (47_) precludes the formation of amino alcohol (4_9) . Reaction of (4_5) with toluenesulf onyl azide or m-nitrobenzenesulf onyl azide gave only starting materials under the conditions reported to give ring expansion products in other 21 similar systems. The reaction of (4_5) with thallium (III) perchlorate was expected to give (43J and (5_0) . Only a minor amount of volatile material was observed (glpc) with complete destruction of (45) .
PAGE 39
30 All these reactions appear to suffer to some extent from the steric problems observed in the diazomethane addition reaction. Apparently another approach is needed to solve the product mixture from (2_6)-OBs. One approach, the substitution of electron withdrawing groups to retard rearrangements, is discussed in Chapter IV.
PAGE 40
CHAPTER III TETRACYCLO r 6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . 2 ' 7 ] DODEC-4-EN-11-YL, PENTACYCLO[6.3.1.0 3 ' 10 .0 4 ' 12 .05/9]DODEC-11-YL, AND PENTACYCLO [7 . 2 . 1 . 4 , 11 # 5 , 12 t q6 , 10] DODEC-2-YL BROSYLATES Introduction As previously noted, the absence of additional rearranged products in the reported solvolysis of tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 ]dodec-4-en-ll-yl brosylate (9) -OBs and pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 3 ' 10 . 4 ' 12 . 5 ' 9 ] dodec-11-yl brosylate (15) -OBs was surprising considering the extensive rearrangements observed in the solvolysis of (2_6)-OBs. Contrary to the published result, an additional product was observed in the synthesis of (15) -OAc from (9^) -OBs (vide supra). This result coupled with the finding that pentacyclo [7 . 2 .1 .4,11 .0 5 ' 12 .0 6,10 ]dodec-2-yl brosylate (16) -OBs gave a mixture of acetates with (16) -OAc predominating upon acetolysis prompted a reinvestigation of the solvolysis products of ( 9_) -OBs and (_15) -OBs and the synthesis and solvolytic 17 product study of (16) -OBs. Synthesis Since ( 9_) -OH and (1_5) -OH were available from previous work, the only task remaining was the synthesis of (16) -OH. The reported synthesis of (16) -OH was a rather time consuming, 31
PAGE 41
32 SCHEME V CI 24-C1 HO 16-OH diglyme 150 °C LiAlH -> 84 [2 + 4/ m-Cl(J)CO H CH 2 C1 2 °C 32 v Pd/C S3 low yield process and required equipment not generally available in the laboratory. A more convenient synthesis of (16) -OH was proposed and is depicted in Scheme V. Reaction of 7-chloronorbornadiene (24_) -Cl with thallium cyclopentadienide in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) at 150 °C ,4,11 .5,12 „6,10. led to pentacyclo [7 . 2 . 1. .0' ] dodeca-2 , 7-diene (82) apparently via the intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization 35 of (81) This single step process yields (82^) in 8-12% yield compared to 7.3% overall yield for the previously re35 ported multistep synthesis of (82^ . Treatment of diene (8_2) with an equimolar amount of m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave a mixture of unreacted diene, the monoepoxide (83J , and the diepoxidized olefin which were easily separated via chromatography on alumina. Because of time limitations and the generosity of Professor Paquette
PAGE 42
33 in supplying a sample of (16) -OH, further work on the synthesis of (16_) -OH was discontinued. A feasible route to obtain (16) -OH would involve catalytic hydrogenation of the unsaturated epoxide (83) to the saturated epoxide ( 84 ) and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride to give (16) -OH. An interesting second product was obtained from the reaction of (2£) -CI with thallium cyclopentadienide whose Hnmr was strikingly similar to that of a mixture of dihydro• j 36 as-mdacenes. The mass spectrum was in good agreement with this assignment, giving strong peaks at m/e 154, 153, and 152 corresponding to the molecular ion, loss of one hydrogen, and loss of two hydrogens, respectively, and significant peaks at m/e 77, 7 6.5, and 76 probably due to doubly charged ions. The absence of further significant fragmentations is typical of aromatic systems. A possible reaction pathway for the formation of the dihydro-as-indacenes (8_5) and (8_6) is given in Scheme VI. Attack of the thallium cyclopentadienide at the C~ position of the bishomocyclopropenium ion (87_) followed by successive 1,5-hydrogen migration, Cope rearrangement, and homo-1,5hydrogen rearrangement leads to the tricyclic intermediate (8J3_) . Two different 1,5-hydrogen shifts followed by dehydrogenation, presumably oxidative in nature, lead to dihydro-as-indacenes ( 85 ) and (86_) . Another possible route to (8_6) is two consecutive 1,5-hydrogen shifts from (88) involving only the five membered ring followed by oxidation to give (8_6) . The oxidizing agent in these cases could be
PAGE 43
SCHEME VI 34 v/v ci " 87 [0] M/ [1,5] [1,5]
PAGE 44
35 the unoxidized tetrahydro-as-indacene (s) was detected in the product mixture. The product studies for which the above syntheses were attempted required the preparation of (9^ -OBs, (lJ5)-OBs, and (16j-OBs. Treatment of the respective alcohols with p-bromobenzenesulf onyl chloride in pyridine gave the brosylates with the expected downfield shift of the a-hydrogen in the Hnmr. For comparison to possible products of solvolysis of these brosylates, the endo -alcohol (89J -OH was prepared by reduction of ketone (44) with lithium aluminum hydride. 8 9-OH The spectral properties were in agreement with the assigned structure. Product Studies Acetolysis of the three interrelated brosylates (90 -OBs, (l_5)-OBs, and (1_6) -OBs gave mixtures of the acetates (15) -OAc and (16^) -OAc which were analyzed by capillary glpc and checked by Hnmr. The results of these glpc analyses are given in Table II. Reduction of the acetate mixtures obtained from acetolysis of (9^) -OBs and (15_) -OBs with lithium aluminum hydride resulted in alcohol mixtures which were also analyzed by capillary glpc. Incomplete separation of
PAGE 45
36 TABLE II. Acetate Product Distribution from the Acetolysis of (9)-OBs, (15)-OBs, and (16)-OBs Substrate % of (15)-0Ac of (16)-0Ac OBs 91.5±0.2 5±0.2 9-OBs BsO 65.4±0.3 34.6+0.3 15-OBs BsO 9.9±0.3 90.1±0.3 16-OBs
PAGE 46
37 the peaks precluded accurate analysis of the alcohols, but the integration of the two largest alcohol peaks was in general agreement with the acetate ratios. A third smaller peak was observed in both alcohol mixtures. The mass spectra of the larger peaks obtained directly by GC/MS analysis of the alcohol mixture derived from ( 9_) -OBs were in good agreement with the conventionally obtained spectra of (1_5) -OH and (16) -OH, but the glpc obtained mass spectrum of the third component was not similar to any of the reasonable alcohol products such as (9J-0H, (15) -OH, (16) -OH, (8_9) -OH , or the endo-alcohol (90) -OH. However, the third component was obHO 90 -OH viously an isomeric alcohol which may either be a product of acetolysis or a result of decomposition of the product alcohols on the glpc column or the injection port. These results obviously contradict the report that (9_) -OBs and 8a. (15) -OBs give a single product on acetolysis. This error is understandable since the work was done prior to the routine use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the components may have given a single peak on glpc analysis if a less efficient column were used. The product ratio for the solvolysis of (16) -OBs indicates that the a-bridged ion (14_) is trapped by the
PAGE 47
38 solvent with little or no rearrangement to the bishomocyclopropenium ion (13^) . The extremes for the extent of rearrangement of ion (1_4) to ion (L3) range from a low of zero if capture of ion ( 14 ) leads to 90.1% (16) -OAc and 9.9% (15) -OAc to a high of 9.9% if capture of ion (1_4) leads solely to (16) -OAc . Using these extreme product ratios for the capture of ion (1_4) by solvent, (:9)-OBs, which must ionize initially to ion (1_3) , undergoes 8.5 9.4% rearrangement to ion (1^4) prior to solvent capture. Similar analysis indicates that ester (15_)-OBs, which has the possibility of the participation of either the C, -C-, ~ bond to give ion (14_) or the Cq-C, n bond to give ion (13), leads to a mixture of 61.6 65.4% of ion (13_) and 34.6 38.4% of ion (14_) on ionization. To assess the relative importance of thermodynamic considerations (product stability) versus bond alignment in the formation of ions (13_) and (.L4) from (L5)-OBs, the acidcatalyzed equilibration of (3J3) -OAc and (16) -OAc was performed in acetic acid at 75 °C. A starting mixture of 65% of (15) OAc and 3 5% of (16) -OAc resulted in a mixture containing 99.5% of (15) -OAc and 0.5% of (16^) -OAc . This ratio corresponds to a free energy difference of 3.7 Kcal/mole assuming equilibrium was established. Thus, participation of the C g C-, n bond in (15_)-OBs would be favored by thermodynamic considerations while participation of the C-, -C-, 2 bond is favored by bond alignment since molecular models show that the C-,-C-, 2 bond is exactly anticoplanar to the leaving group while the C n -C in bond deviates from anticoplanarity . y j.u
PAGE 48
SCHEME VII 39 Bs 9-OBs BsO BsO 15-OBs \ / 16-OBs 13 A similar situation is found in the exo -twistbrendyl brosylate (37_) -OBs where participation of the C,--C 6 bond BsO 37-OBs leads to products which are 2.24 3.13 Kcal/mole more stable than products derived from Co -Co bond participation, but where participation of the C 3 -Cg bond is favored by bond alignment. a Acetolysis of (37_) -OBs led to products which favor migration of the C 3 -C g bond by 2 . 2 : 1 over C 5 ~C 6 migration. No products with the (3_7 ) -OAc structure were observed because (r7_) -OAc is 8.7 11.8 Kcal/mole higher in energy than the observed products. The opposite situation is observed in the solvolysis of (15) -OBs where the products
PAGE 49
40 favored by thermodynamic factors predominate ca. 2 : 1 over products favored by bond alignment. Analysis of the rate for acetolysis of ( 16_) -OBs relative to ( 1_5 ) -OBs may aid in explaining this behavior. A lower limit to the rate constant for the acetolysis of (16) -OBs can be determined from the product study with this ester. Acetolysis for nine hours at ca. 25 °C gave complete reaction to the limits of the Hnmr spectral analysis which corresponds to at least five half-lives and a rate constant of at least -4 -1 1.1x10 s at 25 °C. The rate of ( 16 ) -OBs appears normal when compared to exo -2-norbornyl brosylate (_l)-OBs, but unusually high when compared to the annelated norbornyl systems (9JU , (92_) , and (93) (Table III). On the contrary, (15) -OBs appears quite in line with the rates of these annelated 2norbornyl systems. If one assumes that the free energy difference between (.15) and (1_6) is essentially the same at 75 °C as at 25 °C, and that the products of acetolysis from ( 15_) -OBs represent the relative amounts of C-,-C-, 2 and c q~ c ;lq bond participation, then a free energy diagram for the acetolysis of ( 1_5) -OBs and (1_6) -OBs can be constructed as in Figure 1. Most of the 4.8 Kcal/mole difference in the free energy of activation for the respective ionizations of (15) OBs and (16_) -OBs to ion (L4) is thus seen to result from the higher ground state energy of (16_) -OBs (3.7 Kcal/mole). By way of confirmation of the ground state energies, molecular models indicate that (1_6) is more strained than (1_5) and in particular that the C^-C^ bond in (1_6) is more strained than
PAGE 50
Table III. Relative Rates of Sulfonate Esters at 25 °C 41 Compound Reference k rel X-1 15 8a 16 This Work >1200 8a 2500 940 91 37 5.02 92 37 17.3 93 37 8.89
PAGE 51
Bs 1. h Kcal/mole 16-OBs 14 Bs 13 < 3.7 Kcal/molc 15-OBs Reaction Coordinate Figure 1. Free Energy Diagram for the Acetolysis of (15) -OBs and (16) -OBs
PAGE 52
43 the C,-C 12 bond in (15_) . The added strain of the C,-C, „ bond in (16J raises the energy of the a-orbital allowing better orbital mixing at the developing carbonium ion site. If one assumes that the relative stabilities of ( 1_5) -OAc and ( _16) -OAc reflect the relative stabilities of ions (_13_) and (14) , respectively, then the stability of ion (13J , as reBsO_, LQ 9 BsO 12 15-OBs 16-OBs fleeted in the transition state, may partially compensate for the poorer alignment of the Cg-C.. bond in (15) -OBs. Finally, the relative difficulty with which ions (13) and (1_4) appear to interconvert may be a reflection of the rigidity of this sytem. Realignment of the bonds for the interconversion of these ions may be higher energy processes than in the more flexible ions derived from the cyclopropyl brosylate (26) -OBs.
PAGE 53
CHAPTER IV KETOAND KETAL-SUBSTITUTED BROSYLATES Introduction As a result of the unsuccessful attempts to synthesize the ketone (4_3) / another approach to the identification of the solvolysis products of (260 -OBs was taken. The introduction of a ketal or ketone functional group in the 12position would be expected to reduce the number and/or amounts of rearranged products from the solvolysis of brosylates ( 5_1) -OBs and ( 5_2) -OBs because the electron withdrawing effect of these groups would make the rearranged ions less favorable. In addition the rates of acetolysis of the substituted brosylates should give some insight into the transition state of the solvolysis of (^6) -OBs. Since the products of acetolysis of the unsaturated (9^ -OBs have been thoroughly investigated, substitution of a ketal or ketone functional group in the 12-position to give (5_3) -OBs and (54) -OBs would be useful for a comparison of the acetolysis products with those of the cyclopropane brosylates (51) -OBs and (5_2) -OBs. The rates of the saturated brosylates (55) OBs and (56^) -OBs can be used for comparison with the rates of acetolysis of (51) -OBs and (52)-OBs. 44
PAGE 54
45 Synthesis The synthesis of 12 , 12-dimethoxyexo ,exo, anti -tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 ]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (53) -OH followed essentially the same procedure used for the preparation of (9^ -OH and is outlined in Scheme VIII, along with the preparation of several 26 alcohols derived from (_53)-OH. Heating (_5_) -OAc with 5,5dimethoxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrachlorocyclopentadiene gave 12,12-dimethoxy-3 ,4,5, 6-tetrachloroexo , exo , anti -tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate ( 94) -OAc as the only adduct, which gave (94^ -OH on reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. Neither (94j -OAc nor (_94) -OH gave a parent ion in the mass spectrum but both showed isotope peaks for parent minus a chlorine atom and other peaks consistent with the structures. Dechlorination of ( 9_4 ) -OH with sodium and tert butanol in THF gave ( 5_3) -OH cleanly and in good yield, which was in sharp contrast to the dechlorination of (11) -OH to give (9_) -OH, and must be related to the absence of chlorines in the 12-position of (9_4)-OH. Hydrolysis of ( 5_3) -OH gave the ketoalcohol ( 5_4 ) -OH in good yield. Ketoalcohol (54) -OH bubbled upon melting, presumably extruding carbon monoxide to give dienol (95) -OH. The mass spectrum showed similar 9J5-OH behavior, giving no parent ion, but a spectrum consistent
PAGE 55
SCHEME VIII 46 OAc 5-OAc "?£ 150 °C MeO MeO OAc 9 4 -OAc 53-OAc MeO tBuOH THF MeO 53-OH 94-OH CH 2 N 2 Cu(I)Br \y OAc 51-OAc H 2 S0 4 V OH 54-OH Pd/C MeO MeO OH 55-OH V LiAlH t ether 10% H 2 S0 4 \k MeO MeO OH ^71 5% H 2 S0 4 OH 51-OH 52-OH OH 56-OH
PAGE 56
47 with the loss of carbon monoxide. Catalytic hydrogenation of (53J -OH gave the saturated alcohol (5_5) -OH which was hydrolyzed to the saturated ketoalcohol (56) -OH. The elemental analysis for (_56) -OH was consistent with partial formation of the hydrated ketone, but there is no doubt as to the identity of (5_6) -OH since a satisfactory analysis was obtained for (5_6) -OBs derived from this sample of (56) -OH. The preparation of the cyclopropyl alcohol (5_1) -OH followed the procedure previously described for (26) -OH. Treatment of ( 5_3) -OH with acetic anhydride in pyridine, reaction with diazomethane in the presence of a copper (I) chloride catalyst, and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride gave the cyclopropanated alcohol (5_1) -OH. Hydrolysis of (51) -OH gave the ketoalcohol (52) -OH. The Hnmr spectra of ( 51_) -OH and (5_2) -OH are of interest, 12 51-OH 5_2-OH The x Hnmr spectrum of (5_1) -OH contains two one proton resonances at 6 0.17 (doublet of triplets, J = 4.5, 7.0 Hz) and 6 1.50 (doublet of triplets, J » 4.5, 3.0 Hz). The downfield resonance must be assigned to H 1Qs since the close proximity to the oxygen would be expected to deshield H 1Qs and since the smaller coupling constant for the triplet would be ex-
PAGE 57
3 8 pected for the H. which is trans to H g and H . The upfield position of H, _ is higher than expected for a normal cyclopropane proton, but is accounted for by reciprocal shielding by the electrons in the H, n bond which are repelled by the oxygen. The Hnmr spectrum of ( 5_2) -OH contains two one proton resonances at 6 0.23 (doublet of triplets, J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz) and <5 0.72 (doublet of triplets, J = 6.0, 7.0 Hz). In this case the upf ield resonance is assigned to H, „ bec 3 10s cause of the smaller triplet coupling constant. The H,„ has a "normal" cyclopropane resonance while H-,„ must be in the shielding cone of the carbonyl group. The corresponding brosylates were prepared in the usual manner from the respective alcohols with p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine. The brosylates had spectra similar to those of the corresponding alcohols. Product Studies Acetolysis of the unsaturated ketal (5_3) -OBs resulted in a mixture of eight products (glpc) , the two major products being 69% and 19% of the mixture. These products were separated by preparative glpc and assigned the pentacyclic structures ( 9_6) -OMe and (96_)-OAc, respectively, on the basis of spectral properties. The Hnmr of (96) -OAc was similar to (15)-OAc, giving a doublet for H ±± at 6 5.09 (J = 2.2 Hz) and the acetate methyl singlet at 6 1.98. The infrared spectrum contained the carbonyl absorptions for both the bridge (1770 cm -1 ) and acetate (1740 cm" ) carbonyls. The
PAGE 58
49 mass spectrum and accurate mass were also in agreement with this structure. The Hnmr spectrum of (96)-OMe was similar Me 0'9 6-OMe to (96) -OAc except that the resonance for H, , was shifted upfield to 6 3.77 (doublet, J = 2.2 Hz) and the acetate methyl resonance was replaced by the methoxyl resonance at 6 3.27. In addition, the infrared spectrum showed a single carbonyl absorption resonance at 1775 cm for the bridge 13 carbonyl The Cnmr spectrum, mass spectrum, and accurate mass were also in agreement with this structure. The third most abundant component (3.3%) was assigned the structure (97) since the Hnmr spectrum had resonances at 6 6.40 MeO C 97 (triplet of multiplets, J = 6.0 Hz) and 5.99 (triplet of multiplets, J = 6.0 Hz) for the vinyl protons and a singlet at 6 3.59 for the methyl ester. The infrared spectrum also showed a carbonyl resonance at 1740 cm for the ester carbonyl . By analogy, endo -2-norbornyl ketal ( 66^) -OBs afforded
PAGE 59
jU 55% of (5J7)-OAc and 16% of (57)-OMe while ( 63 ) -OBs gave x x k 66 57 6_3 5_8 57% of the cleavage product, similar to the products iden24b c tified from the solvolysis of (53_)-OBs. ' The other minor products from (5_3) -OBs were not identified. The solvolysis of the unsaturated ketone ( 5_4) -OBs gave a mixture of products consistent with 85% of (9 3 ) -OAc and ' 15% of the decarbonylated brosylate ( 95_) -OBs contrary to the result for the solvolysis of the endo (58) -OBs where a significant amount of (5_8 ) -OAc was observed. Presumably, the reason for the absence of endo products is the formation of the bishomocyclopropenium ion from (5_4 ) -OBs and the hindered attack from the endo direction. Acetolysis of the cyclopropyl ketal (5_l)-OBs, although anticipated to give a simpler product mixture than (26) -OBs, gave a mixture of at least twelve products (glpc) with the major product accounting for 21.9% of the volatile products. The shorter retention time peaks (57.7%) can reasonably be assigned to methoxy ketones since these would be expected to be less polar than the corresponding acetoxy ketones and since there are several resonances in the Hnmr spectrum which appear to be due to methoxyl groups (Figure 2) . The 57.7% of methoxy ketones from (51) -OBs is similar to the
PAGE 60
51 •H 05 >i H o -p OJ u rfi m o u -P O in K -H fa
PAGE 61
52 69% of (96) -OMe from (53)-OBs indicating a similar degree of methoxyl participation in the transition state. Due to the complexity of the product mixture, the only product identified was ca. 30% of ( _52) -OBs formed by hydrolysis of (51) -OBs. As in the solvolysis of the unsaturated ketone (54) -OBs , acetolysis of the cyclopropyl ketone (_52) -OBs gave a less complex product mixture (glpc) than the ketal. The major component (68.7%) was isolated by chromatography on silica gel and assigned the structure of the expected ( 98^) -OAc on the basis of spectral analysis. The Hnmr spectrum contained the acetate singlet at 6 1.97 and H, „ consisted of the exAcO O 9£-0Ac 99^ pected doublet of doublets (J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz) at 6 5.06 since the endo H, ~ should show very little coupling to H, and should show different couplings to the H, , protons. The infrared spectrum showed only one carbonyl absorption at 1750 cm , but the mass spectrum and accurate mass were in agreement with structure (9£)-OAc. In particular, the mass spectrum showed a large peak for parent ion minus acetic acid indicating an easy elimination reaction as expected from (98^-OAc. The other products were not isolated or identified. The main reason for the absence of extensive
PAGE 62
53 rearrangements is that ions ( 99 ) and ( 100 ) would be higher in energy than the corresponding ions from (2_6) -OBs due to the proximity of the electron-deficient carbonyl group. Kinetic Studies The acetolysis rates of the cyclopropyl (51) -OBs and (52) -OBs and the unsaturated (5_3) -OBs and ( 5_4) -OBs along with the saturated analog (5_5) -OBs were determined and are given in Table IV along with several related brosylates. The rate of the saturated ketal (5_5) -OBs provides an estimate of the rate-retarding effect of the ketal function when compared to (l_0)-OBs. The observed ratio of only five times faster for ( 1_0 ) -OBs is small compared to a factor of 33 for the endo -2-norbornyl {66} -OTs , as expected for the increased distance between the developing positive charge centers and the ketal functionality. The cyclopropyl and unsaturated ketals ( 51_) -OBs and (_5_3 ) -OBs do not show any significant rate retardation. In fact, ( 5_1) -OBs is slightly accelerated over (_2_6 ) -OBs and (5_3) -OBs may be accelerated over (9_) -OBs since the rate given is only a lower limit estimate. The rate acceleration, or at least an absence of deceleration, and the methoxy products observed point to the participation of ketal function in the transition state by stabilization of the developing, delocalized positive charge by the lone pairs on oxygen. The rate acceleration suggests that delocalization of the positive charge must be occurring early in the reaction sequence.
