WAVEFORM ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC
PATTERNS RECORDED ON VISIBLE
AND INFRARED IMAGERY
By
I'l:HAl;D EVERETT \WIT' EIl
A nD 13FR'I.TIOrI PPE'ENTCr. TO THEIR CR..LL ATi COUNCIL OF
THL i.JNr.L.-I'Ti or FLO,lPJl.
IN F/JAtAL FULLFILLMIJT IOF TIfF IRELi.'LiT E PIEi:T: FOR. THL
DFC.,'" OF i,,CTOPr Oir I HILO .O HY
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
Drcember. 1967
AkRM*L53w93B~l~r
Many persons have contributed their efforts to the
organization and completion of this research project. Fore-
nmet among these is Dr. Clark I. Cross, Chairman of the
author's supervisory COmmittee. Him pwefeasional example
aRd intelleetmal stimLation have been major influences
during this author's entire graduate career. Bincere appre-
ciation is extended to Dr. Cross for this guidance and as-
sqitaace. Dr. James R. Anderson, Chairman of the Department
of Geography, not only contributed to the initial formula-
tion of thii study, but hat assisted this author at all
stages of his graduate career. Dr. Edmund E. tugen has
provided this author with intellectual and academic in-
sights on innumerable occasions, and Dr. Richard A. 5dwards
has offered many helpful suqnestions concerning the proper
completion of this research. Gratitude is also extended to
the many other faculty members of the University of Florida
who have contributed to this author's academic and research
pur gits.
Ttiu author is in the debt of any persons at
Florida Atlantic Univtlrity Wfio hate conribatuO te thiL
*Vooeveh Imsowt. 1w. Jame# W. $h@ Poea AMa emir-
man ofd Seagr4p, in his oppactty:46 Primeipal Invootigater
or the Ofaloe of waval POOMenAc *0ntreet under whte thhe
Otudy %Vs cowpleted. prov2iWe finapmcal "*et**wenem and l-
fol seggesions owneatming tba. MeOW~ab aftbodology #"
irletrumentatio pvDemwft*#. to, *beinet pWhv.ne *"^PMie
airowtor Of "WearnS 2400EVOO.As, ad Ow. ""rI* phiauge
chief Vi"do 6Angin"' PEW*""e 4*6t Asetsk*"C ot intb#
welectimp sod oeiration of tho *IWeWie experimenatal sem
penAnts. vhapkw ore #Is* am*eadeal to *to. A"%*sthr
wertry e4 the ***"raphy Dmoart"eat. ftr her %ypag. a#-
S ikt&"e, Owd to ft ~*IAl $gafec, tho juther I s: *Wtdet
aged.Atant, for klk knip With $006opiaphid awd Ovrtdqr4Mbis
FUnally, tb* *WbWAeS' OiAMMWOtt grtt~tad It hW-
Sended to Um is id, BOdy' oe her pe*iftw* and 4*040ka"0
w~AL Ow SeWtWa
amE
A C M . . .. . . . . . .. 11
IJST OF T~ggmL .................... vi
LZIS OF SLLVIWTWW I6 . . . . . . .. vii
capnBR
I. zIE.r.SWI ................. 1
R t gbj etiue . . . . . . 3
11stxmomias Amalyis of 4mqr. Ahe pattens . 4
eamrf UWhaniqtes in Matlieirlegiy . .... 8
II. TIM WZlA JnMD IMAmUllB IMlmT . . . 10
Genewa ClhasrteriLties of Visible
#etIehtmatic xm2fcry . . . . .. 10
Gumnrl Charambe titeae .f an wmed ImAmgery . 16
fLe eanamtl la tsatd Spctbj ma Q . . 21
Iuft wpfltral AmSa te Suari a g ... 27
s61e0l en and aegiMrtir a l AMlysI of the
Visaibe an Infrted ag ry . . . . 31
MrU. ItPM ANALYrr SIS m m T . . . . 44
9Sml-Lie TfedMil.qsU . . . . . 44
Groy-Tame Level I edi.g . . . . . 55
G wh hal PrsaftMt B oof InWftri . .. . 75
Itatieticr l Prft e i Aet of irmy-ftem Luwflm 77
IV. IfIMfral Hli MlrLT5 . . . . . ... 96
tveforon ftalyie Ae..Jltsa: SWn-lnams
efltihb+ft Flame LarmoMry . . . .
Mawufous tAnalysts Sedaite. ?wehrnsde
aId Sita-el *le-fmred i : wl l . .i. . . 319
hAnAlysi sf SaulS Ie *ad esestti MtEfflidas 10
........ I
Il .ti. d ...... .. ... ...* 18
1 a. . .. . : . . . . U S
mn g*i aM W : . . . . .
aita*SO i da ali.y . . . . 1.3
S S t aMa.r ,,a ....9.... s a
aW Ilil r i AD" Ml H . . . . 164
ean mim n t
mSme y *. . . . . . 1 . . t1f
4'1. fltAI~k fl&ISWfl | -
Slm.a. in igu i .I. .'Sff n f it .
nt ix m m.i .^1^ 9qiiwi^^M^^ *a 99W 9E*r ....
a w . . . . . .. .. . ..
"44llljiilI
LIST OF TAhiS
Tabe
1. Nine-Leas Multiband Cams t . . . .
2. Nine-Lena Nultiband Olmra pectral Bands . .
3. Sensor Comparison Totals by Terrain Type:
NHne-Lenm l tiband Camera I zy . . .
4. Sensor Comparion Totals by Terain Types
Mine-Le& Multiband merX IXmagery
(Corrected for Rise Time) . . . . .
5. Sinner Cmprtsien tot le by terrain Type:
Paenehremtic and Thebmal Infiraed Images
(Paired occurrence) . . . . . .
6. sensor Comparison Totals by T6train Types
Panehroatic and Semmal Infrared Imng
(Mired Occurrene,* Correeted for
Rie T ) . . . . . . . . .
7. Primary Datr
1 and 2 .
8. Prlmary Data
1 and 2 .
9. PriFmr Data:
1 and 2 .
10. Primacy Datas
11. Prihkry Deat
12. Primz y Det M
13. Pr imry Data:
Line 1 .
Frame 42, Lena 2, Linee
Prme 42, Ltne 4, Lines
Fream 42, humM 9, Lines
Panchruatic Imige, Line 1 . .
Panchkroftic irage, Line 2 . .
Panchromatic Ile, Lne 3 . .
Stelval Inftiaed zmage,
. . . . . . . . .
29
30
104
106
125
128
Table gRaM
14. Primary Data: Thermal Infrared Image,
Line 2 . . . . . . . . . 155
15. Primary Data: Thermal Infrared Image,
Line 3 . . . . . . .. . . 157
16. Terrain-type sepilatieai Fram 42,
Lens 2, Lines 1 and 2 . . . . . .. 160
17. Terraln-Iype Compilationms Frame 42,
Lmas 4, Lnees 1 and 2 . . . . . .. 162
18. Tesrain-Type Complatlones Frame 42,
Lens 9, Lines 1 and 2 . . . . ... 164
19. Terr4An-Type Compilations: Panchromatic
Image, All Lines . . . . . ... 167
20. Terrain-Type Compilationi Thermal
Infrared Image, All Lines .. . . ... 173
21. Terrain-Type Compilations Corrected for
Rise Time Frame 42, Lene 2, Line
1 and 2 . . . . . . . . .. 180
22. Tnrrain-tye Campilatlioee ae asetedl
Rie Time: Frame 42, Lens 4, Lines
1 and 2 . . . . . . . . ... 182
23. Termain-Te Cempilatioan Corrected for
Rise Time: Frame 42, Leas 9, Line
1 a d 2 . . . . . . . . . 184
24. TiWtea-Type Cempilatiami Ceweeted for
RLee Time Paehrmatic Image,
All Lin. . . . . . . . .... .. 187
25. Tera&kaaygye oePoilat4ot G:arri ted for
Rise Tims TheRmal Infrared Image,
A L . . . . . . . . . 193
LIST OF ILL WSBIOW
1. The eletrmnetic spectrum . . . . 11
2. pectral rudiant wmittlmen curves for
MIaSimnhbe at oveml abmolute
tCempMrurea .............. . 13
3. Amempseric spectral trafmiien . . . 26
4. ifts-lem amltibmad iLeery, rfame 42,
Laq 1 . . . . . . . . . 33
5. Mine-lenm alMti.and im*ery, P~Fru 41,
mens4 ................... 34
6. llIe-lias mltibcl d agery. Mtik 42,
9 . . . . . . . . . 35
7. f me-lene multiband LmAery m . . . 37
8. Psefebratic imp., IJiethftold medli an
vicinity . . . . . . . . . 39
9. Thereml infrared imfIe, Stinbkfa*ld Ibeme
vicinity . . . . . . . .. 41
10. MRi of Utinrhfield Needs and vicinity ..... 43
11. NMitar display of thaeml inflated illam
nd avefEra- ...... a ........ 46
12. hSmrtic illastmatimr eol viO -tape-
ais-rding of mlitipectiral L SyM . . 6
13. Scmeftic illustrtick If reseeding a ft-
fbmas with aecilliemdpir e w . . . . 58
14. Armnumment of cslmmrmts uIm"d in in.l.lo-
alpe eao ding ... . .. . . 59I
OLAA
s15 alemu IpflSma bl? the fiMM
el vi e avmaipw . . . ... . 1
16. MnriAbr dtiqIe aot IE h. C Miwb4c
einla n and ma4 elm LIN amSu, byr
t =mi 102 vi.emt Maa~ . . . 4. .
17. as* a tI LJllMta Ir weIi mg
at ,al-tim m ,. d i. . . . i
iS. binmt iEftin 1a 1i-sag
of vnawMl-mp.r ineg a getee . . 64
19. buaptegstpha bower Wuvudsms6 ad S
lis h m inb . . . . .5
20. .pud ora%* nmw6 base vgd In
ea r.a etw . . . . . . . .
21. Mt.La i Wamf. iba de toe Gpi-
gw utme aa .............. U
2li-ltawahin N . . .f. I 5t. . .