PAGE 63
54
PAGE 64
55 OJ
PAGE 65
56 Contrary to the observed rate effect with the ketals , the cyclopropyl ketone (_52) -OBs was decelerated by a factor of 155 compared to (260 -OBs and the unsaturated ketone (54) OBs was decelerated by a factor of 600 compared to (9^) -OBs. These deceleration factors are not directly comparable since the cyclopropyl rates were compared at 100 °C while the unsaturated ketone at 50 °C was compared to ( 9_) -OBs at 25 °C assuming a similar temperature sensitivity between ( 9_) -OBs and (6^) -OBs. Since raising the temperature has a tendency to diminish acceleration effects, these two factors are probably about equal. The unsaturated brosylate (9^) -OBs shows less than 10% rearrangement to ions other than the initially formed bishomocyclopropenium ion (1^3) (vide supra) and, therefore, cannot derive significant stabilization from such rearranged ions. On the other hand, extensive rearrangements from the initially formed trishomocyclopropenium ion (21) are observed in the solvolysis products of the cyclopropyl brosylate (2_6_)-OBs. The electron withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group would be expected to similarly retard rearrangements from the ions formed initially during the aceto lysis of (5_2)-OBs and (_54)-OBs. Studies of the solvolysis products of these two brosylates help to substantiate this contention (vide supra) . Since similar retardation effects are observed for both ketone substituted brosylates and since (9^) -OBs cannot derive significant stabilization from rearrangement of the initially formed ion (13), then (26)-OBs must be devoid of significant stabili-
PAGE 66
57 zation in the transition state derived from further rearrangements of the initially formed trishomocyclopropenium ion (27) .
PAGE 67
CHAPTER V CIS , ANTI-4 , 5-EPOXY-ANTI-TETRACYCLO[6.2 .l.l 3 / 6 . 2 ' 7 ] DODEC-11-YL BROSYLATE Introduction A natural extension of cyclopropyl participation in solvolysis reactions is the use of three-membered rings containing heteroatoms as a neighboring group. The most appropriate choice for this study was the epoxy brosylate ( 7J2) -OBs because of the structural relationship to (26) -OBs and because it was easily synthesized from (9^) -OBs. The only other reported attempt at remote epoxide participation resulted in no observed acceleration and no products derived from the carbon-carbon bond participation, so if (72) -OBs were to demonstrate either of these features it would provide the first example of remote epoxide participation in a , 25b solvolysis reation. Synthesis o c 9 7 The cis , anti -4 , 5-epoxyanti -tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-11-yl brosylate (7_2) -OBs was easily prepared by reaction of the unsaturated ester (9^) -OBs with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in chloroform. The Hnmr spectrum had a two-proton singlet at 6 3.04 for the epoxide protons and other resonances 58
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consistent with this structure. 11-Oxapentacyclo [6 . 4 . 1 . ' 4 115 9 . ' ] tridecan-10-one (101) was required for the authen72-OBs 101 102 tic synthesis of derivatives related to the anticipated solvolysis products of (7_2)-OBs. Reaction of the pentacyclic ketone (44_) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in a Baeyer-Villager fashion might be expected to give the lactone ( 101 ) and the isomeric ( 102 ) but only (10_1) was obtained, probably for the steric reasons discussed previously for the reaction of diazomethane with ( 44 ) . The Hnmr spectrum (Figure 3) of ( 101 ) showed a doublet of doublets (J = 4.4, 2.5 Hz) at 6 4.80 for H, n , a multiplet at 6 3.18 for H , a doublet of sextets (J = 4.4, 1.0 Hz) at 6 2.55 for H , and a broad doublet (J = 2.5 Hz) at 5 2.42 for H 3 . The H,resonance would be expected to be a doublet of doublets in ( 101 ) since molecular models indicate that the dihedral angle between H 3 and H 1Q is better for coupling than that between H g and H.q. Decoupling of the H resonance resulted in a sextet at 6 2.55 as expected for the bridgehead proton H~ and a broad singlet at 6 2.4 2 as expected for the bridge proton H g , with no change in the 6 3.18 resonance. Had (102) been produced, a more complex resonance would have been expected for the a-portion (H^ of the lactone. The mass spectrum of ( 101 ) had an unusually
PAGE 69
60 u -p o 0) en 1-1 § a) H fa
PAGE 70
61 intense peak at one unit higher than the molecular ion, probably due to ion molecule reactions in the ion source. The remaining spectral results for the mass spectrum, the 13 infrared spectrum, and the Cnmr spectrum were all consistent with the structure of (101) . Kinetic Studies Solvolysis of ( 12) -OBs in 60% aqueous acetone with -4 2,6-lutidine as a buffer gave rate constants of 1.68x10 s _1 at 100.0 °C, 3.57xl0~ 5 s -1 at 85.0 °C, and an extrapolated rate constant of 1.52xl0~ 8 s _1 at 25.0 °C. The AIT was 26.7 Kcal/mole and the AS was -4.8 eu. Since for similar systems the solvolysis rate for brosylates in 60% aqueous acetone is 21.4 times faster than in acetic acid, the extrapolated rate constant for ( 7_2) -OBs in acetic acid at 25 °C —10 —1 3 9 is 2.10x10 s . Thus, the rate acceleration for (72) OBs over 7-norbornyl brosylate is 10 * compared to 10 for the cyclopropane (2_6) -OBs and represents 4 . 3 Kcal/mole difference in activation energy at 25 °C. ' The rate enhancement and solvolysis products are consistent with the initial formation of the oxatrishomocyclopropenium ion (73J followed by collapse to the oxygen stabilized ion (74^ . Capture of either of these ions by the solvent (water) would be expected to give the hemiacetal (75) which upon hydrolysis should afford the observed aldehyde (76) (vide infra) .
PAGE 71
62 O 53> 73 74 7J3 One explanation for the reduced accelerative effect of the carbon-carbon bond of the oxirane versus the cyclopropane is the lower strain energy of the oxirane (13 Kcal/mole) 40 versus the cyclopropane (25 Kcal/mole) . The lower overall strain energy of the oxirane would be expected to lower the energy of the occupied a-orbital of the carbon-carbon bond thus affording poorer mixing with the developing empty p-orbital at C, , . Additionally, the electron withdrawing effect of the oxygen should lower the energy, and thus the nucleophilicity , of the carbon-carbon a-bond. The lower energy of the carbon-carbon a-bond of oxirane compared to cyclopropane is confirmed by the photoelectron spectra of these molecules. The correlation diagram for the highest occupied MO's of cyclopropane, oxirane, and thiirane is given in Figure 4. The most important orbitals with respect to participation of the carbon-carbon bond in solvolysis reactions are the e (one of the 2e') for cyclopropane and the 4a, for oxirane and thiirane since these orbitals show bonding character between the carbon atoms. Heilbronner has shown that the 2e ' orbitals of cyclopropane are split by Jahn-Teller effects giving an average ionization potential
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63 7 , g ^00. 10 ' 53 . 10.57^ A A A / n 2e' Vv 7 A 2b 11 \ V / 1 11.30 ,. \ > ' 2b„ \ / N 11-7 / 11.86 2 -12 > N 1 4a, 7 X / 13 13.2 / \ / ==< X / 13.5 le " s X 2b 2 \13.7 / ^TaT -14 ^-* 14.2 ^^ la 2 -15 Figure 4. Correlation Diagram for the Highest Occupied MO's in Cyclopropane, Oxirane, and Thiirane of 10.9 eV and, further, that fusing the cyclopropane into a norbornyl skeleton lowers the ionization potential of the e to 9.4 eV. The 1.5 eV increase in the energy of the s e orbital is due in part to the electron donating effect of the alkyl substitution and in part to the increase in strain. Using Heilbronner ' s value the unsubstituted oxirane 4a, orbital is 0.8 eV (18 Kcal/mole) lower in energy con-
PAGE 73
64 tribution from ion (7_4) to the stabilization. One method for distinguishing between these two possibilities is the solvolysis of the thiirane analog of (72)-OBs If the former explanation is correct, then the thiirane will provide less stabilization than the oxirane since sulfur is less electronegative and, therefore, the 4a, of the thiirane should not be affected as greatly by alkyl substitution as the oxirane. If the latter explanation is correct, then the thiirane will provide greater stabilization since the 2b (lone pair) orbitals of the thiirane are at higher energy and thus would interact with the developing p-orbital more efficiently. Product Studies Solvolysis of ( 12) -OBs for greater than 10 half-lives gave a mixture of products whose Hnmr spectrum (Figure 5) contained two aldehyde resonances. The unexpected presence of a second aldehyde was explained by the initial formation of endo-10-hydroxy-endo-tetracyclo [6.2. 1.0 ' 1:L . 5 ' 9 ] undecan3-carboxaldehyde (76J followed by isomerization to the endo,exo -aldehyde ( 103 ) , since chromatography of the product HO OHC OHC 76 103 mixture on silica gel or treatment of the product mixture
PAGE 74
65 n-i
PAGE 75
66 with 15% sodium hydroxide resulted in the isolation of a single aldehyde (Figure 6) corresponding to the minor aldehyde of the product mixture. Solvolysis of ( 7_2) -OBs for 2.6 half-lives gave a mixture of unreacted starting material and products whose Hnmr spectrum (Figure 7) contained a single aldehyde resonance corresponding to the major aldehyde of the above product study. The stereochemistry of the alcohol group in (76_) and ( 103 ) must be as shown because of the similarities in coupling constants and chemical shifts with those of H,,. in lactone ( 101 ) and because molecular models indicate that the opposite stereochemistry would result in coupling constants which are small or zero. Furthermore, reduction of the aldehyde mixture and lactone ( 101 ) with lithium aluminum hydride resulted in the materials which gave the Hnmr spectra in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. The diol ( 104 ) derived from lactone ( 101 ) gave a new doublet (J = 4 Hz) at 6 3.8 3 resulting from the new methylene group. As expected the prodHO^ H0 HOH 2 C HOH 2 C 104 105 ucts from the reduction of the aldehyde mixture gave the same resonance for the major component and an additional
PAGE 76
67 -| — S—S — 8 — s u +J o CO 0) & H Cm
PAGE 77
IH
PAGE 78
69 _g_S_8 — SI P V O u C o •H -P o 0) BS 0) ^ -P m o u -p o 0) a M H E c 0) M •H
PAGE 79
70 L§ — | — g_8 — a 5-1 -P O CD Cu in a) U -H
PAGE 80
71 doublet (J = 6 Hz) at 6 3.44 for the new methylene group of the diol ( 105 ) . Reduction of the endo -aldehyde ( 103 ) also gave this resonance at 6 3.44 as confirmation of the assignment. The different couplings for the methylenes in ( 104 ) and ( 105 ) may be a result of the restricted rotation of the relatively hindered methylene in ( 104 ) . The less hindered methylene in ( 105 ) shows a normal 6 Hz coupling (compared to 7 Hz in ether) whereas the hindered methylene in ( 104 ) may be held in a conformation which is less favorable for coupling. The GC-MS analyses of the reduction products of lactone ( 101 ) , the aldehyde mixture, and the endo,exo -aldehyde ( 103 ) were also consistent with these assignments. The GC-MS analysis of the aldehyde mixture was in agreement with the assigned structures (7_6) and ( 103 ) as is shown in Scheme IX. Fragmentation of the endo , endo -aldehyde (7_6) shows facile transfer of the aldehyde hydrogen to the alcohol group and loss of carbon monoxide to give (76_) -b at m/e 164. Alternatively ( 7_6) -a can fragment to give ( 7_6) -C followed by loss of ketene to give (76_) -d at m/e 150. The endo , exo -aldehyde ( 103 ) can lose water to give ( 103 ) -a at m/e 174 followed by loss of the formyl radical to give ( 103 ) -b at m/e 145. Further fragmentation of (103) -b could lead to benzene and the cyclopentenyl cation at m/e 67. Reaction of the aldehyde mixture with 2 , 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine gave a crystalline derivative whose infrared spectrum, mass spectrum, and accurate mass analysis were
PAGE 81
SCHEME IX ho" OHC 76(M + ) H 2 oc 76-a \1/ 72 H 2 -CO 76 -b m/e =16 4 H 2 0*
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73 consistent with adducts formed from ( 76 ) and (103) . In conclusion, the accelerative effect demonstrated by the carbon-carbon bond of the oxirane ring on solvolysis reactions opens up a new area of interest in physical-organic chemistry. As already mentioned, the thiirane analog of (72) -OBs should be solvolyzed to determine which orbitals of the heterocycle are involved in the solvolytic stabilization. The aziridine analog of ( 12) -OBs might also be of interest since the nitrogen is intermediate in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen. Also of interest would be the solvolysis of (71) -OBs and its thiirane and aziridine OBs 71-OBs analogs to determine if the orientational effect of the heterocycles on solvolytic reactivity is similar to the cyclopropane orientational effect.