23. aanete ill tamIen Ma4 f
24. o- U&wfl .iiW tflat
at. nseua ni etu ft" -
soft_ Wei" .... a. d a a a .
21. -|.e** il
llii *p p ... a ,, . a ..
28. Grapki l presentakeia of wevoTer repre-
smting nine-lens rmltibad eamrkS imagery,
Frame 42, Leas 4, LAlm 1 . . . ..
29. Graphical presentation of waveor repre-
snti g nine-lIn multiband camera imagery,
Frne. 42, laes 4, Line 2 . . . .. 81
30. Graphical presatation of aveform repre-
seating nine-lens nltibad eamera imagery,
PFrve 42, Lae 9, Leae 1 . . . ... 82
31. Grpftkial preintatise of wa-oorm repre-
*etifi nliM-lens multibead eamer imagery,
I1sM 42, Lem 9. Lie 2 . . . . . 83
32. eraphboal presew ttiae of wavun om repre-
seating peachrxaatic imagm Line 1 .... 84
33. Sl phlcal presentation of nwaefar repre-
ientian panehrmatic image, Lim 2 .... 85
34. Graphical preMsetatiao of wavefovm repre-
Seating panehronltic inags, Line 3 . . 86
35. Swephi-al presectatin of wgeveri vepre-
Setting thermal infrared ilge, Lie 1 . 87
36. sGaphical presentation of mwavoor- rwpre-
eating thermal iaftared ag"*, Line 2 . 88
37. Graphical presentation of wlvoSr rpewe-
senting tharal infrred ima *, Lie* 3 . 89
their abiiLty to ut.lJ&ft i.t e lJn idMfe luaem U" plK-
pimminu. tfl*1w aMi afidei sla,:t twaieggiit $frd
teekage lhr bwhjewfive n tiR i nf O m!a
inatt "me" eyflfte MAet i. a .Mh. ..s AJpts at ASi
trelthi lielBmii ItI by SAiimIgq *Spama spa~i.t& Mateo"i aC
t ~ tof lil~llrrinriil ~ike Jag ~ipi iitk... iriti *m im. i *n M i .
theI sieetminfMLs qpfe. is ffe, ttflm Linfbii f0
myma toio -amelsdo .g"- Owrift s ash mIM l
1.t sif S bgIll iaamb fgl,, aa1111
asses toe sm emsomi the i.e., ge.
..... ..::.
::::::o::::::::::" as:.6 .::::::
Sma. .q ..mh ; a *. a.....
-41SL
a 3~'~^^^''SS^ if-'il 31 :S^I^TP"M H^"'BT;:i^ HW W I^^^S^^ viaM I^ Tl:::::::::::
:'I: l
ii li((
which indio~bee relative petition. The superiapaeitiea of
infaf-ation coded by gray tone on 4 partial frmmosrk is
in reality a geographic distribution. the phenomena con-
tained in the gray-tene infornmtion appering in the dis-
tribution are not always of aGnotant character, at might be
expected of the most fundamental and meet omamunly used re-
mmta sending Systkm, the camra. The phemmena vary, not
only with the spectral region being s umpled, but with the
design par mMter of the s*asing instrumet itself. The
shble of spectral region, fir emasple, might indicted the
9enral eatery or etegeriee of gngoraphic phemmems whose
distributiem nad deneity were being recorded, while the de-
sign chakratesirtioe ef the seuand might indicate the raee-
lation or f1 ility with which thO sEutim is recording the
geographic infouetion.
ThE steait dtclia"&ientha of a sme of tho sne
ra m s*eluai Sytems and their timawry ha puoml;ted large
umOolrs d weSrh satentists to spmnid their mrewkch into
*vewns previwely Mundael or denivd to them, and be use
wieh date a* is eriginaed by thate s*etae to pn*iit omr
meaisgiffl inv stilgatio into r aardh already in programs.
OCat quantties of rlam e-miner iniary are iatil-
abi& to the *A0Mtic amd oi#MfAtc cgaiii.M, eA MAAMbit-
3
-1hy thams ft-wlea *Ill guetly agend as the pmaiiefa-
tUs-= ag.r5 pfi-l- -ad .nl1a40 *tggaw"y ralmaines, *noF af o-
ctlesifastlp psesFe. igstppatly. the gr--t bilk *IS
this jtmauljy ies uipm n 1* t11 iMO ndiatkStdd bor fthe slbipae
reren that tes*e aret isLEdicieat mlrues eof 9SilflblA
able t* eCmiser afmelstaly tFhi gO-1 fluOe of ltMisiMaithM.
In light U thr ptasebbagt it is S*r1RO tetb tbhwl is Va
urgent mod zn e iMptC ..inAG.MMI kew0Mr1lw qOa d&q
of reltevfl the sonm imbe qlgfiwt *. 4W Ef tk: vs**
rinsule bals of L tat fakait i.sm 1. qilrata tl!n O s4in
typO of phVmfua regesmdian ed. -asha t 1 1 mMmltSwgalI
ana*ry. Mmeml mseOlfmliSm feilMaMONl ImwCe 6uJ 0A-
triblae to the slHniJEe am lkisit C*f uSfikt &pndbe vtc
AM-a
Isrn&e*. oanlq waIml, s:IiBM.:.bSf
* esu nis iiisnre aJlu, a smasw.eiiai, Ae iwa.. .. ..e
woimet Bii- valume lugiig illiigtin **milltae iA dilitirl'Blli
I .";;; ii111''
.rwt
and discriminate between certain chaorcteristioo of ge-
graphic distributLen.
!vWfoxo AnirtilMattep iether1ley
A seond objective of this reraarch is to develop
a methodology for discriminating between various baie goe-
graphic patterns sampled by parellel scan lines by analyzing
the character of the wavoefors gyerared as gray-toe graphs
of the aWeas traversed by thome sean lines. Such a mthed-
olegy will allow similar trainsmtted signals containing gee-
graphic information ceded in the form of gray-tene to be re-
lated to other geographic phenmenm.
POter amperk Gijectives
Sub idiary objectives of thAb reearch include:
(1) an evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative valid-
ity of suah a methodology; (2) inveitigatiaa of the utility
and adventar b of using such techniqueS in geographic re-
dearehr and (1) continuation of a leon-raoge progarn of
inrietigating the potentials, *eth4oleg.ies. And results of
applying certain electronic deviMce to geognrphie reseaerh.
,.esnteaac Alw p S S f.t GMeOMM a pINtr
Of particular interest to g igtphere intere~W o in
applying rigero e guantitative met hodolgies to sptsal dis-
tribetiens of phe mola, is the work dmoe by yarisev sefilm-
tistsWho hvq::directed tbwir research toward electremwic
aad Ombaemted hA*lysis ef **eh diftributions. These &nves-
tight%*WW beg"n by *pply*F4 *Okas Nakhampttca and vaoemotric
tools in arder to giaplify the cmeplax analysis of intera*-
tion hamd.led b# 41ettreae ""Oftbn
In tive ealy 1950'#, Xltml and LAtuue iOnitiad
resettCh dealing with **ridbe quantitative esrmt o
the sis*, di t sand OrAeAteWs "Poects Of cirepland
aroma in Peowaylvania. ftring th&A r&&&*rch, the *aet~bd
Paralloa Trovers MWpthe43 wbo ilso d**slAWe And subseteently
applibd te tho pwoblem of questifying areplaed distribiutafte.
In 0 1955 report, Lathewm r0it4*6"d Toomordh provtt
onely *emMOlIShNd which *M61:ablihe thw f"Iotag:h geovL40
Iae 1*V. & *aIW, "Wksmeat *eer4**t Uen asam*
esure mod. mettvr Of Obit *no**, (abetiod-) I fM
A6-^4 Stamptembe. 11496. P.
lowd AMMA in 94OmArlvania (Abstteet) # OM 9o& Me
ftpUMMr Me 4,
(1) that the sMpling, by a cathoed*-r&y tube flying-spet
saafner, of Apped or pahtographed diL.tributions, in erder
to differeati-ae phe rama by gray-tem, wse tbehateilly
f ea4ble; (2) that som ing ititbers aeuld m sase
interompt LangMt having fined gray-teMe Lrmitsl and (3)
that flying-spet soaIrers am ld identify and miure
specific ecurrences an a gpay-t-ne beekground and sen
large area rapidly. AditimbsA muition was also Made of
the possibility of applying electronic computer and data-
handlting myfe e to aueh problem.
In ewe 1962 articles, 6 Renfeld demestrated
tne appllebility of Latham s thee'rtical iavestigatiem by
vLdeo-setaking pre--0onted pIastiRe of typical terrain
typeM. ppearing am large-seal (1:5,500) aerial pwntegraghe.
This work s stablisied that certain bauic relati n hipi
Kist between tArrgin types and videae eigalm, and alto
diama treated that gray-tena control is of uteast importad*f
when ideatifiar tiesf are to be mred fun giAy-teU levels
algoe.
5Awiel Rmecfeld, "Atmaktic ioeagnlitian o. MaIc
Varrain Tlpe flWm A*serial whesmelA e JI
hMMA Amal Mgrch, 1912, pp. 11.-132.
Mriel Mts! IXd, "MAn atprrla toe aSltWMtie hito-
graphic Zmatrfpretatie, am.bamA.MMRA: Ii
bl iht, 1962, pp. 660-615.
zIn i a g .g m 19. i en Se-y w ,,t, zbinm
emduaet am pwrlaW~s e MSlah aS p OWmt ild New iWeAp*i
di. lg wtth the pgEatmfJ. IIiit'aphic Ilsr ef q *LAtLfea
.leisfmaU qmelfldS 0 Sp0"A ddstaAhutIes. Whse LamflAM
t"W It ler oft M.tgft 9.p 5 r ld I I t M gf madtJ .l e, the jlM m g
orf sa tck staftataeli emlm*tt~ b awlp osr sag4ami
fThe z*Stglh *A it th e a rtMrtim U a eit
am bm AL PMMsie walme .19mo u 1, 4hami b.rn peai a P
.maome,"aawssi, Ponls W" "a to.. <" a A1011111" .4 a esJ+,.
, .. i | m- i..l| mmj" ma m^ I mm mI mm m ..i..i 1
vqiei9 iuterm m.l
'g *. fa ll "5eas. .e Ri till 'S0 t i
Nto mat.a m pIOpeagte uud Ods so ttE
&MsusEasonse 26me Aslitaiiidii5 -ANELi
isMAtaleal 10t an sma.
I... .......
t>HWI J I^X"--flj a|fE^ 9.i MttS, *f l" uupll rr SI SfI,"
8 ... .... L .. ..
ea a l t S A"Sa M iJ
Aft.
Mesa rbh Techaemf s and Matheselsuv
Introduetory MleNwoh
Before attempting -y wavform soperimefiation and
analysis, it is irmpertivr that a review of previous in-
vestigatians into the general charag erltics of visible
(panehromatic) and infrared imagery b e meeonplished, in
order to asaertain the variablee that must be considered in
the eMperimnital design and in the analysis of the resultant
data and ebervations. A summary of this review is pre-
sented in Chapter II.
After the significant variables aseeiated with
multipectral sets of imgery have be*n isolated and evalu-
ated, the metal imagery to be used will be selected. This
imwgry will first be analyemd by the Nare ocnventi"eel
visual inateipetatdve and geegrphic methbed btefor wave-
feo analysis. The has e geographic patterae eid nt n the
imagery will be asrlyse and ma id in order to facilitate
the interpretation and amenys4t *f the subdiuano t recorded
wleEforms. ThiM actionn 1i ais. tflsonteda in she1pter II.
tollewing the selection of the imagery to be used,
Ml -na -..A-- ArMMlA,.... lad"A
seveal iffeentsupetmeant ee~as*ill low safted sAMM1
evalvted or uv'#f'ww fr**gamag VON#""* aud recording
fideity.thenewtappoprite aperees Al pocdwee Will
twon b& wlied to the mqultispectral go" of iumfery. sov-
0"1 parts of eaet ia"p Will bOM 6pAed by parallel WVWn
lIts**# nd tbib reoftanot wavelease #reftad *ill ho t*-
corded. TO* rowrde" waatmwa will then bw WnaOXV an
sPteriW44-.mg"sas e a Oampling %rJ4 In ewr1::t ooo uf *e~d an-
rately Vrqy-6m*: levwl sabd at.UW wae"SOM pe#ate0Wrm.
datrInI C& 4**ted to ths "aPipa.
oo& .6 the wak*tas~, *beak shtstti~ml teelmigam Will be0
O"Flayed in Otewr to %4***.M Owttkm *qpt)#* 01 04e jw*-4WOO
inteeatan e"W"O4 Wes I --+0-ill ingdeeOasp te
wther "WiAWk pow"O"01m. Afbew tb* 0004 t* W60 lmm
grapleq ba bow amdlye*44 Withet XOPed Nwk 01~004'#
aaertectd to ppWVJ44 4 Abithew *pa864"4 Owfloatet- Vo411>
iLM t%* ftt' AwitAU Ot Ab&h ha"g*p %3A* uAA I W#MIgo"
io%* "to* to ftowft"a k# athleg"O AIOwtim &No b*
qWUM4 "or 4000ecavs ******* "~tpk t*,&meac (s
CHAUFB II
TMa VISIBLE AND IWPRMSXD IMAGERY
Gamral cfhrPcterJt ticg ef Vlible
Fnabhrintic ..Imer
The Mnormity and complexity of the literature dealing
with the characteristies and interpretation of visible pan-
chroumtic immjwry preclude any extensive historical or inte-
grative treatise dealing with these fatcors being presented
in this report. Instead, the inclusion of a representative
bibliography will allow the reeder to sample a cross-section
of the mere significant works pertaining to those topics.
Only the factors closely related to the interpretation and
*anlysis of such imagery as is utilized need be presented.
Visible panehromatic imagery, perhaps better known
as oetventlmal aerial phteography, war the first actual
remote snsor which sampled a portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum (see Fig. 1). Throughout the span of time that
aerial photography has bon employed for various reamsns, a
greet number of aerial photographic devices, file mulsiaos,
film-filtor om inatioms, and aerial phat.graphic airesaft
10
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
WAVELENGTH
cm p A
10 -
10 '- 10
10 10
10 10"
10 '- 10''-* 10 3-
10 1 10 -
10 2- 10
10' 10 -
10
GAMMA RAYS
X RAYS
ULTRAVIOLET
VISIBLE
INFRARED
MICROWAVES
(arllr Simon, 1966 )
Fig. 1. The electromagnetic spectrum.
platforms have been developed, tested, ad used. All of
thee techniques revolve bout searal significant charac-
teristics in need of reiteratlen in this presentation.
The VJiibla bgiectral MueIN
Te first of thaee significant chlrecteristics i1
that oavn though visible light occupies a very sall per-
euntage of the electromagetic spectrum, the wavelength bamd
which caisrises visible light (about 0.4-0.7 micrema) ac-
oeunts for a vry large percentage of the radiation received
at the earth's surface. This is illustrated in Figure 2,
which shows that the peak radiation received as visible
light correepeods to the radiation Wavflengthe character-
iatic of the incandescent temperature of the sun's surface
(see peak of 6,O00K curve). Since all natural and cultural
earth objects are empoed to Light amqaped of all of the
wavelengths which comprise viable Light, it is seen that
the actual color exhibited by sueh objects is tbe result of
selective a*meptiao, reflection, and Ieradiation of light.
It is this prones which aleo podues the difference e in
selectivly reflected light -e Lupartant to the te al con-
traete exhibited on cova nwtinal aerial photography. Sueh
photographic semning wleai be meaningleea and iopeetiBle if
cultural Object ad aMltral terrain objbeta did not pretdte
SPECTRAL RADIANT EMITTANCE CURVES FOR
BLACKBODIES AT SEVERAL ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURES
105
60000K \
1" \ tWIMn DlDlOCrmelnr Low Line
0 /4000K Y'
2
2000K \
10000K \
S 10 0
U 300K
a-
I-
I- I0
hi-
Lu I"
500-
nz I"
., 10.0.
01 0.2 05 I 2 5 10 2
WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)
I[Lier US arm,, Ba.5C ond Ad.onic.d InifrI TeLhnology, April 1965 1
Fig. 2. Spectral radiant emittance curves for
at several absolute temperatures.
50 100
blackbodies
14
differences in gray-tone as recorded on films ued in asrial
photography.
attal aDrMrU ttin eaW JMseMJe~
Another important oharbeteridtic of visible pan-
chEmetic imagery is its ability to record distributioas of
9ewraphic phimemrna in such a monler that the actual epa-
tial pattern smisting Amng the pheaemen are maintained to
a predictable degree of accuracy. It is thus peesible to
use sueh imagery for the comrtruetimo of controlled maps or
for vario e spatial moasewment of dianelees exhibited by
the phemmana. This cdhracteristie t e been made possible
by the construction of corrected lae systems, gyro-
copemasated ceer moests, film emulsioem and phetognzphic
paper wheae dimensional mtkbillty characteristi e are knewn,
tad, finally, photegrammetrie techniqW devised to se~en-
sate far btroar induced at any Ste af the actual photog-
raphy or it& preolesing.
Continued rexearac inte fllm design and eptles has
gently increased the resolution of the menial photographic
asm Se system. solution ca be thought of as the a11--
eat linar width that can be raised" a aay spe lfic files.
The actual resolution of any system, eo course, depea e met
only uopn the inherent design clizes lustkiae of thfe .omal t
15
&p4: it# fliln *ystipj bat *als* thb lfatM SE tb.* Optical POOh
ffrm t~ep to domore. Ak st~andd Sapping *e*Nft for
*simple, asy b& AK& to discern. ak 00"*tui phomeww" Ot low
altit#Abo waieh would be b4Wtnd it* resolvw ag pobility at
higher altitoeo*e 1h0 ingportadt raeolvftin chwgabeerixtic
of aerial moppin many qpin tat *A*t the presmAt Le that re-
solving pOPWe am be alwaidea4 to 100 eMMstant theew"het
tte amimlar Vdqt(Pq fiela eft AA low8 liefBtfistu now"*-
Went of thattew objecka to we 009h at *11 leaMM4i44 :oW A
pintograph, withaet roecotims to .,mol i wems con&iwed to
the emeral Aee", as Is mWgeary Vk seeW Othe AIVM. *t
*r* te**ed"pgeath "Apfg 6107 agoy awefta*g
of reewmIW*e 4l1 *o*elerfthe ebmpM444 the is ti ofs
Owe 4pectMAW W1 SOmOWI Vowes, 1004040,r SkAA empti~tlity is
rantty to". igmte emmw*&ty 00 ""Wooal ailor io 02484" ia
asset *ad Oe i* ""me son w th" # Pag0400 *# "M atW
LIWS* is ratsked@ 40t begate ZVOWMAt *410 ftl. *rasa
e0s fII*ur, ft *0 ped&IbA* to #664*04 tttel p*
*MagemUM4 p0* te 00 ***WAAla* "Oeatt, O *& OR," *Oatwek
contrasts expected to be detrimintal to the quality of the
desired iaery. Mest black-a d-white mrial film iatnuded
far normal photogxa hic coverage are used with a 1Watten 12
(minuw-blue) filter to rnvewu y effects of ataept*eric
hse. Whkn considerable numbers of cultural features are
anticipated, a Wratten 25A (red) filter is substituted.1
Various other film-filter combinations are used in conjunc-
tion with other types of aerial photography.
Geniriai Cha ctwferistn ^a
Tntrar aed a y
DthO fahaE&i satwr= ir amm
The infrared spectral region, so named blearee its
included wwelm gthn extend "bayend the red" warelengths of
the visible portion of the spectrum, ebeade from 0.7
mierew, the upper wavwlenqtb limit of visible light, to
alIet 1,000 mLeromb, the lower wavelegth lijit of micro-
wav radiation (m[a Pig. 1).