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CHAPTER VI EXPERIMENTAL Synthesis General Infrared spectra were recorded on either a Perkin-Elmer Model 137 B of Beckman IR-10 spectrophotometer. Solution spectra were recorded using matched 0.1 mm sodium chloride cells. The absorption band positions reported hereafter are given in wave numbers (cm ) . Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were recorded on either a Varian Associates Model A-60, 60 MHz spectrophotometer or a Varian Model XL-100, 100 MHz instrument. Chemical shift values for Hnmr spectra are reported in 6 units relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at 6 0.00. The chemical 13 shift values of Cnmr spectra are reported in ppm from TMS. After the chemical shift values are given in parentheses the multiplicity of the peaks, the relative integration, the coupling constants (J) where applicable , and the assignments of the peaks if known. The symbols used for the multiplicities are s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, p = pentet, and m = multiplet. Melting points are uncorrected and were obtained with a Thomas Hoover melting point apparatus. 74
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75 Mass spectra were recorded on an Associated Electronic Industries (AEI) Model MS-30 mass spectrometer at 70 eV ionizing current. Accurate mass determinations were obtained using the same instrument linked with an auxiliary PDP-8 digital computer. Microanalyses were performed by Atlantic Microlabs, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. Analytical gas-liquid partition chromatography (glpc) was performed with a Varian Associates Model P1440 chromatograph utilizing flame ionization detection. The columns employed were a) 100 ft. x 0.01 in. capillary coated with diethylene glycol succinate (DEGS) , b) 100 ft. x 0.01 in. capillary coated with UCON LB-550, c) 100 ft. x 0.03 in. capillary coated with DEGS, and d) 6 ft. x 1/8 in. 5% SE-30 on Chromsorb W. Integration of analytical glpc tracings was obtained with an Autolab 6300 digital intetrator obtained from SpectraPhysics, Inc. Preparative glpc was performed with a Varian Associates Model A-90-P utilizing a thermal conductivity detector. The columns employed were a) 6 ft. x 1/4 in. 20% DEGS on Chromsorb W, b) 10 ft. x 1/4 in. 20% UCON polar 50-HB-2000 on Chromsorb W, c) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 5% DEGS on Chromsorb W,
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76 d) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 3% SE-30 on Chromsorb W e) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 7% OV-17 on Chromsorb W, f) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 5% UCON polar 50-HB-2000 on Chromsorb W, and g) 5 ft. x 1/4 in. 3% OV-225 on Chromsorb W. Synthesis of 7-norbornadienyl benzoate (24)-OBz In a typical reaction 4.8 g (0.033 mol.) of copper (I) bromide and 306 g (3.32 mol.) of norbornadiene were dissolved in 1500 ml of benzene and heated to 40 °C under a nitrogen at27 mosphere with mechanical stirring. To this solution was added 615 g (2.54 mol.) of benzoyl peroxide in 1500 ml of benzene as a slurry in several portions. When addition was complete, the mixture was heated to reflux for three days, cooled to room temperature, and separated into two portions for easier handling. Each portion was washed successively with 3 x 150 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, 2 x 150 ml of 5% ferrous sulfate, 2 x 150 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, 2 x 200 ml of 3 N hydrochloric acid, 2 x 150 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, 2 x 200 ml of water, and 1 x 200 ml of saturated sodium chloride solution. Each set of washings was extracted with 100 ml of benzene. The combined benzene layers were dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and benzene removed on a steam bath. The residue was distilled (1.5 torr, 140 °C) to give 226 g (25.0%) of 7-norbornadienyl benzoate, 27 1 (24J-OBZ. The Hnmr (CCl,) contained the following resonances: 6 7.8 8.1 (m, 2; ortho-aromatic protons); 7.1 -
PAGE 86
77 7.5 (m, 3; meta and para -aromatic protons); 6.71 (t, 2; J = 2.3 Hz; H 2 and H 3 ) ; 6.59 (broad t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 5 and H g ) ; 4.77 (broad s, 1; H-, ; and 3.7 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H, and H 4 ) . Preparation of 7-norbornadienol (24) -OH In a typical reaction a solution of 135.5 g (0.498 mol.) of ( 2_4 ) -OBz in 400 ml of anhydrous ether was added to phenylmagnesium bromide, prepared from 257 g (1.64 mol.) of bromobenzene and 40.0 g (1.67 mol.) of magnesium in 1100 ml of anhydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere, at a rate such as 27 to maintain reflux. The mixture was stirred for eight hours after addition was complete and then poured into one 1 of saturated ammonium chloride. The ether layer was separated, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pressure. Pentane (50 ml) was added and the solid triphenylmethanol removed by filtration. The pentane was removed under reduced pressure and the residue distilled (50 torr , 80 °C to 10 torr, 90 °C) to give 42.9 g 27 1 (79.7%) of 7-norbornadienol (2_4)-OH. The Hnmr spectrum (CC1.) contained the following resonances: 6 6.50 (t, 4; J = 2.0 Hz; H 2 , H 3 , H 5 , and Hg) ; 3.7 6 (broad s, 1; H 7 ); 3.38 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H-j^ and H 4 ); and 3.2 (s, 1; OH). Preparation of anti-7-norbornenol (5) -OH Method A . A solution of 43.0 g (0.398 mol.) of (24) -OH in 300 ml of anhydrous ether was added at room
PAGE 87
78 temperature to 30 g (0.79 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride 28 in 6 00 ml of anhydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hrs . , cooled in an ice/water bath, and 100 ml of water added. The solid aluminum salts were dissolved in 400 ml of 10% sulfuric acid and the aqueous layer was extracted with 2 x 500 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced 28 pressure to yield 38.5 g (87.9%) of (5) -OH. This material was used without further purification as the Hnmr was essentially identical to that reported and showed greater than 95% purity. Method B . A solution of 25.0 g (0.166 mol.) of 7norbornadienyl acetate (24) -OAc (Frinton) in 75 ml of ether was added to 10.0 g (0.264 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 4 00 ml of anhydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hrs., cooled in an ice/water bath, and 10 ml of water, 10 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide, and 30 ml of water added, respectively. This mixture was filtered. The filtrate was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pressure to give 16.1 g (87.8%) of (5_) -OH which was 1 28 greater than 95% pure by Hnmr. The materials obtained by each method were identical. The Hnmr spectra (CCl,) of each contained the following resonances: 6 5.98 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 2 and H^); 3.57 (broad s, 1; H.,) ; 2.53 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H, and H 4 ) ;
PAGE 88
79 2.21 (s, 1; OH); 1.8 (m, 2; H c and H c ); and 1.0 (m, 2; ' N ' ' 5exo 6 exo ' H c , and H, , ) . bendo 6endo Preparation of anti-7-norbornenyl acetate (5)-OAc Acetic anhydride (42 ml) was added to 42.3 g (0.384 29 mol.) of (5_) -OH dissolved in 42 ml of pyridine. " This solution was heated to 100 °C for one hour, cooled to 25 °C, and 100 ml of water added. This mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, poured into 200 ml of water, and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 2 x 250 ml of 5% hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate. The ether was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pressure to give 50.3 g (86.1%) of (5_)-OAc. This was generally used without further purification as the Hnmr was identical to that reported. However, (5_) -OAc could be distilled (conditions unrecorded) to give a colorless liquid. The Hnmr spectrum (CCl.) contained the following resonances: 6 6.02 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 2 and H 3 ) ; 4.33 (broad s, 1; H 7 ); 2.76 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H-,^ and H 4 ) ; 1.98 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ); 1.8 (m, 2; H c and H, ); and 1.0 (m, 2; H, , and H, , ) . ' 5exo 6exo 5 endo 6endo Preparation of 3 , 4 , 5, 6 , 12 , 12-hexachloro-exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3 ' 6 .0 2,7 ]dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (77)-OAc In a typical reaction, 20.0 g (0.131 mol.) of (5) -OAc and 150 g (0.550 mol.) of hexachlorocyclopentadiene (Aldrich) were placed in a glass tube, frozen in a dry ice/2-propanol
PAGE 89
80 bath, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and heated to 150 °C for 2 ft 51 hours. This was cooled to room temperature, opened, and the contents poured into 100 ml of hexane. The solid which formed was removed by filtration and recrystallized from hexane to give white prism, m. p. 132 133 °C (lit. 2 fi 132 132.5 °C) . The original filtrate was chromatographed on SilicAR cc-7 with hexane to give additional solid with a Hnmr spectrum identical to that of the initial solid. The combined yield of (77 ) -OAc was 44.5 g (79. 7%). 26 The Hnmr spectrum (CC1 4 ) contained the following resonances: 6 4.80 (broad s, 1; H^) ; 2.72 (s, 2; H 2 and H-) ; 2.50 (q, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 1 and H g ) ; 1.96 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ) ; 2.0 (m, 2 ; H 9exo and H 10exo ); and 1 ' 2 < m ' 2 H 9endo and "lOendo) • Preparation of 3 , 4 , 5, 6 , 12 , 12-hexachloro-exo, exo,anti-tetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .Q 2 ' 7 ]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (77) -OH In a typical reaction, a solution of 25.2 g (0.0593 mol.) of (77) -OAc in 3 00 ml of anhydrous ether was added slowly under a nitrogen atmosphere to 5.1 g of lithium aluminum hydride in 3 00 ml of anhydrous ether cooled in a dry ice/2-propanol bath. The cold mixture was stirred for one hour, 100 ml of water was added, and the mixture slowly warmed to room temperature. To this was added 200 ml of 10% sulfuric acid and the mixture was stirred until all solids had dissolved. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl ether, the ether dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pressure to
PAGE 90
give 21.0 g (92.5%) of (77) -OH, m. p. 131 132 °C (lit. 2 fi 1 134.5 135 °C) . The Hnnir spectrum (CDCl-J contained the following resonances: 6 4.08 (broad s, 1; H,-, ) ; 2.73 (s, 2; H 2 and H ? ) ; 2.1 2.4 (m, 4; H-^ Hg, H 9exQ , and H 10exo ); 1 * 69 (s ' 1; 0H); and 1 '° " 1 ' 3 (m ' 2; H 9endo and H, „ -, ) . The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 386 (1.9%), lO endo c 384 (4.3%), 382 (5.6%), 380 (2.7%), 351 (19.1%), 349 (33.0%), 347 (53.7%), 345 (33.3%), 315 (10.7%), 313 (48.9%), 311 (100%) , and 309 (79.5%) . In a separate reaction a sample of the acetate was reduced according to the literature preparation in which the lithium aluminum hydride-ether mixture was held at room temperature during the addition and then heated to reflux for 3 minutes. The excess lithium aluminum hydride was destroyed by the addition of water at °C and then treated as before. The product obtained by this method was analyzed by glpc using analytical column (d) (200 °C) to give peaks with the following retention times (approximate percent of the mixture is given in parentheses): 7.5 min. (10%), 12.0 min. (5%), 13.5 min. (10%), and 17 min. (75%). Initial reaction at -78 °C followed by heating to reflux prior to working up produced the same mixture. The major peak corresponded to (7_7)-OH. The product with the retention time of 7.5 minutes was separated by preparative glpc using column (d) . This component had m. p. 110.5 111.5 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3100(s), 2800(m), 1700(m), 1580 (m), 1080(s), and 790(s) cm" .
PAGE 91
82 The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 3.96 (broad s, 1); 2.54 (s, 2); 2.32 (s, 2); 2.2 2.3 (m, 2); 1.8 2.2 (m, 2); 1.5 (s, 1); and 0.9 1.3 (m, 2). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 386 (0.02%), 384 (0.03%), 382 (0.04%), 380 (0.02%), 351 (0.08%), 349 (0.19%), 347 (0.31%), 345 (0.17%), 281 (10.0%), 279 (29.8%), 277 (30.3%), 206 (53.3%), 204 (100%), and 202 (80.0%). 3 6 2 7 Preparation of exo,exo,anti-tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (9) -OH In a typical reaction 60 g (0.88 mol . ) of tert -butanol were added to 4 g (1.7 g at.) of sodium in 400 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature under a nitrogen atmos26 phere with mechanical stirring. To this was added a solution of 21.0 g (0.0549 mol.) of (7_7 ) -OH in 200 ml of THF. This mixture was heated to reflux for 3 6 hours, cooled to room temperature, the excess sodium removed by filtration, and 500 ml of water added. This was extracted with 2 x 500 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give 11 g of crude (9^) -OH. This material was analyzed by glpc using analytical column (b) which showed one major component with relatively large amounts of impurities. Chromatography on silica gel gave material which showed the same impurity peaks on analytical glpc column (b) but in smaller amounts. Recrystallization from hexane gave pale yellow needles, m. p. Ill 112 °C (lit. 107 109 °C, 108 109 °C) . ' 8a This material was found to be homo-
PAGE 92
83 geneous to glpc on capillary column (a) . The Hnmr spectrum (CC1 4 ) contained the following resonances: 6 6.06 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 4 and He); 4.71 (broad s, 1; H^) ; 2.85 (sextet, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 1 and H ); 2.01 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 2 and H y ) ; 1.7 1.9 (m, 2) ; 0.8 1.4 (m, 4); and 1.26 (s, 1; OH). Preparation of exo, exo ,anti-tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (9)-OAc Alcohol (9_)-OH (5.30 g, 0.0301 mol . ) was dissolved in 20 ml of pyridine and 20 ml of acetic anhydride and this 2 9 solution heated to 100 °C for one hour. The reaction solution was cooled in an ice/water bath and 50 ml of water added. The mixture was allowed to stir for one hour and then extracted with 200 ml of ether. The ether layer was washed with 100 ml of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was distilled (3.0 torr, 125 128 °C; lit., 3.1 torr, 113 115 °C) to give 5.26 g (80.1%) of (9) -OAc . 26 The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CC1.) contained the following resonances: 6 6.13 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 4 and Hg) ; 5.45 (broad s, 1; H ); 2.87 (broad p, 2; E ± and H g ) ; 0.9 2.2 (m, 10); and 1.83 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ). Preparation of pentacyclo [6 .3 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . 2 ' 7 . 9, 1X ] tridec-13-yl acetate (26) -OAc Diazomethane generation was achieved by addition of 65 g of nitrosan (Aldrich, 7 0% in mineral oil) in small portions to a flask containing 600 ml of ether, 40 ml of diethy-
PAGE 93
84 lene glycol monoethyl ether, 30 ml of water, and 12 g (0.30 mol.) of sodium hydroxide which was cooled by immersion in 43 an ice/water bath. Nitrogen was passed slowly through the ether layer containing diazomethane , through a drying tube filled with potassium hydroxide pellets, and into a flask immersed in an ice/water bath containing a solution of the unsaturated acetate in ether. Typically through a solution of 4.26 g (0.0195 mol.) of ( 9_) -OAc in 50 ml of anhydrous ether containing 0.5 g (5 mmol.) of suspended copper(I) chloride catalyst was passed diazomethane by means of the nitrogen carrier gas. After 12 hrs. of continuous treatment with diazomethane the ether solution was filtered through a Celite pad, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum. The (2_6 ) -OAc was used without further purification. The Hnmr spectrum showed the absence of vinyl protons and was essentially identical to the reported spectrum as indicated by the following resonances: 6 5.79 (broad s, 1; H 13 ) ; 0.8 2.5 (m, 14); 1.99 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ) ; 0.4 0.7 (m, 2); and 0.12 (m, 1 ; H.. .). lOanti -j r n -j q "I "I Preparation of pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridecan13-ol (26) -OH Crude acetate (26) -OAc (4.16 g, 0.0179 mol.) dissolved in 125 ml of ether was added to 3.0 g (0.079 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 150 ml of ether under a nitrogen atmosp c phere. After addition was complete, the mixture was heated
PAGE 94
85 to reflux for 30 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and 40 ml of saturated sodium sulfate solution was added. The ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give 3.04 g (89.2%) of (2_6) -OH. This crude product was recrystallized from 30 75 °C pet ether to give white needles, m. p. 121.0 121.5 °C (lit. 118.5 120.5 °C). 26 The """Hnmr contained the following resonances: 6 4.98 (broad s, 1; H-, ..) ; 2.32 (broad s, 2; E ± and Hg) ; 1.6 2.1 (m, 7); 0.7 1.2 (m, 5); 0.4 0.7 (m, 2); and 0.05 (m, 1; H, ..). This x u ant i spectrum was identical to that previously reported. Preparation of pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridec-13-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (26)-OBs To 0.90 g (4.7 mmol . ) of (2_6) -OH dissolved in 50 ml of pyridine and cooled in an ice/water bath was added 2.5 g (9.8 mmol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride and the mix44 ture stirred until all solid dissolved. This solution was maintained at 10 °C for 24 hrs . and then poured into 300 ml of ice/water and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum. The ( 2_6) -OBs was recrystallized from hexane to give 1.7 g (88%) of white needles, m. p. 118.3 119.1 °C (lit. 118.5 119 °C) . The Hnmr spectrum (CC1 4 ) contained the following resonances: 6 7.58 (s, 4); 5.59 (broad s, 1; H 13 ) ; 2.1 2.4 (m, 4); 1.6 2.0 (m, 4); 0.4 1.2 (m, 7); and 0.13 (m, 1).
PAGE 95
86 o r 9 "7 Preparation of anti ,endo ,exo-tetracyclo [ 6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-9-en-12-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (9)-OBs Alcohol (9) -OH (2.43 g, 0.0138 mol.) was added to 7.1 g (0.028 mol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved 44 in 50 ml of pyridine cooled in an ice/water bath. This solution was maintained at 10 °C for 24 hrs . and then poured into 100 ml of ice/water and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 3 N hydrochloric acid, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and ether removed under vacuum to give 4.3 g (79%) of (9j-OBs. 8a The ( 9 ) -OBs was recrystallized from hexane to give colorless needles, m. p. 108 109 °C o, 1 (lit. 96 97 °C) . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 7.66 (s, 4; aromatic); 6.00 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 4 and H ); 5.42 (broad s, 1; H-q) ; 2.81 (m, 2); 2.0 (m, 4); 1.6 1.9 (m, 2); and 0.9 1.5 (m, 4). Acetolysis of (9) -OBs In a typical reaction, 4.3 g (0.11 mol.) of (9_) -OBs were dissolved in 200 ml of 0.1 M sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride. This mixture was heated to 90 °C for 12 hrs. (greater than 10 x T , for the rearranged brosylate (15_)-OBs), cooled to room temperature, poured into 300 ml of ice/water, and extracted with 3 x 4 00 ml 8a of pentane. The pentane layers were combined, washed with 200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum to
PAGE 96
87 give 2.6 g (110%) of a mixture of acetates which was found by Hnmr to contain ca. 90% of (lJ5)-0Ac and 10% of exo -pentacyclo[7.2.1.0 4,11 .0 5 ' 12 .0 6 ' 10 ]dodec-2-yl acetate (16) -OAc (vide infra) . For glpc analysis see the section on product studies. A solution of 1.0 g (4.6 mmol.) of this acetate mixture in 30 ml of ether was added under a nitrogen atmosphere to 0.4 g (10 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 30 ml of ether. This mixture was heated to reflux for one hour, cooled to room temperature, and 0.4 ml of water, 0.4 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide, and 1.2 ml of water added, respectively. The ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed to give a crude mixture of the alcohols. This mixture was chromatographed on SilicAR cc-7 with benzene. The ( 15_) -OH eluted first followed by (16_)-OH. The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl 3 ) of (16_) -OH was identical to the reported spectrum and contained the following resonances: 6 3.98 (d of d, 1; J = 7.0, 2.7 Hz; H 2 ) ; 2.0 2.3 (m, 4); 1.88 (d, 1; J = 7.0 Hz); 1.1 1.7 (m, 8); and 0.9 (m, 1) . exo-Pentacyclo [ 6 . 3 . 1 . I 3 ' 10 . Q 4 ' 12 . 5 ' 9 ] dodec-11-yl acetate (15) -OAc A crude mixture of acetates (0.20 g, 0.92 mmol.) from acetolysis of ( 9^) -OBs was dissolved in 10 ml of glacial acetic acid containing 1 ml of acetic anhydride and 50 ml of p-toluenesulfonic acid. This solution was heated to 100 °C for 4 hrs. , cooled to room temperature, poured into 100 ml of
PAGE 97
ice/water, and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of pentane . The pentane layers were combined, washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum to yield (15_)-OAc. ' Analysis on capillary column (c) showed the presence of ca. 0.5% of ( _16) -OAc in the sample and only minor amounts of other impurities containing no vinyl protons. The infrared spectrum (CC1.) contained the following absorption bands: 2866 (m) , 1720 (s), 1360 (m), 1250 (s), and 1040 cm" . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1-.) contained the following resonances: 6 4.95 (broad d, 1; J = 2 Hz; H,,) j 1.1 2.6 (m, 14); and 1.97 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ) . The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 218 (M + , 6.1%), 176 (16.0%), 174 (9.4%), 158 (54.0%), 129 (54.3%), 119 (51.1%), 91 (98.4%), and 43 (100%). Anal. : Calcd. for C 14 H X8°2 : C ' 77>03; H ' 8 31 Found: C, 77.03; H, 8.32. 3 10 4 12 5 9 Preparation of exo-pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . ' . ' . ' ] dodecanll-ol (15) -OH A solution of 2.3 g (0.011 mol.) of (15_) -OAc containing ca. 5% of (16) -OAc in 50 ml of ether was added to 2.0 g (0.053 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 100 ml of ether under a nitrogen atmosphere. This suspension was heated to reflux for one hour, cooled in an ice/water bath, and 10 ml of water slowly added. After the evolution of hydrogen and heat ceased, 50 ml of 10% sulfuric acid was added. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 x 100 ml of ether and the combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide,
PAGE 98
89 dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, and filtered. Removal of ether under vacuum gave 1.8 g (97%) of crude (15) 8a OH. ' Recrystallization from hexane gave white needles, m. p. 8a 82 83 °C (lit. 80.0 81.5 °C) . Glpc analysis on capillary column (c) showed less than 2% impurities. The infrared spectrum (CC1.) contained the following absorption bands: 2960 (s), 2870 (m), 1120 (w) , and 1070 (w) cm -1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 4.10 (d, 1; J = 2.2 Hz; H,,) and 0.9 2.4 (m, 15). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 176 (M + , 34%), 158 (23%), 119 (100%), 91 (76%), 79 (53%), 67 (42%), and 41 (39%). Anal. : Calcd. for C-^H-^O: C, 81.77; H, 9.15 Found: C, 81.59; H, 9.28. 3 10 4 12 5 9 Preparation of pentacyclo [ 6 . 3 . 1 . ' . ' . ' ] dodecan11-one (44) Jones' reagent was prepared by dissolving 26.7 g (0.267 mol.) of chromium trioxide in a solution of 23 ml of sulfuric acid brought to 100 ml by the addition of water. A portion of this solution was added dropwise to a solution of 0.148 g (0.840 mmol.) of (15) -OH in 25 ml of ether until an orange color persisted. Water (100 ml) was added and the mixture extracted with 2 x 100 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give the ketone (44). 8a Analysis on capillary column (c) showed this sample to be homogeneous. The infrared spectrum (CC1 4 ) contained
PAGE 99
90 the following absorption bands: 2880 (m) , 1750 (s), 1160 (w), and 1100 (w) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 2.78 (m, 1; H g ) and 1.1 2.6 (m, 13). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 174 (M + , 59.2%), 146 (25.8%), 119 (93.9%), 108 (39.2%), 91 (100%), and 79 (82.7%) . Anal. : Calcd. for C 12 H 14 0: C, 82.72; H, 8.10 Found: C, 8 2.6 5; H, 8.12. Action of diazomethane on pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . ' . ' . Q 5 ' 9 ] dodecan-11-one (44) Method A. To a flask containing 6.0 g (0.15 mol.) of sodium hydroxide, 15 ml of water, 20 ml of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and 300 ml of ether at °C was added 32.5 g of nitrosan (70% in mineral oil, Aldrich) . This mixture was stirred at °C for 15 minutes and then carefully distilled into a flask cooled in an ice/water bath. This solution was determined to be. 0.4 M in diazomethane by adding one milliliter of the solution to a benzoic acid solution and integrating the ester and acid peaks in the Hnmr. To a solution of 0.174 g (1.00 mmol.) of (4_4) in 10 ml of anhydrous ether was 18 added 2.5 ml (1.0 mmol.) of the diazomethane solution. This solution was maintained at °C for 1 hr. and at room temperature for 3 hrs. The only substance isolated was starting material (glpc) . Method B. An ether solution which was 0.67 M in diazomethane was prepared as in Method A. To a solution of 0.174 g
PAGE 100
91 (1.00 mmol.) of (44_) and 0.13 ml (1.0 mmol.) of boron trifluoride etherate in 10 ml of ether at °C was added 6 . ml (4.0 mmol.) of the diazomethane solution. This solution was stirred at °C for 15 minutes, then washed with water, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum. Chromatography on silica gel gave a pentane fraction containing the ketone (4_4) and an ether fraction containing two components (glpc) with no carbonyl groups (infrared) . 3 10 4 12 Preparation of 11-methyl-endo-pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . ' . ' 5,9 ]dodecan-ll-ol (79) To 1.67 g (9.59 mmol.) of ketone (4_4) dissolved in 25 ml of anhydrous ether maintained at °C was added a 30 ml sample of 1.0 M methyllithium (0.030 mol.) in ether under a nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was stirred at °C for one hour and at room temperature for one hour. The mixture was poured into 200 ml of ice/water and extracted with 2 x 100 ml of ether. The ether solution was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and the ether removed to give 1.22 g (66.9%) of a mixture of two components. Analysis of the mixture on capillary column (a) showed a major component (ca. 90%) at 8.6 minutes and a minor component (ca. 10%) at 9.6 minutes. The second component is probably a result of the presence of (16_) -OH prior to preparation of the ketone. Separation by preparative glpc using column (a) gave the major product (_79) as a pale yellow solid.
PAGE 101
92 Recrystallization from hexane gave white, waxy needles, m. p. 78 79 °C. The infrared spectrum (NaCl) contained the following absorption bands: 3230 (s), 2850 (s) , 1450 (m), and 1140 (m) cm . The Hnmr spectrum contained the following resonances: 6 3.04 (broad m, 1); 0.9 2.4 (m, 14); and 1.19 (s, 3; CH 3 ). Anal. : Calcd. for C-^H, 0: C, 82.06; H, 9.53 Found: C, 81.78; H, 9.47. 2 9 3 8 4 11 Preparation of 10-methylenepentacyclo [5 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' .0 ' dodecane (45) The alcohol (7_9) (0.267 g, 1.40 mmol . ) and 0.026 g (0.15 mmol.) for p-toluenesulfonic acid were dissolved in 25 33 ml of benzene. The benzene was heated to reflux and condensed into a Barrett collector containing anhydrous calcium chloride to remove the water formed during the reaction. This was continued for 5 1/2 hours. The benzene solution was cooled to room temperature, dried with anhydrous sodium carbonate, filtered, and benzene removed under vacuum to give 0.236 g (97.6%) of the crude olefin (4_5) as an oil. Separation from minor hydrocarbon impurities was accomplished by preparative glpc using column (a) . The infrared spectrum (NaCl) contained the following absorption bands: 2860(s), 1670 (m), 1290 (m), 870 (s), and 700 (m) cm" . The Hnmr spectrum contained the following resonances: 6 4.53 (d, 1; J = 1.7 Hz; vinyl); 4.35 (d, 1; J = 1.7 Hz; vinyl); 2.3 2.7 (m, 3); 2.0 2.2 (m, 2); 1.8 2.0 (m, 2); and 0.9 1.8 (m, 7). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 172 (M + , 29.2%),
PAGE 102
93 171 (5.6%), 143 (32.4%), 129 (61.4%), 91 (100%), and 79 (70.0%) . Preparation of spiro{pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 3 ' 10 . Q 4 ' 12 . Q 5 ' 9 ] dodecane-exo-11 , 2 ' -oxacyclopropane) (46) The olefin (45_) (0.055 g, 0.32 mmol.) was dissolved in 5 ml of • chloroform and cooled in an ice/water bath. To this solution was added 0.13 g (1.2 mmol.) of sodium carbonate and 21 0.12 g (0.75 mmol.) of m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The mixture was stirred at °C for 3 hrs. , poured into 100 ml of chloroform, and washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide. The chloroform layer was dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and chloroform removed to give the epoxide ( 46 ) as a mushy solid. The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl-,) contained the following resonances: 6 2.86 (s, 2) and 1.1 2.7 (m, 14). Action of sodium amide in liquid ammonia on spiro{pentacyclo[6.3.1.0 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] dodecan-11 , 2 ' -exo-oxacyclopropane} (46) Two small crystals of iron (III) nitrate and 0.2 g (9 mg at.) of sodium metal were added to 15 ml of ammonia in a 45 Carius tube cooled in a dry ice/2-propanol bath. After the sodium was consumed, 0.05 g (0.3 mmol.) of (<46) dissolved 23 in 5 ml of anhydrous ether was added. " The sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen, sealed under vacuum, and warmed to room temperature for 22 hrs. The tube was cooled in a dry ice/2-propanol bath, opened, and the contents diluted with 100 ml of water. The aqueous solution was extracted with 2 x 100 ml of ether. The ether was dried with anhydrous
PAGE 103
94 magnesium sulfate, filtered, and ether removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum indicated that no detectable reaction had occurred. Preparation of trimethylsuloxonium iodide Under a dry atmosphere 16 g (0.21 mol.) of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 30 ml of methyl iodide were heated to reflux for 74 hrs., cooled to °C, the solid removed by filtration, washed with chloroform, and dried to give 14.4 g 4 fi (31%) of trimethylsulfoxonium iodide. Reaction of ketone (44) with trimethylsulfoxonium iodide and sodium hydride in DMSO To a mixture of 0.13 g (5.5 mmol.) of sodium hydride and 1.21 g (5.50 mmol.) of trimethylsulfoxonium iodide in 5 ml of DMSO was added 0.062 g (0.36 mmol.) of (_44) in 2 ml of DMSO and the mixture heated to 50 °C for 18 hrs. The mixture was cooled, water added, the mixture extracted with pentane, the pentane dried and filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum to give a material whose Hnmr spectrum showed no starting material or product. Preparation of p-toluenesulfonyl azide To 17 g (0.089 mol.) of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in 100 ml of 95% ethanol at room temperature were added 7.0 g (0.11 mol.) of sodium azide dissolved in 20 ml of water. This was poured into 400 ml of ice/water and extracted with
PAGE 104
95 500 ml of ether. The ether was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give a colorless liquid. The infrared spectrum (NaCl) contained the following absorption bands: 2100 (s), 1370 (s), 1180 (vs), 820 (s), and 750 (s). The Hnmr (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 7.82 (d, 2; J = 8.5 Hz; H and H c ); 7.42 (d, 2; J = 8.5 Hz; H 9 and H c ) ; and 2.47 (s, 3; CH,) . Action of p-toluenesulfonyl azide on (45) To 0.89 g (0.52 mmol.) of (45) in 10 ml of acetonitrile was added 0.10 g (0.51 mmol.) of p_-toluenesulfonyl azide 19 dissolved in 5 ml of acetonitrile. This solution was heated to 55 °C for 36 hrs . , cooled to room temperature, and acetonitrile removed under vacuum. The infrared and Hnmr spectra showed no evidence of reaction. Preparation of m-nitrobenzenesulf onyl azide To 0.667 g (0.0103 mol . ) of sodium azide in 10 ml of 50% aqueous acetone cooled to -10 °C were added 2.00 g (9.02 mmol.) of m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved in 48 10 ml of acetone. This was stirred at below -5 °C for one hour and at room temperature for one hour. This mixture was filtered, 50 ml of ice/water added, and the product removed by filtration. The product was recrystallized from absolute ethanol to give 1.60 g (77.7%) of m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl azide, m. p. 79 81 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 2100 (s) ,
PAGE 105
96 1520(s), 1360(s), 1340(s), 1180(s), 880(s), 770(s), and 730 (s) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 8.80 (t, 1; J = 2.0 Hz; H-) ; 8.60 (d of m. 1; J 8.0 Hz; H 4 ) ; 8.30 (d of m, 1; J = 8.0 Hz; Hg) and 7.87 (t, 1; J = 8.0 Hz; H c ) . Action of m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl azide on (45) To 0.059 g (0.26 mmol.) of m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl azide in 10 ml of acetonitrile under a nitrogen atmosphere was added 0.044 g (0.26 mmol.) of (4_5) dissolved in 10 ml of 19 acetonitrile. ' This solution was heated to 60 °C for 60 hrs., cooled to room temperature, and the acetonitrile removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum showed no evidence of reaction of the azide with (45) . Action of thallium(III) perchlorate on (45) The olefin (45) (0.100 g, 0.581 mmol.) was dissolved in a mixture of 5 ml of dimethoxyethane , 45 ml of water, and 20 0.4 ml of 70% perchloric acid. A solution of thallium(III) perchlorate was prepared by dissolving 5.52 g (0.0121 mol.) of thallium(III) oxide (PCR, Inc.) in a mixture of 30 ml of 70% perchloric acid and 15 ml of water with heating. One milliliter of this solution was added to the olefin solution and the mixture stirred at room temperature until tests with potassium iodide-starch paper failed to indicate the presence of thallic ion (24 hrs.). Another milliliter of the thallic perchlorate solution was added and the mixture stirred for
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97 48 hrs. Solid sodium carbonate was added slowly to this solution until carbon dioxide evolution ceased. This solution was extracted with 75 ml of pentane. The pentane was dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and pentane removed under vacuum. There were only minor amounts of pentane soluble material present. The analytical glpc (column (a) ) indicated two components which were not identified. Preparation of exo-pentacyclo [6 . 3. 1 . 3 ' 10 . Q 4 ' 12 . Q 5 ' 9 ] dodecan11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (15)-OBs p-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.40 g, 1.6 mmol.) was added to 0,140 g (0.794 mmol.) of (15 ) -OH dissolved in 5 ml 44 of pyridine cooled in an ice/water bath. This mixture was maintained at room temperature for 24 hrs., poured into 25 ml of ice/water, and extracted with 2 x 25 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 25 ml of 2 N hydrochloric acid and 25 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give crude (15_)-OBs. Recrystallization of this solid from hexane gave white plates, m. p. 113 115 °C (lit. 112.5 113.8 °C). 8a The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDCl 3 ) contained the following resonances: 5 7.75 (s, 4; aromatic); 4.85 (d, 1; J = 2.0 Hz; H,,) ; 2.4 (broad s, 2); 2.0 2.2 (m, 4) ; and 1.1 2.0 (m, 8) . Preparation of exo-pentacyclo [7 . 2 . 1 . ' . ' . ' ] dodecan2-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (16)-OBs To 0.1 ml of pyridine were added 11 mg (0.062 mmol.)
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98 of (16) -OH (furnished by L, A. Paquette of The Ohio State University) and 50 ml (0.20 mmol.) of £-bromobenzenesul44 fonyl chloride. This solution was kept at room temperature for 0.5 hours. Approximately 0.5 g of ice was added and the mixture poured into 25 ml of ice/water. The aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 25 ml of chloroform. The combined chloroform layers were washed with 25 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the chloroform removed under vacuum to give (.L6) -OBs in sufficiently pure form for solvolytic examination. The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 7.62 (s, 4; aromatic); 4.69 (d of d, 1; J = 6.8 Hz, 3.0 Hz; H 2 ) ; 2.0 2.5 (m, 5); 1.85 (d, 1; J = 6.8 Hz); and 1.2 1.8 (m, 8). Preparation of endo-pentacyclo [5 . 3. 1 . I 2 ' 9 . Q 3 ' 8 . 4 ' 11 ] dodecanlO-ol (89) -OH A 0.048 g (0.28 mmol.) sample of ketone (44) dissolved in 1 ml of anhydrous ether was added under a nitrogen atmosphere to 0.050 g (1.3 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 10 ml of ether which was cooled in an ice/water bath. This stirred mixture was heated to reflux for 15 min. , cooled in an ice/water bath, and 0.05 ml of water, 0.05 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide, and 0.15 ml of water added, respectively. The ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and ether removed under vacuum. The alcohol product was recrystallized from hexane to give
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99 white needles, m. p. 85.5 86.5 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3380 (s), 2950 (s), 1290 (m), and 1070 (m) cm -1 . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 3.62 (broad d, 1; J = 5 Hz; H 1Q ) ; 2.77 (broad d, 1 ; J = 2 Hz, H ) ; 2.30 (broad m, 1) ; 1.1 2.2 (m, 11) ; and 1.04 (t, 2; J = 1.2 Hz). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 176 (M + , 23.1%), 174 (21.3%), 158 (20.6%), 119 (100%), 91 (95.9%), 79 (66.4%), 67 (47.0%), and 41 (40.1%) . Anal. : Calcd. for C 12 H 16 0: C, 81.77; H, 9.15 Found: C, 81.72; H, 9.18. Reaction of 7-norbornadienyl chloride (24)-Cl and cyclopentadienyl thallium Method A. A solution of 0.510 g (4.03 mmol . ) of (24)-Cl in 10 ml of dry diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme, dried by distillation from sodium) with 2.00 g (7.42 mmol.) of suspended cyclopentadienyl thallium was heated to 150 °C for 4 hrs., cooled to room temperature, 20 ml of pentane added, and the solution filtered through a Celite plug to remove all thallium salts. The cyclopentadienyl thallium used had been opened six months and had turned slightly brown. An additional 100 ml of pentane was added and the solution was washed with 50 ml of water. The pentane layer was dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, concentrated under vacuum, and chromatographed on silica gel to give 146 mg of a mixture of pentacyclo [7 . 2 . 1 . ' .0 ' .0 ' ]-
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100 dodecan-2, 7-diene (8_2) and dicyclopentadiene in the first fraction in a 1.0 : 1.0 mole ratio determined by the Hnmr. This corresponds to 79 mg (12.5%) of (8_2) . Preparative glpc separation on column (f) gave (82_) which had spectra 35 essentially identical to those reported. Reaction of (2_4)-Cl with thallium cyclopentadienide under similar conditions for 2 hrs. resulted in the isolation of unreacted (2_4)-Cl as well as products. The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl-.) had the following resonances: 6 5.79 (t, 4; J = 2.0 Hz); 2.85 (q, 4; 2 Hz); 2.43 (m, 2); and 1.80 (t, 2; J = 2.2 Hz). 13 The proton decoupled Cnmr spectrum (CDC1.J had the following resonances: 6 132.51 (4), 61.64 (2), 60.58 (4), and 49.08 (2). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 156 (M + , 16.4%), 155 (28.6%), 154 (4.8%), 152 (16.7%), 141 (22.2%), 128 (20.6%), 115 (29.7%), 91 (100%), and 78 (21.5%). The peaks at 155, 154, and 152 gave accurate mass analysis consistent with successive loss of hydrogen atoms from the parent ion. Accurate mass: Calcd. for C, ~H, ~ : 156.0938 amu Found: 156 . 0931±0 . 0002 amu. The second fraction from the silica gel chromatography contained neither (8_2) nor dicyclopentadiene, but did contain a third material along with minor impurities that were removed by preparative glpc using column (f). Analytical glpc analysis on column (c) indicated the presence of two incompletely separated components in ca. 1 : 1 ratio. The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl-,) of this material contained the following resonances: 6 7.16 (s, 2); 6.7 7.0 (m, 2); 6.2 6.6
PAGE 110
101 (m, 2); 3.35 (t, 3; J = 1.7 Hz); and 3.24 (t, 1; J 1.7 Hz). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 154 (M + , 83.5%), 153 (100%), 152 (45.5%), 77 (10.8%), 76.5 (8.4%), and 76 (31.6%). The Hnmr spectrum compares favorably with the published spectrum of a mixture of dihydro-as-indacenes and this assignment is supported by the mass spectrum. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1-.) of the Crude product mixture indicated ca. 2 : 1 ratio of ( 82 ) to dihycro-as-indacene . Method B. A solution of 1.00 g (7.90 mmol.) of (24)-Cl in 10 ml of dry diglyme with 3.00 g (11.1 mmol.) of suspended cyclopentadienyl thallium was heated to 150 °C for 3 hrs. , cooled to room temperature, 20 ml of pentane added, and the solution filtered through a Celite plug. The cyclopentadienyl thallium was from a freshly opened sample and was yellow. An additional 100 ml of pentane was added and the solution was washed with 50 ml of water. The pentane layer was dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Chromatography with pentane on silica gel gave a single fraction free of diglyme containing 225 mg of product. This product mixture was analyzed by glpc using capillary column (c) and gave peaks with the following retention times (percent of the mixture and identity, if known, of the peak are given in parentheses) : 8.0 min. (24.1%, dicyclopentadiene) , 9.6 min. (5.4%), 12.0 min. (47.5%, (82) ) , 15.3 min. (11.0%), and 32.2 min. (11.9%). Assuming similar flame responses, the glpc analysis gives a yield of 107 mg (8.7%) of (82), which is in agreement with the Hnmr analysis.