Of pimariy interest to geegrapthre are the so--elled
L*nar" and A ,iddle infrerud regiar-. Tbs ft Fr-infrwt *d
lmemlrien Seciety of Photeqrreimetry. HMaLSt
_Lhgrjadhenl JaaturOaf OI&a ( Mean ., Wis. om rge Santa
Co., nlae., 1910), pp. 0-50.
Ivan tima., &1ieair s :AliahaM (Or immotor: D.
Van eetrand Co,, ee..., 1986), p. 10.
inlm.ilin 4ansta -i..0.7 WaUIMIM tao sopuigaeIMly 2
an MAn aLe-tmfh e. ettass am Ifrn
*adomaI to oeaH|oMilply 20 ai.ii.3
WrO1i40ft r 4 nuetieS - tfteAR4 tiaMRi-nmbmn Of 0*
MAtti-A bsky, *j temedrtece L#gAg has:A the -[MR wvte-
1mno afM"Si sigh tte ropos atinn.man, ad "o:
was omae .e om a ismymlM e sal n6 ai miIse,
wei aetm sam ma b mees L&a mNe a 4 a he rsma
lrgth, WA Im,, .m, a .ia o meili ai 40i
Inwhna'. &1tMouh *piwU 1wiHi *eattilliasis wai vS
qiiL toi te ~11 ilt nt aslli b: aun stl
Sijrai
Jtheri' e s a afe . ...... of IAiii,.,. o a as 6 t
..... ..... .. . .. .* ..
e l"tt .ca g" a.. a.. .b....:.:"g .:^. ..t. ...: .... . .. s .. i
":wglP::: ::E i i g .. .E l i:" ...... .... .
.. y I^ y* I^ ^ ...Min^B ^ ^^ I.^ .......... ..||
18
of special interest to gqngqimhpk bcaumwe of the imvertarm
of this radiatiam in the trr -sta4al and Aitmen here bat
balanwe.5 As with vLIibli Li4ht, a cerntidelar b part of the
Sun's redatitin rosse tihe afth as near-infare radia-
tiaU .6 As this radiatias 1S abSrnebt by aetural m ertals,
their tesaflaturse adjuet toe a state of upllibiriMa m* they
weridiate mwrgy. eea*e the t eIngmbtwreE the earth
objeets are clntadlwebly leMir the tbe inewadoeMt tue-
paretures whiah produced the *tidi%4l4 assLeniag radiation,
the wawvlnth of the terrestrlal rendiatiosn ehif~ to
16U*s6 wavelaMgthi Thus, the btp5entuMses At whidk mnot
earth abjejaute s*t predwee radiatiosn whes t wevflemg9h* are
ftIn aIout 5 tuweve to about 15 ateefIs.
Refloten ofE iomweaing m eftALeI, however, inelves
no befme of wavelength. Inaomng viosble light my be re-
flacted ea visible light and irneliag inLered radiation My
be refletldI at infredar tat"efion, hath fateiakiai their
erigiati repcowtLve waveleUfth. As vith infrared seve-
lee6wti shifts, h m a er, ine.ming visible light zmy also be
akMued Ln rulrlength, evn to the msiat ce prf Oedeing
SIian, QgJ.. p. 23.
Ast i r ar eahir Ahe, a fI boimII (Iiw "mIk Samlr-
pr aIM lAr, 1163), p. 194.
if 4* tS ijE"E.
: t w 4
A difm -un m -- e.
ln^C9SS ot;- ^m ri tn- sl^a ^ lih
llr m caiUS* ISi itslf Oi Mil tef I OlftirB -
wmlW A iwe ra e o.smed be. a8t b 0
zMSetasa. egi Mangeni seems aSr*U seen ne s SO
a- ise.. qt earnmme iuga. eefltntigag a -e- a ing
s* tn s mr m n *- a
...g 'it ...il *pen1 S wfals ml e .. af t i liilli *
":: ...... l .SE .. .... ...f^gf u mge ...... !l:" E Ilmir l l li
I i. ...... ...................... ....... i...
T.. ii.nii..i..a i g i ili
...........Ii.l.i... ... .. ........ .....ii. .
-a-I
IROW W fl Vf Ste J JO
W4.. ... MALlf
'igw=w ...^^ M p a ..:U -W.B .....BB=' Wl if l
.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEtSE" "EEEEEEEEE .....SEEEEEEE .... :SEEEEEEEE
W:::::::::::s s:::... .....pW: ...:H:w P:rt :::::::::SH::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::
impertease of o omir taing swt fitS in a Siscuslti of
rf lte sinLng teehnIib e is not Mere y that &A addAttemal
tpetkel region is aafti ed vitlLb&e, but m*rC imItat that
all Of SMthe Wthea oS" aOt mnvlatiemal penhlrmamti serial
phfLegrphy, lfamt* hig, oerpMet etaw, spatial reIse ding
CidelIty, light xee l atLn, etc., ar rotaeeJd La the *l-
tiaeol speatral regina being elapLd.. Hea their unelassiied
sqasoc own held claim tbe s gmwy operational attributes.
Simree a en films aipaMAe of iaftrard seasing also
reered vieAlieL bla light, it is n ceasery to urse ptical
filters to aeatrict epaoures to the iletaced. A amMer of
d-ifite tt fikb*rS hAiv bean deleped for this purpe e.10' 11
AYm mIMe whe eI film homllg and si uter slre s e m
ne intlwAu l light may be uset for iralined photography
simply by rtesediy mg te amomra iEr the slightly LwmE
lemgftl inr Saoif 6I tWhi -Maml "nuftAtayi" poettia, it faiet
fiEMeteMlHata the fEoaml plain of thk inftiaty petfithi of
the lIen.
10 ., p. 5.
Mg-,ri, 1W5), a" 27-M, ?O-5A,
an the athE G nMnas AN-e *M1m bg aIN:: nWlS
aeoasnm s$N "'mam v-sad h aen e sa mins ee Imt.vWm-
pomasM*hs *a* ilimeed I pW"flbaae Ie e MO te be wev Toem-
11 l a tALW*lrmt at 01 sN I me- 4a" J the Optel-.
UR Oef ertadtudbimlm *o. :Mgt atitbLhflae "M
hbm Atae A the If* -s damMd.dW fte"$ thef W
mates e fl tSa W*. r4smI hUMS
.. i .-...
S. a in... .f ...
e a usensa as..........
atrs ,wa til me n agilBAilp s air ag-ag
-~-n I -
i as. was arn
22
U3.
deaum-ted in the literature (ot- biblLkgrapy). he vwk.eur-
types of inotruaefts ud, hMnMSe~ deserve brief oamides-
them.
%G 00t oamMI themmal maOiag mysaN. Oad the m
wthee salLlt detectiwn features are qwoyed in waet a-her
the tal sanlmug and mpging ~ptefr, it th* radialeo r. 13
thM Raimener embers an infrae*d deteeter whea output
signal caf etpeemp to the wavel.enth and intaMeniy of the
ftditati-en r eSSdid and whi e is pefltrayd n an oesill1fl.ep
er other suitabb device. The reliaNMer messllly reseve
dadistie n fIr a poent or ares same e ald deem net include
a geemming uSMten.
The Ability to arrange sighLata Oinaleeu to tibmvi
valmua in a "aptial trSaguasnt Is prdkesrd w'e a aMLta
function is sdded to the rad ie.ter-14ke dStescto wiA a
etl.M of r oerding the ttagf eput.ti of the deteSl r is
pr dded. The mN ming Bflettsi Ma atiolly aO.&fpishlI b]y
pLairg a ralttiLtg 45 al.rr i finrat of the dl ater eilh
Ii pleatd at right "agie to the 4gtiLAl flt. AI t"l fai-
rev twims, it aseives redeatim fwea a rwteriaei4 e g"ar
. .ss, ine 3 o.. mne, S e....L
g. tk 1)', pp. 612-m417.
f 144 fe v*A, aln i rem ami 1o the se4ir.
ih veassUmQaeS 1FAg. of the e sitar I' maed Ad 14 k
Syflm tie, pnwvEldda vamyeg I1tSM lntitmm teubu l 'm
km rmWmen gS aM iOhmS f4' rSM Oh WtW 6f004aL Iar
aa 8mw-Sw sijgm jL .F uses mrp* LAS
at rig.j, aMli6 to Mi- dai~ i la JA wfLi Shir AiiSf1 iAL
a'senmeid May biy "a is th a i fli .14
e&N SL "MI is a* Ob^M"Wo ip ago sAW
.e..an a .. as.. a. a. enas tas. u
1a ual sas oi a". gsmn am* 0iftlimame
paneoue a4 .6s se9 agn .. jfl sivas a p
IMMM ARf Hili tim **Ilik abs. HM idilirit ll li **Ii t i *f 1 Iiti
Mialt ia i a i.e i. ti ..
. .rl..... l '.|R.. i r ... .... .. ... ... ......... ... '.. ... i... ..i.
iiiJ i : [ ""
field of vime elemwates, prOdAeSag deee--MiLS reI leBk6t
iLth Setter &IAtenme ir fnet the flight fpth. The run-
teal parts of the thoeml Amwry thbrereee om gW tert
dcFtil.
tiir g item of cee ud~ie tifm 4 the geometey peeul-
iar to imagery Ufb eh has nt bam zn rage-aw ate uaWpen td.
IdLe iem*iw umi try is geonrtald b the snlative feoM xd
mwtlae of the wstunr platform with reomet to lMeral 9reeld
*el ts ud pedSdiO the fleet of hav g Larl e am eme side of
the flJljht line nppeew to be Al of the tsemser, while
a*lut on the otler appIW to be blkLmd it.15 i iL Mlt
#aMe Aimereee with greater dista~se Owy frem the tflght
pIth. mem tOn osfbIer, dmceemingR reMlwtiem and tMasind-
Law. -aptill dJUtertLieo on latLvl adges of the lanwry, ia-
hm*ht Anin lAlteeipwetaton la ae* ienatM iAtadrmf t la &lMe
oths thua to ceatrl part es t2 ItI.