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102 The 15.3 minute component appears to be characterized by the following Hnmr resonances (CDCl-J , among others: 6 6.1 (d of d, 2; J = 5.0, 2.5 Hz); 3.78 (m, 1); 3.68 (m, 1); and 3.60 (m, 1). These assignments are made because both the Hnmr signals and the glpc peak for this component are missing in Method A. The component with glpc retention time of 32.2 minutes is assumed to be dihydro-as-indacene because of a similar glpc retention time and the presence of the dihydro-as-indacene resonances in the Hnmr. Method C. A solution of 2.00 g (0.0158 mol.) of (24)-Cl in 20 ml of dry diglyme with 4.62 g (0.0171 mol.) of fresh, suspended cyclopentadienyl thallium were heated to 150 °C for 3 hrs. in a distillation apparatus. Immediately after heating was started 0.2 g (3 mmol.) of cyclopentadiene distilled over. The volatile products along with diglyme were distilled (0.5 torr, 35 40 °C) to give three fractions in which diglyme was the major component. In addition, the Hnmr analysis indicated that the first fraction contained (82^) , dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene, and the unknown with retention time of 15.3 min. from Method B, the second fraction contained (82) and a small amount of dicyclopentadiene , and fraction three contained (8_2) and cyclopentadiene. The individual fractions were dissolved in pentane, washed with water, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Chromatography on silica gel of distillation fraction 1 gave 197 mg of a mixture which analyzed by Hnmr for 59% by weight of (82) . Similarly chromatography of the
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103 combined fraction 2 and 3 gave 120 mg of a mixture which analyzed by Hnmr for 80% by weight of (^2) . These results correspond to 0.21 g (8.5%) of (82) . Method D. This procedure was the same as Method C except 9.24 g (0.0340 mol.) of fresh cyclopentadienyl thallium was used and only one distillation fraction was taken. Chromatography on silica gel gave 0.492 g of a mixture which was 45% ( 82 ) giving 0.22 g (8.9%) of (8_2) Chromatography on neutral alumina gave some separation of (82J from the unknown and dicyclopentadiene . Method E. A solution of 0.100 g (0.790 mmol.) of (24)-Cl in 2 ml of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme, dried by distillation from sodium) with 0.200 g (0.742 mmol.) of suspended cyclopentadienyl thallium was heated to reflux for 3 days, cooled to room temperature, 10 ml of pentane added, and the solution filtered through a Celite plug to remove all thallium salts. The thallium reagent used was the same as in Method A. The pentane and glyme were removed under vacuum to give a mixture whose Hnmr spectrum was consistent with 50% of (82) and 50% of dihydro-as-indacenes . Preparation of 2 , 3-epoxypentacyclo [7 . 2 . 1 . ' . . ] dodec-7-ene (83) To a solution of 35.8 mg (0.229 mmol.) of ( 82 ) in 5 ml of chloroform with 0.1 g (0.9 mmol.) suspended sodium carbonate previously cooled to °C was added 40 mg of 85% 21 m -chloroperbenzoic acid (Aldrich) (0.21 mmol.). The mixture
PAGE 113
104 was stirred for 3 hrs. at °C, diluted to 100 ml with chloroform, washed successively with 50 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide and 50 ml of 10% sodium sulfite, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the chloroform removed under vacuum to give a material whose Hnmr was consistent with a mixture of ( 82 ) , (jB3j , and the diepoxide. Chromatography on basic alumina gave good separation of these three components. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) of (83_) contained the following resonances: 6 5.67 (t, 2; J = 2 Hz); 3.22 (s, 2); 2.7 (m, 4); 2.5 (m, 2) ; and 1.7 (m, 2) . Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxy-3 , 4 , 5 , 6-tetrachlorotetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 jdodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (94)-OAc In a typical reaction, 20.3 g (0.133 mol.) of (5) -OAc and 43 g (0.16 mol.) of 5 , 5-dimethoxy-l, 2 , 3 , 4-tetrachloro1, 3-cyclopentadiene (prepared by D. McRitchie) were sealed under vacuum in a glass tube with 30 ml of carbontetrachloride. This was heated to 150 °C for 45 hrs., cooled to room temperature, and the carbontetrachloride removed under reduced pressure. Methanol (50 ml) was added and 59.3 g of crude crystalline (94) -OAc isolated by filtration. Recrystallization from methanol gave 2 9.3 g (52.8%) of (9_4) -OAc as white crystals, m. p. 140.0 140.5 °C, plus impure product in the methanol filtrate. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 2950 (m), 1720 (s), 1240(s), 920 (w), 885(m), 860 (w) , 845(w), 810 (m) , 775(m), 765 (m), and 750 (m) cm" . The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl 3 ) con-
PAGE 114
105 tained the following resonances: 6 4.81 (broad s, 1; H, ) ; 3.57 (s, 3; OCH 3 ) ; 3.50 (s, 3; OCH 3 ) ; 2.56 (s, 2; H 2 and H 7 ); 2.43 (q, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; E ± and H g ); 1.97 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ); 1.9 (m ' 2; H 9exo and H 10exo } ' and 1 ' 2 (m < 2 > H 9endo and H l0endo ) ' The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 383 (13.2%), 381 (37.6%), 379 (41.2%), 75 (23.3%), 67 (100%), and 43 (56.4%). Anal. : Calcd. for C 16 H 18 C1 4 4 : C, 46.18; H, 4.36; Cl, 34.08 Found: C, 46.12; H, 4.37; Cl , 34.00. Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxy-3 , 4 , 5 , 6-tetrachlorotetracyclo[6.2.1.1 3,6 .0 2,7 ]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (94) -OH In a typical reaction, 7.0 g (0.18 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride were placed in 600 ml anhydrous ether under a nitrogen atmosphere with mechanical stirring and cooled in a dry ice/2-propanol bath. To this was added over a 0.5 hr. period a solution of 29.3 g (0.0704 mol.) of ( 94) -OAc in 500 ml of anhydrous ether. Stirring was continued for 2 hrs. after the addition was completed. Water (7 ml) was added and the mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature. Then 7 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide and 21 ml of water were added, respectively, and stirring continued until a white, fluffy solid formed. The solid was removed by filtration. The ether was dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give 25.7 g (97.6%) of (94) -OH. The alcohol was normally used without further purification, but could be recrystallized from 60 110 °C pet ether to give white crystals, m. p. 131.0 131.5 °C.
PAGE 115
106 The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3300(s), 2950(s), 1595 (m) , 1450 (m), and 1180(s) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1-J contained the following resonances: 5 4.06 (broad s, 1; H,,); 3.57 (s, 3; OCH-J ; 3.50 (s, 3; )CH 3 ); 2.55 (s, 2; H 2 and H 7 ) ; 1.9 2.3 (m, 4; H l' H 9' H 9exo' and H 10exo } ; lm5 (s ' 1 ; 0H) ; and 1 ' 2 (m ' 2; H o~ ,q~ an ^ H, _ . ) . The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e a endo lOendo c 341 (28.0%), 339 (83.1%), 337 (100%), 221 (22.2%), 219 (33.6%), 83 (55.6%) , and 59 (48.2%) . Anal. : Calcd. for C 14 H 16 C1 4 3 : C, 44.95; H, 4.31; CI, 37.91 Found: C, 45.09; H, 4.36; Cl , 37.76. 3 fi 2 7 Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxytetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-4-en-ll-ol (53) -OH In a typical reaction, 75 g (1.0 mol.) of tert -butyl alcohol dissolved in 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 25.7 g (0.0687 mol.) of (_94) -OH dissolved in 500 ml of THF were added, respectively, to 50 g (2.2 g at.) of sodium in 700 ml of THF stirred mechanically under a nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hrs . and again for 24 hrs. with the solvent heated to reflux. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, the sodium metal removed by filtering through a Buchner funnel with no paper, and 500 ml of water added to the filtrate. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2 x 500 ml of ether. The combined ether fractions were washed with 500 ml of water and the water layer extracted with 500 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered,
PAGE 116
107 and ether removed under reduced pressure. The crude (53) -OH was recrystallized from hexane to give 12.6 g (77.6%) of white, fluffy crystals, m. p. 118.0 119.0 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3200(s), 2870(s), 1270(s), 1110(s), 870(m), and 765(m) cm" 1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 ) contained the following resonances: 6 6.12 (t, 2; J = 2.3 Hz; H and H ); 4.96 (broad s, 1; H xl ); 3.16 (s, 3; OCH 3 ); 3.07 (s, 3; OCH.^: 2.87 (p, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H and H ); 2.21 (t, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H^ and Hj ; Jo 2 7 1.8 2.0 (m, 4; H^ H g , H^, and H^, 1.4 (s, 1; OH); and 1.0 1.3 (m, 2; H 9endQ and E ±Q endQ ) • The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 236 (M + , 13.7%). 235 (3.9%), 205 (8.7%), 153 (47.2%), 152 (23.6%), 151 (100%), 91 (74.2%), 77 (47.3%), 75 (73.4%) , and 67 (45.2%) . Anal.: Calcd. for C 14 H 2Q : C, 71.16; H, 8.53 Found: C, 71.11; H, 8.56. Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxytetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1. I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodec-4-en-ll-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (53)-OBs A solution of 3.00 g (0.0127 mol.) of ( 53_) -OH in 25 ml of pyridine was added to 6.0 g (0.0235 mol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved in 25 ml of pyridine 44 previously cooled in an ice/water bath. This mixture was maintained at 10 °C for 20 hrs. and then poured into 70 ml of ice/water. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried overnight under vacuum. This gave 5.27 g (91.2%) of crude (5_3)-OBs. The solid was recrystallized from THF to give white prisms. Attempts to
PAGE 117
108 recrystallize from benzene resulted in decomposition. The solid brosylate also decomposed when stored at -5 °C for one month. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 7.70 (s, 4; aromatic); 6.10 (t, a; J = 2.5 Hz; H 4 and Hg) ; 5.59 (broad s, 1; H^) ; 3.15 (s, 3; OCH 3 ); 2.84 (p, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; 1^ and H ); and 1.0 2.5 (m, 8). Elemental analysis was not attempted due to the instability of the ester. Preparation of tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodec-4-en-ll-ol12-one (54) -OH Alcohol (53) -OH (1.00 g, 4.23 mmol.) was added to 100 ml of 5% sulfuric acid and stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. 24a The mixture was extracted with 2 x 150 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and ether removed under vacuum to give 0.71 g (88.2%) of (54)OH. The product was recrystallized from hexane to give white needles, m. p. 103 105 °C (dec). The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorptions bands: 3180 (s) , 2810 (s), 1770 (s), 1745 (s) , 1540 (w) , 1070 (s) , and 740 (s) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl ) contained the following resonances: 6 6.58 (t, 2; J = 2.5 Hz; H, and H c ); 4.87 4 b (broad s, 1; H^) ; 3.05 (p, 2; J = 2.2 Hz; H 3 and H ); 2.28 (t, w; J = 2.2 Hz; H 2 and H 7 ); 1.8 2.2 (m, 4); and 1.1 1.6 (m, 3). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 162 (M + -CO, 12.9%), 105 (100%), 91 (26.4%), and 78 (25.3%).
PAGE 118
109 Anal.: Calcd. ^ C^H^O^ C, 75.76; H, 7.42 Found: C, 75.75; H, 7.42. Preparation of tetracyclo [6 . 2.1.1 ' .0 ' ] dodec-4-en-12-on11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (54)-OBs Alcohol (5_4)-OH (0.608 g, 3.20 mmol . ) was added to 1.5 g (5.87 mmol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved in 10 ml of pyridine previously cooled in an ice/water bath. This solution was maintained at 10 °C for 20 hrs. and then poured into 25 ml of ice/water. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried over night under vacuum. The crude ( _54 ) -OBs was recrystallized from hexane to give white plates, m. p. 128 130 °C(d). The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3100 (s) , 2900 (m) , 1795 (s) , 1765 (s) , 1570 (m) , 1360 (s), 1180 (s), 740 (s) , and 620 (s) cm" 1 . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.,) contained the following resonances: 6 7.74 (s, 4; aromatic); 6.57 (t, 2; J = 2.5 Hz; H 4 and H ); 5.48 (broad s, 1; H^) ; 3.05 (p, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H and H ); 2.30 (m, 4; H 1 , H 2 , H 7 , and H g ) ; and 1.0 2.1 (m, 4). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 382 (M + -CO, 2.0%), 380 (M + -CO, 2.0%), 221 (4.5%), 219 (4.3%), 144 (100%), 139 (54.0%), 91 (20.9%), and 78 (18.6%) . Anal.: Calcd. for C 18 H 17 Br0 4 S: C, 52.82; H, 4.19; Br, 19.52; S, 7.83 Found: C, 52.69; H, 4.19; Br, 19.37; S, 7.79.
PAGE 119
110 Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxytetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodecan-11-ol (55) -OH A solution of 5.70 g (0.0241 mol.) of (53) -OH in 150 ml of absolute ethanol was stirred with 0.100 g of 5% palladium on carbon under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 18 hrs. The ethanol solution was filtered through a Celite pad, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ethanol removed under vacuum to give 5.3 5 g (93.1%) of (5_5)-OH. The alcohol was recrystallized from hexane/benzene to give white needles, m. p. 122.0 122.5 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3400 (m) , 3130 (m) , 2830 (s) , 1100 (s) , 1070 (s) , 1030 (s) , and 1000 (s) cm -1 . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDCl ) contained the following resonances: 6 4.68 (broad s, 1; H,,); 3.22 (s, 6; OCH 3 ); 1.8 2.1 (m, 8); 1.5 1.8 (m, 5); and 1.0 1.3 (m, 2). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 238 (M + , 3.1%), 221 (8.7%), 153 (55.8%), 123 (80.2%), 101 (100%), 91 (22.1%), 67 (18.6%), and 55 (35.0%). Anal.: Calcd. for C H 0.,: C, 70.55; H, 9.31 Found: C, 70.61; H f 9.32. ~) f. 9 7 Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxytetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' ]dodec-11-yl p-bronobenzenesulfonate (55)-OBs A solution of 1.3 g (5.5 mmol.) of (55_) -OH and 3.0 g (12 mmol.) of p-bromobenzenesulf onyl chloride in 75 ml of 44 precooled pyridine was maintained at 10 °C for 24 hrs. This solution was poured into 300 ml of ice/water and extracted with 2 x 250 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were
PAGE 120
Ill washed with 400 ml of 3 _N hydrochloric acid, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give essentially a quantitative yield of crude (_55)-OBs. Recrystallization from benzene gave white prisms, m. p. 200.5 202.5 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 2850 (m) , 1570 (m) , 1350 (s), 1190 (s), 960 (s) , 880 (s) , and 740 (s) cm" 1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl-J contained the following resonances: 6 7.76 (aa'bb' quartet, 4; aromatic); 5.2 8 (broad s, 1; H, , ) ; 3.20 (s, 6; OCH.) ; and 1.1 2.2 (m, 14). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 458 (0.1%), 456 (0.1%), 427 (0.3%), 425 (0.3%), 221 (27.5%), 101 (100%), and 91 (7.1%). Anal.: Calcd. for C on H n[r BrO c S : C, 52.52; H, 5.51; Br, 17.47; S, 7.01 Found: C, 52.67; H, 5.46; Br, 17.53; S, 6.96. ~> f. ? 7 Preparation of tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' ] dodecan-ll-ol-12one (56) -OH Alcohol (5_5)-OH (2.00 g, 0.0104 mol.) was stirred with 100 ml of 10% sulfuric acid for 5 hrs. and the mixture extracted with 2 x 150 ml of ether. Some solid remained which was not identified, but was not product or starting material because they are both soluble in ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and ether removed under reduced pressure. The crude (56) -OH was recrystallized from hexane to give 1.1 g (68%) of white
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112 needles, m. p. 155 157 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3100 (s), 2840 (s) , 1760 (s), 1160 (s), and 765 (m) cm" . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 4.91 (broad s, 1; H n ); 1.8 2.3 (m, 12); 1.60 (s, 1; OH); and 1.1 1.4 (m, 2; H 9endQ and H 10endQ ) . The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 192 (M + , 27.1%), 164 (26.3%), 118 (22.9%), 91 (59.2%), 79 (100%) , and 67 (66.8%) . Anal.: Calcd. for C 12 H 16 ° 2 : C ' 74 -96, H, 8.39 Found: C, 72.40; H, 8.47. Calcd. for C 12 H 16 2 • (0. 4 H 2 0) : C, 72.26; H, 8.49. Preparation of tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodecan-12-on-llyl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (56)-)OB~s~ Alcohol (56^) -OH (1.00 g, 5.20 mmol.) was added to a solution of 2.0 g (7.83 mmol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl 44 chloride in 20 ml of precooled pyridine. This solution was maintained at 10 °C for 24 hrs . and then poured into 4 ml of ice/water. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried over night under vacuum to give essentially a quantitative yield of crude (56) -OBs. Recrystallization from benzene gave white prisms, m. p. 177.5 178.5 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 2940 (m) , 1750 (s) , 1350 (s) , 1190 (m) , 1170 (m) , 960 (s) , 880 (s) , and 775 (s) cm" 1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 7.68 (s, 4; aromatic); 5.40 (broad s, 1; H-,) ; 2.27 (q, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H, and H„) ; 1.5 2.1 (m, 10); and 1.1 1.5 X o
PAGE 122
113 (m, 2; H gendQ and H 10endo ) • The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 412 (2.6%), 410 (2.4%), 221 (2.7%), 219 (6.8%), 174 (13.9%), 135 (31.3%), 119 (10.8%), 118 (24.9%), 108 (75.5%), 91 (37.4%), 79 (50%), and 67 (100%). Anal.: Calcd. for C 18 H lg Br0 4 S: C, 52.56; H, 4.66; Br, 19.43; S, 7.80 Found: C, 52.42; H, 4.69; Br, 19.30; S, 7.67. Preparation of 12 ,12-dimethoxytetracy clo [6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodec-4-en-ll-yl acetate (53)-OAc In a typical reaction, 4.00 g (0.0169 mol.) of (53) -OH and 5.0 ml of acetic anhydride were dissolved in 8 ml of pyridine and heated to 100 °C for 1 hr. under a dry atmos29 phere. The mixture was cooled in an ice/water bath, 10 ml of water was added, and the mixture stirred for 1/2 hr. The mixture was poured into 25 ml of water and extracted with 3 x 50 ml of ether. The ether was washed with 50 ml of 3 N hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give (53) -OAc. The acetate was purified by vacuum distillation (130 °C, 1.7 mm). The infrared spectrum (NaCl, liquid film) contained the following absorption bands: 2820 (s) , 1720 (s) , 1250 (s) , 1100 (s), and 760 (m) cm" . The Hnmr spectrum (CC1.) contained the following resonances: 6 6.22 (t, 2; J = 2.3 Hz; H. and H_) ; 5.65 (broad s, 1; H,,) ; 3.15 (s, 3; OCH 3 ) ; 3.06 (s, 3; OCH 3 ) ; 2.87 (p, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; H 3 and H g ) ; 2.0 2.3 (m, 4); 192
PAGE 123
114 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ); 1.6 1.9 (m, 2); and 1.0-1.3 (m, 2; H n j and H, „ , ). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 9endo lO endo r ' 278 (M + , 6.3%), 219 (19.6%), 151 (70.4%), 91 (41.2%), 67 (71.2%) , and 43 (100%) . Accurate Mass: Calcd. for C,,H_»0.: 278.1517 amu lb 22 4 Found: 278 . 1491±0 . 0016 amu. Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxypentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridec-13-yl acetate (51)-OAc Diazomethane was generated from 65 g of nitrosan (Aldrich, 70% in mineral oil) added in small portions to a flask containing 600 ml of ether, 40 ml of diethylene glycol monoethylether, 30 ml of water, and 12 g (0.30 mol.) of 43 sodium hydroxide which was maintained at °C. Nitrogen was slowly bubbled through the ether layer containing diazomethane, through a drying tube filled with potassium hydroxide pellets, and into a flask containing the unsaturated acetate solution at °C. In a typical reaction, the diazomethane containing nitrogen was bubbled into a flask containing 1.9 g (6.8 mmol . ) of (5J3)-OAc, 0.5 g (5 mmol.) of copper (I) chloride, and 50 ml of ether at °C for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite pad and the ether removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum showed the reaction to be approximately 75% complete. The same procedure was repeated on the mixture of acetates to give 2.3 g of crude (51) -OAc. A sample was purified for identification by preparative glpc using column (c) . The infrared spectrum (NaCl , liquid film)