MMiMt JiwfltiS mNser a the asm S W ate wph
mon ta. it q p ete ta thesm M smmer as a ftilMal
ingoosd oute btea ne lambe tlhMMS nftiemaettn. er a
Lersd wan sd alemad to *sfl the wew of inintt. !Aer
Sa P. .. .am73m E* aamaa .hiii ,
ift, pp,. 773-718 :.
se .mw ngllv : ti ~eS a *alaid MaR*ia dWale
* u ..e tii tSmiti f.a ~lai S. bb *l ag at,-i
Ia*emo & meme O ff* be a4Jaet sBw the upatuwe nam"
to he ibultaed An the bl4.io-SefA.i: mamie of fle 1mdolyt
aL giy w ea. a Got u Sp as urI dfleflww
iV #I* ftI.t th t aA....t I I--.A a"- .ttiA. .I.6
w af ilw a aied rIJlaMSleW. mdw-ieat-: h fiham
wOM ttnn S mOU4 ihy h4 e M st W |fIa WMiP 1A nho
MUmnS i uVIOmM- (se20 w". 31. us us asW lWWmlm
oS tfms mspam em the. a--* akaM a2=4 St a* ss asm
...j ..........*. A .a t J a i a ..a .*....o w...a
"PH
a.. a.... a g .ia d .f..l.. ..-.... .
sum n niiip f iiiiii iiBiir :ri- --." ", -n ifl
.N i. .lii. ....... i. | i_ ..m l.w s l^ .. ....... : a fijl&l^
t ...... ... a.
S Ij
0 0 0 0 0
0 0co C ca
--
o o
o-
o
m
(IN30d3d) NOISSIWSNV.IL
.aiary, iimiinnw. thf urpi, tCt t xnmlfw his thinuat
to ntrirhtan- ae tqcfa.e suer timan t6MtBfiak
of gavy-t C e ruitiqg Sa" 4'1Mi1i8a light. Mas Amt art
emly bd4 w-ire e tht* tmMyAlhmter wialmr* beall eLtaliA: but
he smt aidl be oatinumufly awrrE f *I th rMisalSbdr a har~gm
and *kana* timOMry dislaeot i sm s~l ea bt thlfst
nflw
rn;Us.
Serlval romp* *elin*g son- haa*te benRa didnWlOrg
*bhidh eamedl sMLmt&a IAn sSveM el 4S*tBCt prwtS atf othe
*leta-metlMtiGe Ipmateam sCr the ime M til ou thu oethfie
errant at tL so" ta wr. IZt t"i heLir *wall ad| illHtt l" all
the lit.1 at11i thii tiie purie.s uJ..ly CWui ": Iai
iiiimieconio" beiiAiii me &M:""W* thm Ix Om*i "J go too
Saumatiu tmAug d"ialq.l t is aaa. A.ulsy 1 W^e
in s* tfw m cyf tnia tieA MdaliWill). Sr biNoll
.A... a r, f .lml..a.n.i ..in. .AA e i ma.t.. I rI
it &ljS.8m
.ses rgliiiiii iiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiii- u l Ii : ii m
mu i* ir f4asaeul fl
..... .. ....
S .... II i ..
;....U H. .~^a ^ |^ ^ | ~ i~i"it ..... .......ii~ ^ .....A ^ ............. ^~ liill
.S^^~ i ......... l^IIF^i~l'^ ^^^^ ^ B^^^W^M^^ '
28
Ageutltuno. s1Lo. pystrm md twwo m i-aLr em arn*, Illlu l
a a ma plratfrm., simultamiWnly pihetseapigr a thek sMn
taerria ela $m kn pmdbhri w t ed Aft#khic lati m ad.
A dLttitaet attn at l;t mlt4alwtrral mWeaLsW
the use of the ketore OMatimhubri-flle Iamtra, using two
omm of laren tad filt er reibftaw lalatally susirate
IINeaM I Goh b alf of the 'miw JilUa Strip.17
In a 1I64 patprc, MNllna parent d apsfet Oh
flWlra h in paeimme at the Mr neree emeriwgo Reusewh
&LmLfMFew4*te 4ling wLth a ninr-lmme mltImid camU mr-
*feilr d bfr Mok Gwperaitie, eQpabte of rreeatml aiae
simltom awsy mWM rwsulting fzE photegraphic &"ling
at six viw4ble-U149At Jhadwlttlm *ad theb l- i.fiered bead-
VW imesrtaft pihydial Staftettriatice of Sth aMdS-
bmn. an1baaim samtorss. l S ad A tute psctstes b"a mawwui
hb ne]t LiM ase little in ftble 1 amt 2.
S iAir ek utilisaB g f mlutettmii *! i ifEiwnf tyrpes
17
1aiis" R. Yblvin, "flt-Ilfli l lalete et*lzn aM-
emAMe jp, AnEMreMsdae etML tiileum apamedium AfimMns
SON"tlg eli&eudASgau (Am hdwitil lostlw ad MOAsI.f ,
1muLtMe 4. ltmina"I'l "al'.nL SaclmaB"anina 1
UL(mU )**53 tMRis ew O "INe, 139641 #
29
Leuese Mie 6-imah /2.8 Odhookder ear
AwtiChed Lebows
File~If type a t e 7&-mN. PSUA-4 heregraphi%,
mne rvAL st 70-qnt Inuambee egapc
"ra"e fa t Simm faNAIm, 400h 2-1/4 UVs 1y -1/4
&Xp6WOr 2hree "pteeaes on.
tW*thnqme fib*.
N7@o4" ot three 0)ubt eawk, t* *aped* all
*ambanv IsMmiaelta"Ws"ly-
> enat 6 M)"WK Wtse, "Afttl "**eMAbdo**
ofaw"00 UtW *iW* "h0 Mkt~AgeA qoht Oat 0& i*
lai" tws wvort Otsttn
TAMAL 2
flSS-Igs MLIXSiSM CUSMASA SSeWM L MMMi
f llers Uied
me. (,aesam) .er l
1 0.40-0.50 WrBnes 21 + 35 + 318
2 0.45-0.51 Welttke 3 + 47
3 0.52-0.55 Mfatten 15 + 65
4 0.55-0.60 flatlte 57 + 12 + btalMn
155/116
5 0.59-0.64 Wfblmn 90 + 24 + Opties Teah.
interfeuteM filter
6 0.87-0.72 Wraflen 36 + 12
7 0.70-0.81 WIHatten 9B + blmlria 455/141
a 0.81-0.90 IMatLte 87C
9 Pitl ismitivity
MHe 9E4 t tiUrm
5gg s carli I3. Mflift mU ( "Arial Mim anegwmes
of Sarltee fpIatee wIth tha Miatt tima ttmeml renm.-" in
iMajmAt (amI 8 Aor ter: ni ty of atcp irSm, 6 15), pp.
399-421.
IL
- *iwuesm a o %. bN mpstea. 9pqpfl the t gamg
s soit Sa thug "eMtal rn M s tmaubtemal bla a-.
mre. hm t, r a am I s as"nle, a" 8en w
SM'AbM Se Ue wMikb Leap 4Sevpejfd puwe4em q8 a
Sems ben p as aSi ii
.Me.. ti. snm a r oMa .a li w A. ..M Mpeon,
:st .. *i . B m .. *. I ..s. "flt .*I
I sa, au:d oA g gi .... 1,
a an' tW -mme hews NA Sia,*elI.21
PM.i.Iii
a. i mir
....... . :: i. ...l. or Ii r
Jil ^_g j j.^jj^j^ ^jj~lljj. ~ja^^^ eANL A jc O m^ ^a.A l G~~'^ijL'jLl i BL ^
32
t*th typos rat their correepoading caematiaool pkshseyapk
will be used in the analysis to follow. It will alS be
iafoeamtive to use iamgry generated by oea of the various
types of multlspectral ramate scars previously sMntiomad.
During the research being rEeporked Me, it was pa-
ribbl to aswire various types of maltispe&tral visible ad
iFnfxred ima"ry. Among theme ae iritioe were swvewel
rolls of MAiap-laf multiband eatr ic* tiwe is lgmy pro-
duod for the Air Force OMG ridge Resarah Laboratories.
Whis nine-leon pkhetagrehr ta floMt in the ann Framr see
$ay are urilg J~e;mry, 1963. After impromptu cometruc-
tion of a viewing stage rad liot tale eEpable of kha*ling
411 thFe" rEOlc of negatives *isaltslfesly, O-n eampte
tt, Fro"e 42, of nite negatives was ahel for waveftrm
easlyei. f'hi particular framu we ohesn beettwm of bhe
variety of mtral and cultural fmest fes ad the variety of
giemtrie *bapes ad eao rast grad am ts recorded O it.
Stace s*e of the spectral bsswaidthi ot the mine-lend Sye-
tSA owvrlap, thxe of the bamU wdrfl ohemR fS w uoS LeANes
2, 4, aed 9 (see Figs. 4, 5, aMd 6). Leria 2 fad 4 nwt
choeen beoee of the intbrmeditee b lwdWdt they rinisde~ .
NINE-LENS MULTIBAND IMAGERY
From 42, Lens 2
Sd
Fig. 4. Nine-lens multiband imagery, Frame 42, Lens 2.
Line I
Line 2
L-ns I
Lit 2
L r W
NINE-LENS MULTIBAND IMAGERY
Frame 42, Lens 4
Line I Line i
L.ne 2 Lin 2
Fig. 5. Iline-lens multiband imagery, Frame 42, Lens 4.
NINE-LENS MULTIBAND IMAGERY
Frame 42, Lens 9
Line I Line I
Line 2 Llne 2
Fig. 6. Nine-lens multiband imagery, Frame 42, Lens 9.
and lam 9 was abom beeomus it included the full bhaaivdth
of the photograg4ic iafred (pee Table 2).22 From 42 de-
pLcts an urban fkia location in Weedside, California, a
suburb of rramnt on the southeastern side of the San Fran-
cisco-Oakland uetropolitan aria. The principal flEatrej
evident in lram 42 are the construction site in the left
ebuter of ewh ima, the read network under construction,
tkm pawed parkAmJ lot in the lower left, the expemee of
open field, with usd without gras cover, and the spuree
stand of deciaeems trome in the upper left (see Fig. 7).