PAGE 124
115 contained the following absorption bands: 2850(s), 1720(s), 1250 (s), 1120 (s), and 1040 (s) cm" 1 . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CC1.) contained the following resonances: 6 5.87 (broad s, 1; H,,) ; 3.07 (s, 3; OCH 3 ); 3.04 (s, 3; OCH 3 ) ; 2.1 2.4 (m, 4); 1.93 (s, 3; 2 CCH 3 ) ; 1.7 2.0 (m, 4); 1.53 (d of t, 1; J = 4.5, 3.0 Hz; H 1Qs ); 0.9 1.3 (m, 4); and 0.28 (d of t, 1; J = 4.5, 7.0 Hz; H, n ). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 292 (M + , 0.9%), 232 (31.0%), 217 (18.0%), 91 (45.3%), 67 (39.0%) , and 43 (100%) . Accurate Mass : Caldc. for C H„.0.: 292.1673 amu Found: 292 . 1674±0 . 0018 amu. o r 97 Q 1 1 Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxypentacyclo [ 6 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridecan-13-ol (51) -OH In a typical reaction a solution of 3.85 g (0.0132 mol.) of (_51)-OAc in 50 ml of anhydrous ether was added to 3.0 g (0.079 mol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 200 ml of ether at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was heated to reflux for 0.5 hrs., cooled in an ice/ water bath, and 3.0 ml of water, 9.0 ml of 50% potassium 49 hydroxide, and 3.0 ml of water added, respectively. The white solid was removed by filtration. The ether was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and ether removed under vacuum to give 3.7 g of the crude (5_l)-OH. An overall yield of 45.7% from the unsaturated alcohol was obtained when the intermediate acetates were not purified. The alcohol was recrystallized from hexane to give white
PAGE 125
116 needles, in. p. 122.5 124.0 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3150(s), 2930(s), 1270 (m), 1120(s), 1090(s), 1060(s), 1040(s), and 820(m) cm -1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CC1.) contained the following resonances: 6 5.09 (broad s, 1; H 13 ) ; 3.06 (s, 3; 0CH 3 ) ; 3.03 (s, 3; OCH 3 ) ; 2.17 (m, 2); 1.8 2.1 (m, 6); 1.50 (d of t, 1; J = 4.5, 3.0 Hz; H, Q ); 0.7 1.2 (m, 5); and 0.17 (d of t, 1; J = 4.5, 7.0 Hz; H, n ). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e X U cl 250 (M + , 5.9%), 157 (18.1%), 153 (21.6%), 109 (39.7%), 108 (40.4%), 101 (100%), and 91 (59.9%). Anal. : Calcd. for C 15 H 22 3 : C, 71.97; H, 8.86 Found: C, 71.87; H, 8.88. 3 6 2 7 9 11 Preparation of 12 , 12-dimethoxypentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . 1 ' .0 ' .0 ' ] tridec-13-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (51)-OBs A solution of 2.80 g (0.0112 mmol.) of (51) -OH in 50 ml of pyridine was added to 6 g (0.02 mol.) of p_-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved in 50 ml of pyridine which was 44 previously cooled in an ice/water bath. This solution was kept at 10 °C for 48 hrs . The mixture was poured into 300 ml of ice/water. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried overnight under vacuum. The crude (51)-OBs was recrystallized from benzene to give 4.45 g (84.8%) of white needles, m. p. 164.5 165.0 °C(d). The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 2960(m), 1570 (m) , 1360(s), 1195(s), 1185(s), 955(s), 890 (s), 740 (s), and 615 (s) cm -1 . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 )
PAGE 126
117 contained the following resonances: 6 7.70 (s, 4; aromatic); 5.85 (broad s, 1; K^ ) ; 3.08 (s, 6; OCH 3 ) ; 2.0 2.3 (m, 4); 1.53 (d of t, 1; J = 4.5, 3.0 Hz; U 1Qs ) ; 1.0 1.3 (m, 2); 0.8 (m, 2); and 0.25 (d of t, 1; J = 4.5, 7.0 Hz; H, n ). -L (J 3. The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 470 (1.5%), 468 (1.5%), 252 (10.4%), 250 (10.3%), 91 (33.4%), 44 (90.2%), and 40 (100%) . ' Anal. : Calcd. for C 21 H 25 Br0 5 S: C, 53.73; H, 5.37; Br, 17.03, S, 7.83 Found: C, 53.76; H, 5.38; Br, 17.00 S, 7.82. Preparation of pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 . 9 ' 11 ] tridecan-13ol-12-one (52)-OH To 100 ml of 5% sulfuric acid was added 1.97 g (7.87 mmol.) of (^1) -OH and the mixture stirred at room temperature 24a for 1 hr. The mixture was extracted with 2 x 150 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under reduced pressure. The ( 5_2) -OH was recrystallized from hexane to give white needles. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands : 3150(s), 2880(s), 1775(b), 1120(m), 1060 (s), 830 (m), and 770 (m) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1-J contained the following resonances: 6 5.52 (broad s, 1; H, ..) ; 1.9 2.4 (m, 8); 1.7 (broad s, 1; OH); 1.1 1.4 (m, 4); 0.72 (d of t, 1; J = 6.0, 7.0 Hz; H, n ); and 0.23 (d of t, 1; J =
PAGE 127
118 6.0, 3.0; H 10g ). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 204 (M + , 0.3%), 176 (16.2%), 105 (43.7%), 91 (100%), and 79 (48.3%). Anal. : Calcd. for C^H^gO, : C, 76.44; H, 7.90 Found C, 76.23; H, 7.95. Preparation of pentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 . Q 9 ' ll ] tridecan-12on-ll-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (52)-OBs A sample of (52) -OH (0.935 g, 4.58 mmol.) was added to 2.0 g (7.8 mmol.) of p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride dissolved in 10 ml of pyridine previously cooled in an ice/water bath. 44 The solution was kept at 10 °C for 20 hrs. The mixture was poured into 25 ml of ice/water. The solid was removed by filtration, washed with cold water, and dried overnight under vacuum. The crude ( 5_2 ) -OH was recrystallized from a hexane/ benzene mixture to give white needles, m. p. 155 157 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands : 2880(m), 1770(s), 1560(m), 1350(s), 1180(s), 960(s), 890(s), 825(s), 770(m), and 740(s) cm" 1 . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 7.64 (s, 4; aromatic); 6.07 (broad s, 1; H,-) ; 2.39 (q, 2; J =2.0 Hz; H 3 and Hg) ; 2.18 (broad s, 2; H-j^ and Hg); 1.0 2.1 (m, 8); 0.78 (d of t, 1; J = 6.0, 7.0 Hz; H, . ); and J. US 0.27 (d of t, 1; J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz; H 1Qs ). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 396 (2.8%), 394 (2.7%), 221 (6.2%), 219 (6.0%), 158 (44.3%), 144 (41.0%), 130 (44.9%), 91 (100%), and 67 (67.7%) . Anal. : Calcd. for C 19 H ig Br0 4 S: C, 53.90; H, 4.52; Br, 18.88; S, 7.57
PAGE 128
119 Found: C, 53.79; H, 4.53; Br, 18.70; S, 7.55. •J r Preparation of cis ,anti-4 , 5-epoxy-anti-tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . 1 ' .2, 7 ] dodec-11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (72)-OBs Typically 6.6 g (0.017 mol.) of ( 9_) -OBs dissolved in 150 ml of chloroform was added to 15 g (0.093 mol.) of mchloroperbenzoic acid and 20 g (0.19 mol.) of sodium carbonate 21 in 100 ml of chloroform and stirred at °C for 5.5 hrs . The mixture was poured into 500 ml of water, 10 g (0.18 mol.) of potassium hydroxide added to dissolve the m-chloroperbenzoic acid, and the aqueous layer extracted with 2 x 300 ml of chloroform. The combined chloroform layers were washed with 2 x 500 ml of 10% potassium hydroxide, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the chloroform removed under vacuum to give 7.1 g (103%) of crude (7_2)-OBs. Recrystallization from hexane gave white, waxy prisms, m. p. 141 143 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 2870 (m) , 1570 (m) , 1360(s), 1190(s), 1180(s), 960(s), 885(s), 850(s), 830(m), 745(s), and 705 (w) cm" 1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl^) contained the following resonances: 6 7.62 (s, 4; aromatic); 5.29 (broad s, 1; H,,) ; 3.04 (s, 2; H 4 and H 5 ) ; 2.53 (broad s, 2; H 3 and Hg); 2.20 (q, 2; J = 2.0 Hz; HL and H g ); 1.6 2.0 (m, 4; H~ 2 , H ? , 1.07 (broad d, 2; J = 7.0 Hz; H 9endo and H 10endQ ) ; and 0.52 (d, 1; J = 9.5 Hz; H, _ .). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had , and H in ); 1.35 (d of m, 1; J = 9.5 Hz; H, ) ; 9exo' lOexo 12syn
PAGE 129
120 m/e 412 (0.1%), 410 (0.1%), 238 (1.0%), 236 (1.0%), 192 (15.4%), 191 (100%), 133 (12.1%), 131 (14.6%), 119 (11.9%), 117 (19.8%), 91 (50.5%), 81 (83.1%), 79 (59.4%), and 67 (51.4%) . Anal. : Calcd. for C 18 H 19 Br0 4 S: C, 52.56; H, 4.66; Br, 19.43; S, 7.80 Found: C, 52.44; H, 4.65; Br, 19.30; S, 7.77. Preparation of 11-oxapentacyclo [6 . 4 . 1 . Q 3 ' 10 . Q 4 ' 13 . Q 4 ' 9 ] tridecan-10-one (101 ) m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (0.20 g, 1.2 mmol . ) was added to 0.10 g (0.57 mmol.) of (44_) and 0.2 g (2 mmol.) of sodium carbonate in 5 ml of methylene chloride and stirred in the dark at room temperature for 8 hrs . The mixture was poured into 50 ml of water and extracted with 2 x 50 ml of chloroform. The combined chloroform layers were washed with 50 ml of 15% sodium hydroxide, 50 ml of 5% sodium sulfite, and 50 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the chloroform removed under vacuum. The crude lactone ( 101 ) was chromatographed on silica gel to give 28 mg (26%) of pure ( 101 ) . The infrared spectrum (CC1.) contained the following absorption bands: 2920 (m), 1740 (s), 1350 (m), 1230 (m), 1200 (m) , and 1050 (s). The """Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 4.80 (d of d, 1; J g 1Q = 4.4 Hz, J 3 1Q = 2.5 Hz; H 1Q ) ; 3.18 (m, 1; H,) ; 2.55 ( d of sextets, 1; J g = 4.4 Hz, J = 1.0 Hz; H g ) ; 2.42
PAGE 130
121 (broad d, 1; J 3 . Q = 2.5 Hz; H 3 ) ; 2.26 (broad s, 1); and 1.2 2.2 (m, 9). Decoupling of the 6 4.80 peak resulted in the collapse of the 6 2.55 peak to a sextet and the 5 2.42 peak to a broad singlet while the 6 3.18 peak remained unchanged. 13 The proton decoupled Cnmr spectrum (CDC1.,) contained the following resonances (ppm downfield from TMS) : 24.14 (1), 28.55 (1), 29.79 (1), 40.44 (1), 42.52 (1), 42.75 (1), 43.30 (1), 47.34 (1), 51.60 (1), 52.56 (1), 80.04 (1, C^ , and 176.17 (1, C 9 ) . The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 191 (2.1%), 190 (M + , 2.5%), 162 (25.4%), 147 (15.8%), 146 (64.7%), 134 (16.2%), 131 (37.8%), 118 (100%), 117 (93.6%), 105 (44.4%), 104 (36.3%), 96 (14.9%), 95 (16.7%), 94 (10.6%), 93 (8.9%), 92 (31.7%), 91 (55.0%), 80 (61.5%), 79 (73.3%), and 67 (56.7%), Accurate Mass: Calcd. for C 12 H 14°2 : 190.0993 amu Found: 190. 0994±0. 0001 amu Calcd. for c 12 H i5°2 : 191-1071 amu Calcd. for c 11 13cH 14 ° 2 : 191.1026 amu Found : 191. 1039±0. 0009 amu. Kinetic Studies Preparation of kinetic solutions Preparation of standard sodium hydroxide. The standard sodium hydroxide titrant was prepared by diluting a 0.1 N Acculute solution to one liter with carbonate free
PAGE 131
122 water. A 200 ml aliquot was diluted to one liter with carbonate free water and standardized against primary standard potassium hydrogen phthalate using a phenophthalein endpoint. The normality of this solution was 0.02009 N and remained constant throughout the kinetic studies. Preparation of standard hydrochloric acid. The standard hydrochloric acid titrant was prepared by diluting a 0.1 N Acculute solution to one liter with carbonate free water. A 200 ml aliquot was diluted to one liter with carbonate free water and standardized against the standard sodium hydroxide titrant using a phenolphthalein endpoint. The normality of this solution was 0.01996 N and remained constant throughout the kinetic studies. Preparation of phenolphthalein indicator solution. The indicator for aqueous acetone kinetics was prepared by dissolving one gram of phenolphthalein in 100 ml of ethanol. Preparation of acetone :water solutions. Carbonate free water was prepared by passing distilled water through an 51 Amberlite MB-3 exchange resin. Reagent grade acetone was heated to reflux for 12 hrs. with 10 g of potassium permanganate, distilled, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, distilled, and 52 stored over 3A molecular sieves. Approximately one liter of 60% aqueous acetone was prepared by mixing 600 ml of acetone and 400 ml of carbonate free water. Preparation of acetic acid for kinetic solutions. Re-
PAGE 132
123 agent grade glacial acetic acid was heated to reflux for 5 hrs. with 0.1 N sodium acetate and 2% acetic anhydride, distilled, and stored in a dry atmosphere. Preparation of standard perchloric acid. The standard perchloric acid titrant was prepared by adding 3.6 ml of 70% perchloric acid (Mallinckrodt) and 30 ml of acetic anhydride to two liters of acetic acid and maintained at room 2 ^h temperature for at least 24 hrs. This solution was standardized against primary standard potassium hydrogen phthalate using a bromophenol blue endpoint. The normality of the solution was 0.02137 N and remained constant throughout the kinetic studies. Preparation of standard sodium acetate. The standard sodium acetate titrant was prepared by adding 1.06 g (0.0100 mol.) of anhydrous sodium carbonate, and 10 ml of acetic anhydride to one liter of acetic acid and held at room tempera25b ture for at least 24 hrs. This solution was standardized against the standard perchloric acid using a bromophenol blue endpoint. The normality of the solution was 0.01916 N and remained constant throughout the kinetic studies. Preparation of the acetic acid kinetic solution. The acetic acid kinetic solution was prepared by adding 3.18 g (0.0300 mol.) of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of acetic anhydride to two liters of acetic acid and held at room tem25b perature for at least 24 hrs. This solution was standardized against the standard perchloric acid using a bromophenol endpoint. The normality of the solution was 0.03014 N and
PAGE 133
124 was assumed to remain constant throughout the kinetic studies. Preparation of bromophenol blue indicator solution. The indicator for acetic acid kinetics was prepared by adding 0.1 g of bromophenol blue and 1.0 ml of acetic anhydride to 100 ml of acetic acid and using the saturated solution which resulted. Kinetic procedures Acetic acid kinetics of (55)-OBs. A carefully weighed sample of ( 5J5) -OBs was dissolved in 50 ml or 100 ml of acetic acid containing sodium acetate and 1% acetic anhydride by 53 heating to 70 °C. " Due to the insolubility of the ester at lower temperatures, the heated solution was poured into 8 or 16 ampoules which had been heated to 80 °C in an oven. Each tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, and sealed. The tubes in each set of eight tubes were randomly selected and immersed in a preheated constant temperature silicone oil bath at 100 second intervals. The temperature of the bath remained constant during this procedure. The first sample was removed after a 500 second equilibration time and placed in an ice/water bath. This was used as the zero titer. One tube was left in the bath for 10 x t-. /? and was used as the actual infinity titer. All tubes were cooled in an ice/water bath immediately after removal from the bath. The tubes were opened and equilibrated to 20 °C in a water bath. Each sample was removed by means of a constant delivery pipet calibrated with acetic acid. The sample was
PAGE 134
125 delivered into a flask containing 10 drops of the bromophenol blue solution. The sample was titrated with standard perchloric acid solution until the yellow color disappeared and then back-titrated to the first appearance of a permanent yellow color. Acetic acid kinetics of (51)-OBs. A carefully weighed sample of ( 51 ) -OBs was dissolved in 100 ml of acetic acid . . 53 containing sodium acetate and 1% acetic anhydride. With a graduated pipet 6 ml samples were divided among 16 heavy wall ampoules. The pipet was rinsed with acetone and blown dry with nitrogen between samples. Each tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, and sealed. The tubes were randomly divided into two sets. The eight tubes of each set were immersed in a preheated constant temperature silicone oil bath at 100 second intervals. The temperature of the bath remained constant during this procedure. The first sample was removed after a 300 second equilibration time and placed in an ice/water bath. The remainder of the procedure was the same as that used in the kinetics of (5_5)-OBs. Aqueous acetone kinetics. Carefully weighed samples of the ester and 2,6-lutidine were dissolved in 60 ml of 54 acetone and 40 ml of water added with stirring. This solution was brought to 100 ml at 20 °C by addition of 60% aqueous acetone. With a graduated pipet 6 ml samples were divided among 16 heavy wall ampoules. The pipet was rinsed with acetone and blown dry with nitrogen between samples.
PAGE 135
126 Each tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, warmed to room temperature, refrozen, pumped to 0.5 torr, and sealed. The tubes were randomly divided into two sets. The eight tubes of each set were immersed in a preheated constant temperature silicone oil bath at 100 second intervals. The temperature of the bath remained constant during this procedure. The first sample was removed after a 300 second equilibration time and placed in an ice/water bath. This was used as the zero titer. One tube was left in the bath for 10 x t, ._ and was used as the actual infinity titer. All tubes were cooled in an ice/water bath immediately after removal from the bath. The tubes were opened and equilibrated to 20 °C in a water bath. Each sample was removed by means of a constant delivery pipet calibrated with 60% aqueous acetone. The sample was delivered into a flask and 10 ml of carbonate free water and 4 drops of phenolphthalein solution added. The sample was titrated to the first appearance of a permanent pink color. Analysis of data The theoretical infinity titer was used to calculate In observed for ( 5_5) -OBs and (72^ -OBs. For ( 5_1) -OBs the theoretical infinity titer was used to calculate In observed (theory) and the actual infinity titer was used to calculate In observed (actual) . The raw data were plotted manually to determine the linearity of the results. Only points at 50,500 seconds and shorter times for (55) -OBs at 140.0 °C
PAGE 136
127 were used because of nonlinearity and scatter of points at longer times. Separate experiments indicated that the solvolysis of ( 51) -OBs was nonlinear past one half-life; therefore, only points prior to 50% reaction were taken in the runs shown. A slight curvature was observed in a plot of In observed (theory) versus time for ( 51) -OBs . The rate constants for (51) -OBs were recalculated by least squares of In observed (theory) versus time by ignoring the points at longest time and progressing toward shorter times. A plot of these rate constants versus the time of the longest point gave an extrapolated rate constant (k ) of 7.2±1.0 x 10~ 5 s . Since k (actual) is a measure of the rate of all processes and 30% of ( 5_1) -OBs is undergoing hydrolysis of the ketal group, -5 -1 then a value of 8.5 x 10 s for the solvolysis rate is obtained from k (actual) . Good first order kinetics were observed for (72) -OBs through two half -lives. The data are presented for each run in the tables below, along with the concentration of the ester, the concentration of the buffer, and the temperature of the bath. The rate constants were calculated using a least squares program written by Dr. Roy W. King for a PDP-8 computer. This program gave the slope and intercept of a plot of In observed versus time along with the standard deviation of each. The half-life was obtained by dividing In 2 by the rate constant k.