The mqrwtive sale of Pram 42 iL 1:10,000 (six-inch lens
and 5,000-foet altitude abve terrain).
mae Y::hla-dibe..al am lal~ed
During tih smaer of 1966, this winter ws privi-
legd to attend th% fitat aramr Comfe~ea eon Rarmte ofte-
ai ef SnvirmtaemL f GColleMe Tome he ef Mateal ScieMnes,
SpLmewged by the national eIma Femundetian and eemaeated
by the Eastitute of etees aend TCkeeholoegy at the Univert.ity
of Uishiamm. p.t ei thi *fCort of this eemaerife was dam.
vehed to field wer bamd mltispetral imagery abllyi4 of
2%M1lijMgoMM, LSm.iU. p. 410.
37
C
4 p
ci z 1
aa
E
IX -
Z m . .. E. ". M .
.4 n
-4
.. ' ... ... . . . ., E
.... .. .. .:
a specific rea aerthweet of Ain Arbor, MLehiygn. Te
imwery available for analysis Mat (1) a pheI otieea of
po4ts of several 9" x 9" conteet prints, and (2) a thermal
infrawed image. Slnce oeaMtdereble field wek hb4 benh
meamplished by this writer in amruijction with this
imagery, and the results of the other c ntfreae rpettii-
pants were available, this ast et multispetral imagery
was cweemn for onaumften of visible and thermal infrared
i m ry. this imagery set alo represents a wemparison of
Use difEeemut tpes of sewfors.
The paenhremtic phMt moaic (oeem ig. 8) as pre-
duoed from parts of several lt,20,000 phegw*waphs erAgAnally
fl an for the Sil comservatimn service, united fStem be-
par tnm t of AIrieulture. It is a daylight summewrrti phebe-
graph, with a scale of 1:24,4,M as ee in the fiel emer-
oat "bg ore6 beund= d by thi asmieo inelw"e parts of
ftotieae 34, 35, and 36 ef TwoahIp 1 IAethl. WhLg 4 Dust,
6wving&Uei amty, Miehigan, &nd pltt of Seetion 31 of
IftIaeip 1 Mrth, RMage S5 aOt, Livringtem County. AJAe
inetided ore reetA We 1, 2, 3, BO, 11, 13, 13, 14, &ad 15
of BMMAfhip 1 Beath, Rage 4 Bnat, MSektenmw GO-*y, MaHi-
9am ada parts of gruebPs 6, 7, 7, i It1, ITmwhip 1 kweth,
-z 2 Z
Sjz z
_- j
Rtnge 5 Bat, also ef washtenew or-ty, Michigan.23
The theamal infrared imge was originally produced
for the Forest services, Uiited ftat* Department of Agricul-
ture, and has since boon incorpetadte into the Uaiversity
of Illineois Comattee on Aerial Phetegrephy series Image
So. 902, entitled "Chain of Lakes." It was used in this
form during the field exercieos. She image itself reialt
frem a night flight during the oewamr of 1965 and his &
Scale of 1:46,000, aS offered in the UbiverLity of Illinois
series. Sines the "Chain of Lakes" iage oseepies slightly
more artI thna the phateasM ic, only that part of the image
which is o parible to the eaic will be used in the wahe-
ferm analysis (oee rig. 9).
As tM l UMiveMity of Illinois ceMuittee title im-
plies, both image are dentmiaed by the series of lame
aseering in the upper portion of emsh i"aye. The heavily
*s4*de art in thd ematral pert of the pMatrohktie photo-
rphi is itincthfitel Woods, an expeflamtl forest opweated
by the seM .l of Matural Reereme of the Univerbity of
lCdhigan. Mteh of the rilaing area inelurai in chrase-
U23Mivw iFy a Ido M t'ian, Dheral of latural ts-
*Couroe, ftiI lfl ~ .tl (imp) (Abum Anerilf UilVklaity of
Istehigas, iell .
z z
_j
bI(l
e,
42
terised by open fields, although area of woodland and arp-
load are to be felud at vaiwe loaatiems thkaghrkt. The
M orn River am be seen am kth eastern side of each imawe,
aad a well dewqleped read SMaish i also evidet.
Ihis particular rate 1i situated in a regia enrasc-
teried by a Meries of reespienal moaerme24 and thoir
Maoselated hydrologic features, and thus uehibits a variety
of earftaS fiiturw vegetation aneciations, land use dif-
furentn, aS the diverse gray-tenam afCeelated with emeh
pattelr, befLh L the pandhreatic phateogra~ and the te-kil
infrasd IagJ (See fig. 10).
The SiLlalrit-i amd differe ho between eom-
tifnal pradhseatcic aerial pkofkgraphy Nad Infxared imary
have been promented in this cbptts. Ttr lns~gxy *sets whih
haie bee *Clected to rfeprn t tlhe spectral reatiso will
nw be subjetted to wrefr t Analyfim, with he hi Sith*llgy
d lnaiNni ag mh a1.lj is. b~lag coeimtbd in the fellsMtn~
dpkwtme.
2.4 _tet ...N4. moi l .
fm sMm-l N M frk II ( itlt~at ineprt, a Mfar am-
Merl e on um ete Mir MIag bf anl tM4im nt, UIm pretty v
Simi40ge, mune, 1Wf).
43
U)
o
3l 0
I ... .... .
S4-*
InI
--4
-.I
r-i
....I
CMWR III
WvaVUreO JmAMYS I0al QfOioT
sIns-i14a. SIlamnu
For eone time electronic eagin lr have analysed
the character ad quality of their signals and teCted cer-
tain instruments with waveform monitors. Thewe monitors
graphically display on a oathede-ray tube the Actwal ear-
tesian-ceerdinat waves represonting the voltage fluctu-
atione oeurring in electronic *LgalS. Ameng their usee
in electronics is the monitsriag of signals ee etituting
canventioel television transmiessie. When allied in this
an or one of their primary fU ition is the calibration of
gray-teea level and black-to-white ceatreat ratio of tele-
vision pictures, using a refereMee-veltge level. One of
the advantage of Applying such an ifMtriumMt to the am-ly-
sie of telvwis.on Signals is that say *en line antained
in the collection of paallel seen Lieft (termed the WV
ratherr") may be selected ar wavefoer atedy.
In sade to apply: euch ifmtrutmtatim to the peek-
Le of quantifying geo glr.phic diat.r.lwti.*s, it is me ue
44
45
to rqvtjewt (1) UNO iastrvwwntation" rmtr weit
with Amegew vwettea mnaly*sfs (k) tse sAqigiflanwm of
greY-tames~ renoedod in tlse vAsible sa"& issread pftlemo ati
too &*Letxwmegvst~ic WpOW&trut (3) **Amwey wri"*&tj~nieswd
di*PL*y before* tb* tme*l*viate Cag0MM; (4) &eas-lifte #a"ke-
tia"e1 Mnd (5) amnatetstw *wemain cm, Ommanibl* *tehe an
the **tSseat gae sts .
before a t*Levis&Mk ahm a h 19ep mg 6paa
on 4L somveawmw*el agtter, A mw%%alt masitor mar %W d",
nectto to bso~f OWW*aIe agt ne00, LWS JAW 00ft 1-00
ieaw e inteewwp eg olagsp~61 ipee
IA" *&Loed*" atr h wemsaie anae e
QOWWWO AaWo" *l**4 awt to r AgW. %*t ik ^*WNW
of tlaw la, regret t trovow** *I"s tAme *LMewt44wjjly
*1Ost Agh *""a lIAA% '00u wsA *epadf to lates 40ft 1,1*
is 6 tom*toem *0 0Ad 0004Ath 4Ag 44 umg Aystv m* set **
Xtowekvev a aliy so A *Mwwmlse OmgwtO, tub *%ppea
4~4 agso ta 5 mtdr 9**aehme toik*
Fig. 11. Monitor presentation of thermal infrared image
and waveform monitor display of waveform
produced by scan line crossing center of image.
47
... ....
Op"i :::
anoii ,
I- . .. j i T. I ...
....... ... ........... A ~ISwM l *al fSfii" N
is.....h n. ... a a
mmm mm Ey^ ^ lg l mm:: mm J Hi^....l ..... |fti l :::IIIIIHHHIIIE .......
is iiaii n ...i -" ie *: iaiiiiaii....t
*lb- aslhiw wPi M Mm e&'
.. ... ..
e lt a'+i+ w+' w i
s i l... ..g ..l.
"a : .re- .. ... ..fhl.. -' AfES .
...... .. .
iiiiiiiiiliH |iiiiii iiiii i .iiiiu.iiii i.l...ii.... .... ... .iij
ma ne. We"
:~~~~ ini*-" '^"illiJii
In the interval rezired efr the scanning of each
teloviieon line, voltage flutuathoeeM freeing ig gray-tom
level changes psoeived by the eemae a re presented on the
efthode-ray tube of the waveTofm u m &te with Iame fixed
dagroe of aso 3rcy. TWh degges O s gearaswy of thin rawel -
eemtation t a uanct ieR of twn indeinMfdMt vlriablaO Ied
-ne depeadet triatble. The two ine pendrnt vrlablea are
inhMreat dFtafltel tteM Of f the waW9erm almeter and are
efmattae Smr M y particular instriment.
the first ifepeAlmiut vLaiable involved is the fre-
qwmaey ropease eraleturi tLe of the mmniter itSe This
savelves the i blity oE the lintwirmat fa dismarmn all
vwtLage lfmetuM lsm thrraghout the range of frequemcies
aeatmAi d in the iput signal. ae seemed indoepedeat vasi-
able is the miality of the isetruieat to rearEd or "write"
theIt nmil voltags fluetuati g .a t ay setually cuw.
fhis laftir ability i# usually e4ramila in thim o* the
bMi ity of "ri*m t& m" or, in its ~Sppi Msa*, "ftll
tiM." y definitJen and owvenatimte., rice tUM is the
Linite loeg h of tis required for the writingg er efeased-
ing of 80 piaraSt 1f the Im tEn c |l madet &ag Mitt.l eof
LUS, A "* "".rD t at of
Jtih Akm r T l al figiMi 1l-:m.0 1bgwu 1Ars U.$. oJi .
flvber, Tl1), 0i. i*.
:............ ... ... . .. . .
.i i*. ....... .... : . ..
SiA"a.. ...fi. I ..
wa b fl fl 0., .e.S
..' ..l -i1R Ae No".i. i m .. ..
S.. W ......... .
.a.n. l l : a ta .. t ....... in t ": t i .t
...... 1 < : ":j E ... .. 1" t{ 1J: l H m 11 i HE. ... .M OEE
a. s ae 3 ,liSm lrugani a aiie canna so, as a, go
.a ...... n n.mll.. Ill Agg+Ea ... A elhl. t.h ......
*Ia:f l.. ... ...mU i.W :,: s aM: U ..:I W ....
innem .a e a. agionme me ap .me.... n ..t g
. la a.. . W .. e..S ..
-ns amm *bm...a a1' ma n age
a m s f S-t+++-+ ++ 6+ Wm h W R m)(m(((((((((((((((((((((((((
O.. ) i( ( (*()()(( "u b rZ )((tM(i u 4 9( ()J(( )(( ) ((m ((( + ((((((((((((((((((((((((((
so
weaouroiee, e iae the aecbul lamgk of rwse time it directly
proportiomnl to the pAramnt9ge voltage difteweec. In pame-
ties, thea, the actual wavelerm apiduung on the maelter As
a function not only of the chabteter Qf the objectt matter
being televiald, but i alo inflintieed to sem extent by
the freqoaogy remonme nd rise-tim dh ftwqFtristie of the
Wre*Srm akCiter.
Iemn Iltirpetmal myaeitier ai eIloyed for imaegry
p~WreSMilti, ald this infk ry subjcted to any Sort of inter-
pretive *MlysiL the gray-tones MA tkfir spatial diatri-
ulteon pattb er produced on the Ulyery dAend not only on
the pertleei r phemmima being amiaed, but alse on the Bme-
Lag eytaIg b*ing apmlayed.
Most g o9 pere are r* iltar to ome dyegee with
the pattyams Id mouemig of gray-tmi Man an aeruentei al
panehrflMtfe aetial photography. A tems are familiar
with these itiL m AS e in phetqagrphi infrared i&lCerw.
Still ftiwe are the *mbLern *of itwtigatera fSutlier with
the basie dignifiebmie of gray- iwNl resuirde on other types
of reamte-mSser iumi y.
Sesame none of the rAare-ilh eLtibmdd-eeamt
LmeaW reenrds all tin vwIgI rl0lnt :,n -edft.l- of tihe
lkMH:N:fmfig diles eek H .3MwL *Se-e sw the ohb-
Jun. bainL: hbga-- p Of ta want 2 ls u g, few ample
(pIm 0:4. 44, Ui. team re ag r c.tst.ec.wtic of cultiuwl
fwtwa d*l n bmsdiamsf. rqafi, paeftas lea, e41NgI
LiaSS, ete. EIS*-*i4mflty ,flr-tmen isatiie. atfladi
erftltiloS, -mI M 4hurLuht ltse sib psedsae mI *W1 .*m
p601e.d open f1 UdW. em the urs 4 Ioge (oar gi9. 5o, n:
tlke Oahe hMd, the )&flt M tfl rOwat f rm the ipSrd.
rnewo aud Naft amd buJLiLungs fmlBe emistwnedctt. %a43q th:
iatgefr.at* yon-e. ar* iaeateAf 6f paved rmiO it
0emtai iMttiS -= thfis tiEIp 4d tiMh hLaLL&a Ii raie
the tUcat" e *bIy UE5A1AgIt.Au 1 Wt *e 0 pft4WSS B AINAUir
apsiim IAble. th g b*e9 i idMe in 4ite toon 10-ffih H Imp.
for aqg fierLd fee 06. 4), SMa &pir bir W da pe
diaWwm (a&iws om 11A1 ln al .Itg14y offAt (.I f
bagas, US 41ff IimetAat ti m dSI. man
ditened S rlf l. ... estAt.) iA... .eai a ..5 .is.
q a WaR : **r a 0 ages sI aste imas faA se
tanumm Se aii iiiiiinr i.m n . .i.l.lt.
i iMl *U 1 l .r4e i ....
'I
.. 91 1
52
surface. The aeeaiulation of these gray-tons in n orderly
manner permits identifiestion of geographic patterns amsoci-
afed with theral differences, with the warmr area being
rezaded as lighter gray-tenos. VASil J1A'M5" is d~LeLted by
the warmer lales in the uppn pl t a&nd the MuesB River OK-
teIding through the rilht center. The liner re d paterse
are mlie promeat, and paved majf reads are distinguish-
able irea unpaved secondary read. Fernsted ar as are
dbarettwibed by intermedir gatdr tt es, with eoniferou
sqeltation being slightly wnetF in the .tampLu than decidu-
ous vYetAtcie. Open fields are lightly cooler than
fteeted aMse, and msweplads ehiAbit the colest tempera-
ture reederdl on this iage.
msair oriartJ.an a Ba aaAsy
ina rdor to eliminate lighting glare and provide
oeenistent aritleation of im ery diSplayed before the tile-
vision oat"er, sth Jlge we* ptaid oen an siael hatmg a
tiltable hImd. This allowed eh JAmge to be or mbed per-
pediidiAla e the Camnra on all R ,m AIfte th dmara se.
feusead, the bekeground ligh-thi vwa peflitiamd us that me
glare was observd on the ca~se or the moniter. MI the
C aier*, eael, and lighting peoitinim were found to bi mItt-
blil, they waft lift caunstet tuEathf the videos tap6ii -8igtSM
51
mmd/or amoly#*# O mof *go&"~ie mattistpetral 60t.
Two 0een limo e fra &*a% 6 am fttp*-less multbs**d
caWK& iAWWes *or* "&WOWs for wve*era reomrding mod
analysts (~e View, 4, -5, a"d 6) She fiht dAft 11" re
eorftd trfiwrfA" of emeh "moo tkweeg the smeweet~ta Oitt*
in tbt anobr#a sAmt&eC% "oe sow"p eso" ),.A" me*nm the
eaormvd "A GAeWA*d. it woc.seait: OWa 0l4#0aee
would provide a "*xtomo ampluft of different terr*40 tyges
awd dIffenet beandwy aentreeto.
thre sen it"4 vexo Momd) fvw se emeto t*e Pon-
e""ma's a"d thwammt Waro"e $woo" (v" rae. 8 :4" 9):.
Lim I rapomoak" A UAVe6e4 Aftes" theo Iak Nod f
woo*"a in MWe 106.64 pOetUo" aU:**.*. low"! Liam 2 b&*ve"O*
the *sreV*he Pat Of WAW #thet*Wtiad Wh$" b"Oru"m403
raoest. T4*4 A~pWsr* tviovoo" atf skim~soalel ad *000s
Odbaed be*apsom a4 %% veries topa W Wowijaros egtae
isclead. 3 Lioa I e mim %)Woo* the a wauqn io#646e0 e
obuw~i*tt ftom (ItU* t Allfw iaUmt IP teth #Ai~ b
*0hmIMWand to" ~ ON)(m Awt IM M% I4*ityhawa of
coniferous vegetation is present, and in varying ae and
deities.
a-Lite S amb.line of Cawirableo &las
The rime-l sn multibLmd ornr images ued in this
analysis were originally reeorded at the same scale. The
bfegative we r enlarged and printed to the ,sme sale, per-
sltting the sampling of the sam seen line on ech ijrg
amerly by subdtituting images en the easel plead before
the televslan nmmera. This subStitution was accomplished
by o strmsret g a slotted tlmplate cmgble of holding saoh
of the imges in the sme relative paitimn.
Suc a procedure was not possible in the pea hxe-
matic-therml Jinrared multipeoctral nt boE we: of the
somaning geometry distertine a the thermal infrared image.
In Addition, the two image were originally at different
*oalel. Aft*r they had been oeaLod egparably, only the
central Saetiet of the infrrond imb" wma theght to be
suffielently distortion-frae for *iea-lie saletlcten. Two
frim we" emnstructed to preoem the Mcetral parts of each
immge bo the mam semi line. It mSt be nafte, hIeter,
that baeMase of bth diatortiot prreset, only 4ppertabtLy
co~sraoble areas are traversed by duWsequent sefa 1Lue.
his beas aeceanted for some of tel dtflerneste in geJatI
55
pattermS aote gon #bO stratoM $*to# but the** difiAnameWe
are nes1 dre tob boe NminS.
Thm Nowt ftvratl attention W"e lives to the coattruc-
tion of the previewly meatlemed temmplat*0 "an umpting of
tha imbmee 00 that the esot Gwmperal4A *euLat*a sght he iob-
Th* fist 6%periaental arrangmentmi of olectmeate
awoampatts ewd i* W60twoer mentottng was in the vL&Ram-
t4pe-**Cording4 Of test 00404s 6f AdlttApMctra JAIagery (
rig. 12) in tb** 4rrangeomet, tb* tthe"isLiaf Gaspe
Sonpmad tbe is*"e &Ad "MWAr~d it G* *""d to"*. it was.
fndtbat r~eorifgthe 40 ppoe 20 OAWMMW: amid tVAK
he eedbeatethe a in of ast*Akoftaxy km*40& ftr 0
et te eteras prestel o eg tub, ad awy kAmws
of vbseooa~ v$eeing of & pyef#4etly *kit* awrfa40 VW*n Won
Meedewry to *mooe tb* tempo. VW*e *jib* A16o *IUAMhe
t*A pooettility of VNOAteIng *4*&MI** iAWpty *OeM O~tW-
aw9fte *%*ttoas $AK Itawg %04n ummae V060040 vlmlse
w
I-
a.
O
C-
Z
(D
0
W
CL
F-
0
W
t--
g eame g a ur eter l a teo sOWe vAd v ftlae-aoder
*as the Agy t4ee was vwplayed (iefe Pig. 13). %Au wleosxmo
mealterx lw adjistmd aprwplately ad a wtnimkc amif e-
nscpe rws *tteSd to its 4depai tie (see rAg. 14). wlk
oeellleeeoe av S is equipped with a Polareid fiela ik
O pable of hMndling the e11 rl fli Jad to rmernd ilalMnti
tr&a~ md. at fmW eSrfm.