PAGE 137
128 Solvolysis of 12 , 12-Dimethoxytetracyclo [ 6 . 2 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 ] dodec-11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (55)-OBs in acetic acid Run #1 Time (s)
PAGE 138
129 k = 2.64 ± 0.19 x 10 6 s 1 t 1/2 = 262,000 s Run #3 Time (s)
PAGE 139
130 k = 1.86 ± 0.03 x 10 5 s 1 t = 37,400 s Run # 5 Time (s) Acid Titer (ml) In Observed 500 . 7.388 5500 7.004 -0.1695 10500 6.770 -0.2889 15500 6.588 -0.3929 20500 6.384 -0.5237 25500 6.194 -0.6632 35500 6.062 -0.7728 50500 5.759 -1.083 67300 5.768 -1.072 80500 5.716 -1.136 100500 5.819 -1.013 Inf. 4.929 Inf. (theory) 4.925 Temperature: 14 0.0 ± 0.2 ° C Molarity of (55)-OBs: 1.004 x 10~ 2 M Normality of Sodium Acetate: 3.014 x 10 N k = 2.00 ± 0.10 x 10~ 5 s _1 (see text for explanation) t l/2 = 34 ' 700 s Solvolysis of 12 , 12-Dimethoxypentacyclo [6 . 3 . 1 . I 3 ' 6 . Q 2 ' 7 . Q 9 ' 11 ] tridec-13-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (51)-OBs in Acetic Acid Run #1 Time (s) Acid Titer (ml) In Observed In Observed (theory) (actual) 300 4.629 2900 4.441 -0.1764 -0.3656 5300 4.265 -0.3738 -0.8985
PAGE 140
131 en
PAGE 141
132 Time (s) Acid Titer (ml) In Observed In Observed (theory) (actual) 7800 4.238 -0.4077 -1.013 10300 4.159 -0.5155 -1.450 15300 4.113 -0.5841 -1.835 Inf. 4.015 Inf. (theory) 3.462 Temperature: 50.0 ± 0.1 °C Molarity of (_51 ) -OBs : 5.034 x 10~ 3 M _2 Normality of Sodium Acetate: 1.916 x 10 N -5 -1 k (theory) = 3.07 ± 0.65 x 10 s (see text for explanation) k (actual) = 1.14 ± 0.14 x 10 -4 s" 1 Run #2 Time (s)
PAGE 142
133 i i i o 0) u tn •H (x,
PAGE 143
13:4 i ft Solvolysis of cis ,anti-4 , 5-Epoxy-anti-tetra cyclo [6.2 .1.1'.0 2,7 ]dodec-ll-'i Aqueous Acetone 2 , 7 .0 ' ] dodec-11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (72)-OBs in 60% Run #1 Time (s) Acid Titer (ml) In Observed Blank 0.054 300 0.098 8300 0.802 -0.3323 14300 1.139 -0.5414 20300 1.388 -0.7300 26300 1.641 -0.9667 32300 1.810 -1.163 40800 2.009 -1.459 Inf. 2.529 Inf. (theory) 2.588 Temperature :
PAGE 144
135 Temperature: 85.0 ± 0.1 °C Molarity of (72)-OBs: 1.012 x 10~ 2 M -2 Molarity of 2 , 6-Lutidine : 2.016 x 10 M k = 3.36 ± 0.06 x 10~ 5 s" 1 t = 20,700 s Run #3 Time (s) Acid Titer (ml) In Observed Blank 0.054 300 0.083 4300 0.397 -0.1348 7300 0.606 -0.2358 10300 0.742 -0.3074 13300 0.940 -0.4219 16300 1.149 -0.5588 20300 1.378 -0.7341 Inf. 2.503 Inf. (theory) 2.573 Temperature: 85.0 ± 0.1 °C -2 Molarity of (7_2)-OBs: 1.006 x 10 M Molarity of 2 , 6-Lutidine : 2.142 x 10~ M k = 3.72 + 0.19 x 10~ 5 s" 1 t l/2 = 18 ' 600 s Run #4 Time (s) Acid Titer (ml) In Observed Blank 0.054 300 0.087 4300 0.383 -0.1268 7300 0.602 -0.2321 10300 0.752 -0.3113 13300 0.970 -0.4388 16300 1.128 -0.5426
PAGE 146
Time
PAGE 147
138 i i i paAjiesqo ui 0) § •H Fh W m M > Q) > H 0) to ,q o H En
PAGE 148
139 under vacuum to give 0.221 g (95.3%) of a mixture of acetates. The crude acetate mixture was analyzed by glpc using capillary column (b) giving peaks with the following retention times (percent of the acetate mixture is given in parentheses) : 43.1 min. (2.3%), 55.7 min. (50.8%), 61.0 min. (24.5%), 63.0 min. (1.4%), 65.4 min. (1.3%), 66.5 min. (1.7%), 70.3 min. (9.0%), and 72.4 min. (9.1%). Partial separation of the acetate mixture was affected by preparative glpc using column (b) . The major component (retention time 55.7 min., 95% by glpc analysis) had Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J containing the following resonances: 6 4.85 (m, 1); 2.05 (s,3); and 1.1 2.5 (m, 16). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 232 (M + , 0.2%), 188 (11.2%), 172 (96.8%), 157 (42.1%), 144 (51.8%), 131 970.2%), 130 (71.0%), 129 (100%), 118 (54.4%), 105 (57.4%), 91, (81.1%), 79 (81.9%), and 66 (32.4%). A 0.221 g (0.953 mmol.) sample of the acetates dissolved in 25 ml of ether was added to 0.38 g (10 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 50 ml of ether under a nitrogen atmosphere. This mixture was heated to reflux for 1 hr. , cooled in an ice/water bath, and 2 ml of 50% potassium hydroxide added. The ether solution was filtered, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum. The crude alcohol mixture was analyzed by glpc using capillary column (b) giving peaks with the following retention times (percent of the alcohol mixture is given in parentheses): 42.0 min (1.2%), 46.4 min. (2.8%), 48.1 min. (4.1%), 49.5 min. (2.8%), 53.3 min (49.4%), 56.2 min.
PAGE 149
140 (24.4%), 59.5 rain. (6.7%), 64.0 min. (0.7%), 65.1 rain. (7.1%), and 68. min. (0. 8%) . The mixture of alcohols was oxidized to give a mixture of ketones by adding Jones ' reagent to 0.07 g (0.4 mmol . ) of the alcohol mixture dissolved in 5 ml of acetone. This mixture was poured into water and extracted with ether. The ether layer was washed with 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The ketone mixture was analyzed by glpc using capillary column (b) giving peaks with the following retention times (percent of the ketone mixture is given in parentheses) ; 47.0 min. (76.7%), 47.9 min. (13.3%), 48.9 min. (1.7%), 49.2 min. (7.3%), and 52.4 min. (1.0%). exo , exo , anti-Tetracyclo [6.2.1.1 ,6 .Q 2,7 ] dodec-9-en-12-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (9)-OBs A 0.0411 g (0.104 mmol.) sample of ( 9_) -OBs was placed in a glass tube and dissolved in 10 ml of 0.03014 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride. The contents were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and warmed to room temperature 8a (ca. 23 °C) for 12 hrs. The tube was opened, the contents diluted with 100 ml of ice/water, and the aqueous mixture extracted with 3 x 50 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 50 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and concentrated to 1 ml under vacuum. The acetate products were analyzed by glpc using analytical column (b) showing retention times for (15) -
PAGE 150
141 OAc and (16)-OAc of 71.6 min. and 7 4.2 min. , respectively. The results are given below: Integration (yV) % of Mixture 15-OAc 16-OAc 15-QAc 16 -OAc 628135 60275 91.24 8.76 476058 44555 91.44 8.56 490408 43678 91.82 8.18 Average = 91.50 ± 0.24 8.50+0.24 The Hnmr spectrum of the product mixture was in agreement with this ratio of acetate products. The Hnmr spectrum was also in agreement with 12% internal return to (15)-OBs 8a found by Winstein and Hansen. ' The acetate mixture was then dissolved in ether and reduced to a mixture of alcohols by addition to ethereal lithium aluminum hydride. The excess lithium aluminum hydride was destroyed by addition of water, 15% sodium hydroxide, and water. The ether solution was filtered, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. Glpc analysis on capillary column (c) showed peaks for (15) -OH (18.1 min.) and (16_) -OH (14.2 min.) as well as a third, smaller peak at 16.0 min. Incomplete chromatographic separation did not allow accurate integration, however, the approximate (15_) -OH to (16_) -OH ratio was consistent with the acetate ratio. The alcohol peaks with retention times of 14.2 min. and 18.1 min. were identified as (_1_6) -OH and (l_5)-OH, respectively, by interfacing the mass spectrometer with capillary column (c) . The mass spectra obtained by this procedure showed good agreement with
PAGE 151
142 those obtained by conventional means. The mass spectrum of the alcohol peak having retention time of 16.0 min. did not correspond to that of any of the other probable products, i.e. (9) -OH, (89) -OH, or (9£)-0H, although it was clearly isomeric in structure. exo-Pentacyclo[5.3.1.1 ' 9 . Q 3 ' 8 . Q 4 ' X1 ] dodecan-10-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (15)-OBs A 0.0206 g (0.0521 mmOl.) sample of (15) -OBs was added to 5 ml of 0.03014 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride in a heavy wall glass tube. The tube was immersed in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, 8a and heated to 75.0 °C for 36 hrs . The tube was cooled, opened, and the contents poured into 100 ml of ice/water. The water layer was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of pentane . The combined pentane layers were washed with 50 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane concentrated to 1 ml under vacuum. The acetate products were analyzed by glpc using analytical column (b) . The results are given below: Integration (yV) % of Mixture 15-OAc
PAGE 152
143 mu 1 The Hnmr spectrum of the product mixture was in agreement with this ratio of acetate products and contained ca. 2% unreacted brosylate residue. The acetate mixture was reduced to a mixture of alcohols with lithium aluminum hydride. Analysis by glpc on capillary column (c) showed the same three peaks as in the solvolysis of (9_)-OBs. Again incomplete chromatographic separation precluded accruate integration of the peaks, but the peak with the retention time of 16.0 min. was ca. 20% the area of the (16) -OH (14.2 min.) peak. The approximate integration of the (1_6) -OH and (15) -OH peaks was in agreement with that of (16) -OAc and (15)-0Ac. exo-Pentacyclo [7.2.1.0 4/11 .Q 5/12 . Q 6 ' 10 ] dodecan-2-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (16)-0Bs The entire sample of (16_) -OBs prepared from 0.011 g (0.062 mmol.) of (16_) -OH was dissolved in 5 ml of 0.01916 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% acetic acid. This solution was stirred under a dry atmosphere at room temperature for 9 hrs . and poured into 100 ml of ice/water.* The water was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 50 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and pentane removed. The Hnmr spectrum indicated the presence of 16% of some unreacted brosylate so the sample was returned to 5 ml of acetic acid under the same conditions as * The rate of (G) -OBs was reported to be fast, but no exact figures were available. 55
PAGE 153
16-OAc
PAGE 154
145 by glpc using capillary column (c) . The peak for (16) -OAc (70.6 min.) appeared as a shoulder on the side of the peak for (1_5) -OAc (67.8 min.). Accurate integration was not possible but the peak for (16) -OAc was approximately 0.5% of the area of the peak for (L5)-OAc. The Hnmr spectrum was in agreement with this product ratio. 1 2 , 1 2-Dime thoxypentacyclo [6.3.1.1 3,6 .0 2 ' 7 .0 9/11 ] tridec-13yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (51)-OBs A 0.236 g (0.503 mmol.) sample of (51) -OBs was placed in a medium wall glass tube and dissolved in 0.01916 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride. The tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and heated to 60.0 °C for 12.5 hrs. The tube was cooled, opened, and the contents poured into 300 ml of ice/water. The water layer was extracted with 4 x 200 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum indicated no remaining (51) -OBs and ca. 30% of (52^) -OBs. The crude product mixture was analyzed by glpc using capillary column (c) giving peaks with the following retention times (percent of product mixture given in parentheses): 14.8 min. (1.1%), 17.5 min. (20.5%), 24.5 min. (14.2%), 35.2 min. (21.9%), 90.2 min. (1.0%), 99.2 min. (1.7%), 137.6 min. (3.2%), 215.4 min. (8.0%), and 251.2 min. (6.3%). Partial separation was affected by chromatography on SilicAR cc-7 but no pure components were
PAGE 155
146 obtained. Pentacyclo[6.3.1.1 3/6 .0 2 7 .o 9 11 ]tridecan-12-on-llyl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (52)-OBs ' A 0.2124 g (0.5017 mmol.) sample of (5_2) -OBs was dissolved in 50 ml of 0.03014 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride. This solution was placed in a medium wall glass tube, frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and heated to 100.0 °C for 2 hrs. The tube was cooled, opened, the contents poured into 400 ml of ice/water, and extracted with 3 x 250 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum indicated ca. 9% of ( 5_2) -OBs remaining. This translates to a pseudo first-order rate constant of -5 -1 3 x 10 s and a half-life of 20,700 s. The volatile products were analyzed by glpc using capillary column (c) and gave peaks with the following retention times (percent of product mixture given in parentheses): 157.0 min. (68.7%), 167.8 min. (1.1%), 183.6 min. (23.7%), 186.6 min. (4.8%), and 225.6 min. (1.6%). Partial separation of the products was affected by chromatography on SilicAR cc-7. The residual (_52) -OBs eluted first, followed by the major product, and then a mixture of the longer retention time components was eluted. The major component (retention time of 157.0 min.) had an infrared spectrum (CC1 4 ) containing the following absorption bands: 2890 (m) , 1750 (s), 1240 (s), and 1030 (m) cm" 1 .
PAGE 156
147 The Hnmr spectrum (CDC± 3 ) contained the following resonances: 6 5.06 (d of d, 1; J = 60, 3.0 Hz); 1.97 (s,3); and 1.2 2.8 (m, ca. 20). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 246 (M + , 12.0%), 218 (26.0%), 204 (42.5%), 186 (73.2%), 176 (48.5%), 158 (91.5%), 130 (35.0%), 129 (34.3%), 117 (44.2%), 91 (69.9%), 79 (44.9%) , and 43 (100%) . Accurate Mass ; Calcd. for C, c H 1o o : 246.1255 amu Ld -Lo o Found: 246.1255 ± 0.0010 amu 12 , 12-Dimethoxytetracyclo [6.2.1.1 3/6 .Q 2,7 ] dodec-4-en-ll-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (53 ) -OBs A 1.3 g (2.9 mmol.) sample of ( 53) -OBs freshly prepared from (5_3)-OH was added to 250 ml of 0.03 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride. This mixture was stirred at room temperature under a dry atmosphere for ca. 1 hr. until the (5_3) -OBs dissolved and the stirring continued for an additional 9 hrs., then poured into one liter of ice/water and extracted with 3 x 500 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 500 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum of the residue showed the absence of any remaining brosylates, which gives a half-life of 1 hr. or less and a -4 -1 rate constant of greater than or equal to 2 x 10 s . The crude product mixture was analyzed on capillary column (a) and shown to contain products with the following retention times (percent of product mixture in parentheses): 8.0 min. (3.3%), 20.9 min. (1.1%), 27.0 min. (3.2%), 41.4 min. (2.1%),
PAGE 157
148 50.0 min. (69.2%), 66.4 min. (1.3%), 85.8 min. (18.9%), and 91.0 rain (1.0%). Partial separation of these products was affected by preparative glpc using column (a) . The products with retention times of 20.9, 27.0, and 41.4 min. were isolated as a mixture. The other five products were separated as single components and had the following properties: 8.0 Minute component . The infrared spectrum (CC1.) contained the following absorption bands: 2890 (m) , 1740 (s), 1210 (m) , 1190 (m), and 705 (m) cm -1 . The """Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 6.40 (t of m, 1; J 6.0 Hz); 5.99 (t of m, 1; J = 6.0 Hz); 3.52 (s,3); and 1.2 3.0 (m, ca. 17) . 5 0.0 Minute component . The infrared spectrum (CCl.) contained the following absorption bands: 2960 (s), 1775 (vs), and 1105 (s) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1-.) contained the following resonances: 6 3.77 (d, 1; J = 2.2 Hz); 3.27 (s, 3); 2.63 (m, 1); 2.2 2.5 (m, 4); 2.0 2.2 (m, 2); 1.92 13 (m, 1); and 1.3 1.8 (m, 4). The proton decoupled Cnmr spectrum (CDCl ) contained the following resonances: 6 77.68(1), 55.66(1), 49.67(1), 48.79(s), 45.49(1), 44.52(1), 43.90(1), 39.43(1), 36.39(1), 27.56(1), and 23.56(1). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 204 (M + , 6.7%), 172 (3.7%), 138 (37.1%), 130 (21.0%), 113 (100%), 91 (53.5%), 77 (30.7%), and 67 (59.9%) . Accurate Mass: Calcd. for C, o H,,0 o : 204.1149 amu 13 16 Z Found: 204.1152 ± 0.0003 amu 66.4 Minute component . The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl.,) con-
PAGE 158
149 tained the following resonances: 6 4.0 (broad m, 2) and 1.4 3.0 (m, 12) . 85.8 Minute component . The infrared spectrum (CC1J contained the following absorption bands: 2880(m), 1770(s), 1740(s), 1240(s), 1220(s), 1040 (m) , and 860(m) cm" 1 . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1 ) contained the following resonances: 6 5.09 (d,l; J 2.2 Hz); 1.98 (s, 3); and 1.4 2.7 (m, 12). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 232 (M + , 3.3%), 190 (43.9%), 144 (22.5%), 116 (20.2%), 105 (23.5%), 99 (23.4$), 96 (27.9%), 92 (46.9%), 91 (29.6%), 79 (20.6%), 67 (48.0%), and 43 (100%). Accurate Mass : Calcd. for C, -H.,0 o : 232.1090 amu 14 16 3 Found: 232.1099 ± 0.0003 amu. 91.0 Minute component . The infrared spectrum (CC1.) contained the following absorption bands: 2950 (s), 1785 (s), 1750 (m), 1160 (m), and 980 (m) cm . The 1 Hnmr spectrum (CDC1-J contained the following resonances: 6 4.54 (t, 1; J = 5 Hz); 2.3 2.9 (m, 8); and 1.5 2.1 (m, 7). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 162 (M + , 15.2%), 117 (7.0%), 105 (10.4%), 95 (45.4%), 94 (100%), 91 (19.7%), 79 (21.9%), 77 (14.6%) , and 44 (19.5%) . 3 6 2 7 Tetracyclo [6.2. 1. 1 ' .0 ' ] dodec-4-en-12-on-ll-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (54)-OBs A 0.100 g (0.244 mmol.) sample of (5_4) -OBs was added to 25 ml of 0.01916 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride in a glass tube. The tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, heated to 50.0 °C for47hrs., cooled, opened, and the contents poured
PAGE 159
150 into 300 ml of ice/water. The aqueous mixture was extracted with 2 x 300 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances (relative integration in parentheses following the multiplicity): 6 7.64 (apparent d, 7.5; J = 1.0 Hz); 5.1 5.7 (m, 6.5); 5.03 (d, 9.5; J = 2.5 Hz); and 0.8 2.7 (m, 165). This is consistent with complete reaction of (54) -OBs to give 15% of the diene (92_) -OBs and 85% of (93) -OAc, since the doublet at 6 7.64 would represent four protons in (£2) -OBs and the doublet at 6 5.03 represents a single proton in (93) -OAc. In a second reaction, 50 mg (0.12 mmol.) of (_54 ) -OBs was added to 15 ml of 0.03014 N sodium acetate in acetic acid containing 1% of acetic anhydride in a glass tube. The tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed and heated to 50.0 °C for 5 hrs. The tube was cooled, opened, and the contents poured into 100 ml of ice/water. The aqueous mixture was extracted with 2 x 100 ml of pentane. The combined pentane layers were washed with 100 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the pentane removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J was consistent with a similar product ratio as above, but with ca. 40% unreacted starting material. This translates to a pseudo first-order rate constant of 5 -5 -1 x 10 s or a half-life of 13,600 s.
PAGE 160
151 3 6 2 7 cis , anti-4,5-Epoxy-anti-tetracyclo [6. 2. 1.1 ' .0 ' ] dodec11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate (72)-OBs Solvolysis to greater than 10 half-lives . A 0.520 g (1.26 mmol.) sample of ( 72^ -OBs and 0.611 g (5.70 mmol.) of 2,6-lutidine were added to 100 ml of 60% aqueous acetone in a glass tube. The tube was frozen in liquid nitrogen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and heated to 100 °C for 12 hrs . (10.5 x t, /->) • The tube was cooled, opened, the contents poured into 300 ml of ice/water, and extracted with 2 x 300 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 200 ml of 2% hydrochloric acid and 200 ml of 10% sodium carbonate, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give 0.21 g (82%) of products. The infrared spectrum (CCl.) of the product mixture contained the following absorption bands: 3200 (m), 2850 (s), 1740 (s) , 1700 (s), and 1560 (m) cm . The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances (relative integrations given after the multiplicities): 6 9.87 (d, 5; J = 1.7 Hz); 9.68 (d, 1: J = 2.1 Hz); 7.78 (broad s, 5); 5.49 (broad s, 3); 4.34 (d of d, 10; J = 9.0, 4.0 Hz); 2.8 3.7 (m, 22); and 1.0 2.8 (m, 163). The product mixture was analyzed by interfacing the mass spectrometer with preparative glpc column (e) to give two major components with retention times of 4.6 min. and 5.7 min. with the 4.6 mi n. peak being the larger. The mass spectrum (70 eV) for the 4.6 min. peak had m/e 192 (M + , 1.2%), 190 (0.5%), 174 (1.5%), 164 (21.3%), 163 (4.1%), 150 (100%), 146 (hl.1%), 145 (2.3%), 121 (27.7%),
PAGE 161
152 119 (3.9%), 118 (2.9%), 117 (5.5%), 108 (29.7%), 107 (20.5%), 96 (41.5%), 95 (51.7%), 94 (21.4%), 93 (37.9%), 92 (13.6%), 91 (25.1%), 82 (51.9%), 79 (45.7%), 78 (11.0%), 77 (25.7%), and 67 (81.4%). The mass spectrum (70 eV) for the 5.7 min. peak had m/e 192 (M + , 14.0%), 190 (2.5%), 174 (46.3%), 164 (4.4%), 163 (11.3%), 150 (4.4%), 146 (27.4%), 145 (68.9%), 121 (11.2%), 119 (31.7%), 118 (22.6%), 117 (44.1%), 108 (23.4%), 107 (22.8%), 96 (24.6%), 95 (31.3%), 94 (17.5%), 93 (22.4%), 92 (27.6%), 91 (61.6%), 82 (11.4%), 79 (78.5%), 78 (19.7%), 77 (38.4%), and 67 (100%). An ethereal solution of the product mixture was washed with 15% sodium hydroxide, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give a mixture containing only one aldehyde resonance. Chromatography on silica gel gave a single aldehyde as an oil. The infrared spectrum (CC1.) contained the following absorption bands: 3350(w), 2880(s), 1730(s), 1260(m), 1100 (m) , 1070 (m) f 910 (m), and 730 (w). The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 9.68 (d, 1; J = 2.1 Hz); 4.46 (d of d, 1; J = 9.0, 4.0 Hz); and 1.2 2.5 (m, ca. 21). The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 192 (M + , 14.5%), 190 (4.1%), 174 (36.9%), 164 (4.3%), 163 (11.1%), 150 (2.8%), 146 (28.8%), 145 (49.6%), 121 (11.4%), 119 (44.5%), 118 (23.9%), 117 (43.8%), 108 (20.9%), 107 (19.3%), 96 (17.3%), 95 (26.3%), 94 (13.8%), 93 (25.0%), 92 (23.7%), 91 (68.5%), 82 (11.8%), 79 (64.3%), 78 (16.6%), 77 (32.2%), and 67 (100%). Attempted purification of the crude product mixture by
PAGE 162
153 thin layer chromatography on silica gel resulted in the isolation of a single aldehyde whose Hnmr was identical to that of the aldehyde isolated by isomerization with 15% sodium hydroxide. Solvolysis to 2.6 half-lives . A 0.206 g (0.501 mmol.) sample of ( 12) -OBs and 0.276 g (2.58 mmol.) of 2,6-lutidine were added to 50 ml of 60% aqueous acetone in a glass tube. The tube was frozen in liquid nitroqen, pumped to 0.5 torr, sealed, and heated to 100 °C for 3 hrs. (2.6 x t , ). The tube was cooled and opened, the contents poured into 200 ml of ice/water, and extracted with 2 x 200 ml of ether. The combined ether layers were washed with 2 x 100 ml of 2% hydrochloric acid and 100 ml of 5% sodium carbonate, dried with potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J of the mixture contained the following resonances: 6 9.87 (d, 2.5; J = 1.7 Hz); 7.74 (s, 13); 7.38 (s, 7); 5.49 (broad s, 1.5); 5.37 (broad s, 1.5); 4.34 (d do d, 6; J = 4.0, 9.0 Hz); 3.08 (s, 5); 1.0 2.8 (m, 133); and 0.53 (d, 2.5; J = 10 Hz), Reaction of the aldehyde mixture with 2 , 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine . The 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) reagent was prepared by adding a solution of 3.0 g ( 0-015 mol.) of 2,4-DNP dissolved in 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to a mixture of 20 ml of water and 70 ml of 95% ethanol, thoroughly mixing, and -filtering. To 50 mg (0.26 mmol.) of the aldehyde mixture dissolved in 0.5 ml of 95% ethanol was added 0.5 ml of the 2,4-DNP reagent and the resultant
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154 solid removed by filtration. Recrystallization from absolute ethanol gave yellow crystals, m. p. 202 204 °C. The infrared spectrum (KBr) contained the following absorption bands: 3300 (m) , 2950 (m) , 2880 (w), 1620 (s), 1590 (m), and 1330 (s) cm" . The mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 372 (M + , 0.1%), 354 (0.5%), 337 (3.1%), 319 (1.3%), 145 (3.5%), 91 (9.6%) , and 78 (100%) . Accurate Mass : Calcd. for c 18 H 2 o N 4 5 : 372.1433 amu Found: 372.1444 ± 0.0011 amu. Reduction of lactone (98) with lithium aluminum hydride . A solution of 0.015 g (0.078 mmol.) of the lactone (9_8) in 1 ml of ether was added to 0.10 g (2.6 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 25 ml of ether under a nitrogen atmosphere, heated to reflux for 0.5 hr. , cooled to °C, 1 . ml of water added, and the mixture stirred until the excess lithium aluminum hydride was destroyed. Following the addition of 10 ml of 10% sulfuric acid the aqueous layer was extracted with ether, the ether dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed to give an oil. The Hnmr spectrum (CDCl-J contained the following resonances: 6 4.1 4.5 (m, 8); 3.83 (d, 12; J = 4 Hz); and 0.8 2.5 (m, 177). Analysis of the product by glpc on preparative column (g) gave a single peak with a retention time of 7.0 min. Using the sample directly from the glpc effluent the mass spectrum had m/e 194 (M , 1.3%) , 193 (3.1%), 192 (3.1%), 191 (0.6%), 176 (20.4%), 163 (12.3%), 158 (100%), 147 (10.3%), 146 (13.4%), 145 (60.5%), 130
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155 (27.3%), 119 (34.2%), 118 (30.3%), 117 (40.9%), 105 (24.8%), 104 (14.8%), 91 (64.3%), 80 (58.1%), 79 (87.5%), and 67 (89.7%) . Reduction of the aldehyde mixture with lithium aluminum hydride . A sample of 0.02 g (0.1 mmol.) of the mixture of product aldehydes from the solvolysis of ( 72_) -OBs for 10 x t,, 2 dissolved in 1 ml of ether was added to 0.10 g (2.6 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 25 ml of ether under a nitrogen atmosphere, heated to reflux for 0.5 hr. , cooled to °C, 1.0 ml of water added, and the mixture stirred until the excess lithium aluminum hydride was destroyed. Following the addition of 10 ml of 10% sulfuric acid, the aqueous layer was extracted with ether, the ether layers dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed to give an oil. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 4,0 4.5 (m, 6); 3.83 (d, 8; J = 4 Hz); 3.44 (d, 3; J = 6 Hz); and 0.8 3.0 (m, 156) . Analysis of the product mixture by glpc on preparative column (g) gave two peaks in ca. 1 to 3 ratio with retention times of 7.0 and 8.3 min. , respectively. Using samples directly from the glpc effluent the mass spectra (70 eV) of the 7.0 min. component had m/e 194 (M + , 1.9%), 193 (2.9%), 192 (2.3%), 191 (1.3%), 176 (20.0%), 163 (11.5%), 158 (100%), 147 (11.8%), 146 (10.6%), 145 (57.4%), 130 (27.1%), 119 (32.7%), 118 (27.5%), 117 (35.6%), 105 (35.1%), 104 (33.8%), 91 (76.1%), 80 (81.8%), 79 (100%), and 67 (96.1%), and the 8.3 min. component had m/e 194 (0.5%),
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156 193 (0.9%), 192 (1.0%), 191 (0.4%), 176 (27.1%), 163 (3.9%), 158 (14.0%), 147 (33.7%), 146 (89.9%), 145 (35.5%), 130 (13.8%), 119 (72.5%), 118 (49.5%), 117 (57.1%), 105 (35.1%), 104 (33.8%), 91 (76.1%), 80 (81.8%), 79 (100%), and 67 (96.1%) . 4 11 Reduction of endo-10-hydroxy-exo-tetracyclo [6 . 2 . 1 . ' 5 9 ' ] -undecan-3-carboxaldehyde (100) . A solution of 5 mg (0.03 mmol.) of ( 100 ) in 1 ml of ether was added to 50 mg (1.3 mmol.) of lithium aluminum hydride in 10 ml of ether cooled to °C and stirred at °C for 1 hr. Water (0.5 ml) and 10 ml of 10% sulfuric acid were added successively and the mixture extracted with 50 ml of ether. The ether solution was washed with 25 ml of water, dried with anhydrous potassium carbonate, filtered, and the ether removed under vacuum to give an oil. The Hnmr spectrum (CDC1.J contained the following resonances: 6 4.0 4.5 (m, 14); 3.44 (d, 10; J = 6 Hz); and 0.8 2.5 (m, 195). Analysis of the product by glpc on preparative column (g) gave a single peak with a retention time of 8.3 min. Using the sample directly from the glpc effluent the mass spectrum (70 eV) had m/e 194 (0.5%), 193 (1.7%), 192 (1.7%), 191 (0.3%), 176 (26.9%), 163 (5.0%), 158 (13.0%), 147 (31.4%), 146 (95.3%), 145 (36.8%), 130 (13.7%), 119 (75.9%), 118 (55.3%), 117 (63.3%), 105 (36.5%), 104 (37.0%), 91 (79.5%), 80 (78.6%), 79 (100%), and 67 (92.5%) .
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. a) S. Winstein and D. S. Trifan, J. Am er. Chem. Soc, 71, 2953 (1949). b) S. Winstein and D. S. Trifan, ibid . , 74, 1147 (1952). c) S. Winstein and D. S. Trifan, ibid . , 74 , 1154 (1952). 2. a) C. C. Lee and L. K. M. Lam, ibid . , 88_, 2831 (1966). b) G. A. Olah, A. M. White, J. R. DeMember, A. Commeyras, and C. Y. Lui , ibid . , 92^, 4627 (1970). 3. H. C. Brown, Ace. Chem. Res ., 6, 377 (1973) and references cited therein. 4. a) S. Winstein, M. Shatavsky, C. Norton, and R. B. Woodward, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 77 , 4183 (1955) . b) D. D. McRitchie, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida (1975) . 5. S. Winstein and E. T. Stafford, J. Amer. Chem. So c, 79, 505 (1957) . 6. a) S. Winstein, Chem. Soc. Spec. Publ . , No. 215 (1965). b) S. Winstein, Quart. Rev ., 23 , 141 (1969). 7. a) H. C. Brown and H. M. Bell, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 85_, 2324 (1963). b) N. C. Deno in "Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry," Vol. 2, S. G. Cohen, A. Streitwieser , Jr., and R. W. Taft, Ed., Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1956, p 479. 8. a) S. Winstein and R. L. Hansen, Tetrahedron Lett . , No. 25, 4 (1960). b) S. Winstein and R. L. Hansen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 82_, 6206 (1960). 9. J. Haywood-Farmer, Chem. Rev . , 74 , 315 (1974). 10. a) S. Winstein, J. Sonnenberg, and L. DeVries, J . Amer . Chem. Soc , 81, 6523 (1959). b) S. Winstein, ibid . , 81, 6524 (1959). c) S. Winstein and J. Sonnenberg, ibid . , ^3, 3235 (1961) . d) S. Winstein and J. Sonnenberg, ibid . , 83 , 3244 (1961). e) S. Winstein, E. C. Friedrich, R. Baker, and Y. Lin, Tetrahedron Suppl ., 8(11), 621 (1966). 157
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151 11. a) H. Tanida and T. Tsuji, and T. Irie, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. , 89_, 1953 (1967). b) U. A. Battiste, C. L. Deyrup, R. E. Pincock, and J. Haywood-Farmer, ibid . , 89 , 1954 (1967). 12. a) J. Haywood-Farmer, R. E. Pincock, and J. I. Wells, Tetrahedron , 22, 2007 (1966). b) J. S. Haywood-Farmer and R. E. Pincock, J. Amer . Chem. Soc , 91, 3020 (1969). 13. M. A. Battiste, P. F. Ranken, and R. Edelman, ibid . , 93, 6276 (1971). 14. M. A. Battiste, J. Haywood-Farmer, H. Malkus , P. Seidl, and S. Winstein, ibid . , 92 , 2144 (1970). 15. P. Seidl, private communication. 16. a) A. Nickon and R. C. Weglein, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 97, 1271 (1975) . b) I. Rothberg, J. C. King, S. Kirsch, and H. Skidanow, ibid . , 92^, 2570 (1970) . 17. E. Hedeya, private communication. 18. G. Fachinetti, F. Pietra, and A. Marsili, Tetrahedron Lett . , 393 (1971). 19. R. A. Wohl, J. Org. Chem ., 3_8, 3862 (1973). 20. D. Farcasiu and P. V. R. Schleyer, ibid. , 3_8, 3455 (1973). 21. L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser in "Reagents for Organic Synthesis," Vol. I, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1967, p 136. 22. R. S. Bly, C. M. Dubose, Jr., and G. B. Konizer, J. Org . Chem . , 3_3, 2188 (1968) . 23. M. A. McKinney and P. P. Patel, ibid . , 38 , 4059 (1973). 24. a) P. G. Gassman and J. L. Marshall, J. Amer. Chem. Soc , ^8, 2822 (1966). b) P. G. Gassman and J. G. Macmillan, ibid . , 91 , 5527 (1969) . c) P. G. Gassman, J. L. Marshall, and J. G. Macmillan, ibid . , 95, 6319 (1973) . 25. a) D. L. Whalen, ibid . , 92_, 7619 (1970). b) J. M. Hornback, J. Org. Chem . , 38 , 4122 (1973). 26. J. Haywood-Farmer, H. Malkus, and M. A. Battiste, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 94, 2209 (1972).
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159 27. H. Tanida and T. Tsuji, J. Org. Chem . , 29, 849 (1964). 28. B. Franzus and E. I. Snyder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 87 , 3423 (1965). 29. L. F. Fieser, ibid . , 75 , 4400 (1953). 30. D. Bieniek, P. N. Moza, W. Klein, and F. Korte, Tetrahedron Lett . , 4055 (1970) . 31. A. Bowers, T. G. Halsall, E. R. H. Jones, and A. J. Lemin, J. Chem. Soc , 2548 (1953). 32. R. Greenwald, M. Chaykovsky, and E. J. Corey, J. Org . Chem . , 2_8, 1128 (1963) . 33. L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser in "Reagents for Organic Synthesis," Vol. I., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1967, p 1176. 34. H. C. Brown, J. H. Kawakami, and S. Ikegami, J. Amer . Chem. Soc , 92, 6914 (1970). 35. L. A. Paquette and M. J. Wyvratt, ibid . , 96, 4671 (1974). 36. T. J. Katz, V. Balogh, and J. Schulman, ibid . , 90 , 734 (1968). 37. G. D. Sargent in "Carbonium Ions," Vol. Ill, G. A. Olah and P. V. R. Schleyer, Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1972, pp 1156-1157. 38. M. A. Battiste and M. E. Brennen, Tetrahedron Lett ., 5857 (1966). 39. G. Ellen and G. W. Klumpp, ibid . , 3637 (1974). 40. A. Rosowsky in "Heterocyclic Compounds with Threeand Four-Membered Rings," Part I, A. Weissberger, Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1964, p 6. 41. A. Schweig and W. Thiel , Chem. Phsy. Lett . , 21 , 541 (1973) . 42. P. Bischof, E. Heilbronner, H. Prinzbach, and H. D. Martin, Helv. Chim. Acta , 54 , 1072 (1971) . 43. J. A. Moore and D. E. Reed, Org. Syn . , 41 , 16 (1961). 44. L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser in "Reagents for Organic Synthesis," Vol. I, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1967, p 1180.
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160 45. C. R. Hauser, J. T. Adams, and R. Levine, Org. Syn . Coll. Vol. 3 , 291 (1955) . 46. R. Kuhn and H. Trischmann, Ann. Chiro . , 611 , 117 (1958). 47. W. V. E. Doering and C. H. DePuy, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 7_5, 5955 (1953) . 48. J. E. Leffler and Y. Tsuno, J. Org. Chem . , 28 , 902 (1963) 49. V. M. Micovic and M. L. J. Mihailovic, ibid . , 18_, 1190 (1953) . 50. L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser in "Reagents for Organic Synthesis," Vol. I, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1967, p 137. 51. R. A. Sneen and A. L. Baron, J. Amer. Chem. Soc . , 83 , 614 (1961). 52. L. F. Fieser and M. Fieser in "Reagents for Organic Synthesis," Vol. II, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y. , 1969, p 13. 53. S. Winstein, E. Grunwald, and L. L. Ingraham, J. Amer . Chem. Soc , 7_0, 821 (1948). 54. P. G. Gassman and W. C. Pike, ibid . , 97 , 1250 (1975). 55. L. A. Paquette, private communication. 56. R. L. Shriner, R. C. Fuson, and D. Y. Curtin in "The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds," Fifth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1964, p 126.
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161 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH John Foushee Timberlake was born on February 11, 1948, in Roxboro, North Carolina, to Guy and Frances Timberlake. At the age of two he moved with his family to Timberlake, North Carolina, where he attended Helena High School until graduation in 1966. Upon completion of his undergraduate studies at North Carolina State University in 197 0, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honors with a major in chemistry. In January 1970, he married the former Laurie Cocker of Arlington, Virginia. Mr. Timberlake entered the Graduate School at the University of Florida in September 1970 for continued study in organic chemistry, which was interrupted briefly in 197 2 by three months of military service. Mr. Timberlake is a member of the American Chemical Society.
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I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Merle A. Battiste, Chairman Professor of Chemistry I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Paul Tarrant Professor of Chemistry I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. William R. Dolbier, Jr^/ Professor of Chemistry
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I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. R. Carl Stoufer Associate Professor of Chemistry I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. le G. Sander sssor of Biochemistry This dissertation was submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of Chemistry in the College of Arts and Sciences and to the Graduate Council and was accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. August, 1976 Dean, Graduate School
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UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08553 3056
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