Polaoiid Typo 3000 fil. (ratSe 3000 WJ) wdL gli
in thIs iarsdcifle iy .Mpmermit, bet poved to be mw M .e1; -
tory bmStiM the tm required iw the empqhui ws us yrpI
than e emeulete wYste ft thV fiMLd rFte (30 msoh pI
"eOwed), rpianhi4l a blatted teat.0
Am ea. ,t*Sm" #fclJ m : t.aw leineth oe tiu a se u pM
for t*he rmWlin-6 *a a01I eW*SemW htaMSr aet n t-Mm m ien-
Iman asgattheat .aeaE et the eiikeea "ia il
tenteS. 3n thel WU eudarn EaiomeMer peamnttim the
fit the Ala-eis eaplefl' tah1 *Ad. 14). b w e.g-
theM, thf Oitie wailbili. -*l** At Ai pAI W40
Iesem .. toonss 4*biaS 1 a : go"Il
tbe Am''li, aa WP* mq. ama i
*I
0 0 0
cu E r
i 0)
o 0
C-)
C) 4J
o .
Cf)
0 I.,
W
0
__ '-.-
L >
0
I I
-4
m
o u
Z U)
O >
U I
LL -
(9 U
Co
Li o
a:LL
Fig. 14. Arrangement of components used in oscilloscope
recording of waveforms displayed on Tektronix
Model 529 Waveform Monitor. Camera is mounted
on hinges and is swung out for inspection of
waveform monitor display tube. Waveform can
be viewed through upper part of camera while
film is being exposed.
60
of one entire expanded wuvefrm em for or f iv photographer.
tBfortueately, this require cma aelamibiL period of thu,
at lest 20 minutm, for thJ recording of mea single wve-
form.
Because of the file sped and rewarding cycel tim
probleer it was decided to test the aNspality of another
type of mtvefo muoitor, called the lolerade Vida Model
302 Video Analysr (sm rig. 15). This was a mwr product
capable of sailtanemusly diplaying m a oeanventLal
monitor the la the sea line selected, ad the reialstut
wavefoem umrimapeed on a kheanygblo and poite imeble grid
(see Fig. 16). In short, this Vide A alyser promised to
be the amwmr to quipmMot selection problems, sinte the
brightness of the waveform track and its smpliag grid matd
it poesible to raserd the watlfoxm with aonventional fil m
(ae Pliga. 17 mnd 18). V~fiosm filM were tested to deter-
aine the beet alternative for recording waftfarms produced
an the Mnoe 302 (*ee PgL.u 19 and 20). ll of thdoe films
proved to hlav sufficient re@lution to record the imige
ean line, grid, and wavefom. In feet, their resolution
wee eo great that it was diseanmed that th* wvefoerm pro-
duoGd by the MIbdl 302 wem not really a line but a series of
deta sitmliting a 1e. It wts t&1e disetered th&t the
Fig. 15. Various components used to present and record
waveforms produced by the Colorado Video Model
302 Video Analyzer. Note the arrangement of
image, waveform, and grid on the Conrac Monitor.
A 4
k .i i .
k&rq
'hi---~-"-J
FLg. 16. A 35-millimeter photograph of monitor face. Note
scan line vertically presented on left side of
image, and waveform indicating gray-tone levels
intersected by scan line. Horizontal line at
top of image is electronic "straight edge" used
for correlating specific locations on scan line
and waveform. These elements have been generated
by the Model 302 Video Analyzer.
63
40
0 0
>--
o
a)
.-
-- > I
i_ _. r I _J
SaV
L i
w
4.
a .
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urn
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Fig. 19. A 35-millimeter camera being used to photograph
simultaneously presented waveform, image, and
sampling scan line on monitor, while sampling
location and other pertinent data are noted.
Instrument in right lower foreground is
Colorado Video Model 302 Video Analyzer. Con-
trols on front of Model 302 are for choosing
location and width of scan line.
Fig. 20. A 4" x 5" Speed Graphic with Polaroid Sheet Film
Pack being used in exposure test of Polaroid 55
P/N film. Note grid superimposed on monitor test
pattern by Colorado Video Model 302 Video
Analyzer.
67
so nCS 10090 00 So aJVpt, 04114W is fLO elt-
MiNU ,e 0 pAft rM "etio. "SM taw-
whow t.il -&te .t it e filt the ian oe thu 0*4
*il usiMiS it "s vry ofllllMl t+ Mwi the gei4, dak
taiM Mp aW UaM aatamatha p .a a eay Porte-
sa eume. te aes "N wear .snmetnul nio"i to iANu toG
see" gV66 flfliata fl us afta t -
Wigin aho :ns Ratems, aaget kri ndstS le a- *
wapstis itS-n Skp 1igLa.4g gie eaime
& io0ooo am as i.t. go a Mg
tfam at 1ees tlii hf ttillj tg JtatIut4in g
bhet Sn 1 mfLk%~wt&I Ud
ft41 d i ilAge iglig i e@ gigiir III il l1 *1 4lit *-* jru*'* r: igt gim i
lteIr EM a ta r HMMildWS" I 43li 4Il0 H l l Mo)P- 41).
ea la Oiisitwr s ia mw aa to tX Ala
wof east ftywc Im c1 w Ah twns uw I 1hn e
eat ainu-i. *iauiN "sNW IM. at .Ii! n40 4rr
inS4Im- Slf Sl fl1 111- ^MIB SWM~aMp semi-
at a-: fl A*: ai am~m al-~r MW*
we m iff be^ at ^ IM esmcr
;i''' 1;11 1
Fig. 21. Oscilloscope camera being used to record section
of waveform using Polaroid Type 410 film. Photo-
graph has just been removed from camera back.
..il ji..d jj^^iini ii, j *iriIi Ea r*it ii *Ai rif aS" lial
I ...% ....%L .. ........
.a ... ..... ............
i. .:tis |I
..u.. .o. u .y d b...... ... a
o ib eiglm, *a. :wiw egimr ref Ia ......i. ..
.a.s.mhf m m ao o n : ....t.tt ::
E* h e sl sateea Siia..s1.. ....
a -TW. "e :-wS
ffll1iA I ai ass idi -mA S-iiij
*m gjis an et ilgfgi-e as ag RiII f1 l *H
...* an .a.. .a. *iii
Fig. 22. A 35-millimeter photograph used for locating
traverse of scan line. Image is nine-lens
multiband photograph, Frame 42, Lens 2, Line 2.
wna ipa Warlin to tipn epan-tlacl wpkwar
44 li0 :er aqw yifn5bswt Of that MatLrc. Mam-
Eifliv. i g M .* to 'otMt k* I*Om us a-
Aila e| i ti h jMlea ften e* li ait idee I|iMI-
oiS S iuMAii'i t tlte ILalla fUr mISk 1109 IS bl-
IS).
i., a "S wA .i ni. t iijiiav iioiin bo iew"lmet smlrl
el4 talis s ii l~ ,inpe lwil ilD c 4aiklllml .in Ita
Sti la tIie. .. .a ..a..li i n r I. .r.* l .li
at earsa 1.*l theS faL' atiine e itt r ast a *Ono-
sI &ab.m- a.w aiss patro a. -0
avAlMem MaldamFl>whital "lirs****4giw" -lli pZrWMMils h~ie
0i61g ~l hm rlelamig pNia tle fl4 peafw lt b -li lltMe
ray ta.Ug
A tf qq-*acoaek AW.sibs at f fli
of sees eesaemat e bSfllfl' 3* a
"ft" else' HH.e aine peaStem. alligamagght magma Hcta m\
COabGe s MMWoP bPfWiwsB. S|MfibuW guf1 s a. ligt i- illl to
inbH- l andis WIe m- pm-.H i W l of slir.l.i.H. *. . ...i.l.
su. & giai ia5 bbs iineis eflligIbiri
p... ...... ..e. .... .I
fLa"m a.*60 n~~o"MUM Oro""
72
mad a minimis amount of signal neie. Other controls of the
wavforem miter include the mnpnification feature ntInmed
previously, a traws-illuination caeatrsl, a d a ontol for
changing the lateral position of the wrefiorm in order to
view Ameselwve portions of it when either of the mqaeifies-
ties poaitiome is need.
Variations in empsure timing of the oMcillosoope
menra do net influence the gray-tawe levels presented on
the wavefera miter. Onee a usable empeure time and lens
UtlaW are feond, they are mai*nalaml throughout the re-
mordiag.
Future IfltamWAntion Ad44dt1i
asin ean of the smjer deombsl t in the waveform
eaMlysis per diaure is the resedl g of the actual waveforum
u'ing an e eille ampe acMya, it is plenIed to include an
X-Y axis strlp-dr rt recorder (efe Fiye. 23 and 24) imong
the eperiaMatalA emoponente. This will pesmit dirmt
goaphifel racewding of the caeje displayed ea the waveform
mwnitoe eathode-tay tube. without hoping to reeert to the
laborious proawes of putting the wauvferm reserded oa
lPeFtAd fle into asmly tble graphifal fat.
A&Uitlana instrumntl ation pl *lse inetdr e the
ume of televisim o -G-ji, manitews, ad ftwefoerm methte
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wftem hawvil tmiw amyr hlgrt r-alautir Cl tity.
sinas ash *f the ewlvAmna plaisld itilggm (J g..
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-M Seamery to meAt. theen pffglgphe in osdc to bWW
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mfLt.ldtsd belste the pbitegA'g wse #pAd, 1a P oftilb4|p -
floift safrtal .auenmem SatwSSeh Wanroia s eauggs Wha
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ii emst ts in f wate .slie I. li flitiesee sgAeutSs
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conv*mti al of all variables deblda with waes. Wmrr
variables are rmlitwae sad frhatoer. bmlitvue of a wav
acn be simply stated as the difpate *way E.m the ieu
line or reerenee line of any point On the wave as m ured
Along the T-miLS. In this case, the amplitude of any point
on the wavefor is in reality the my-toae le el of that
point, epraeweed as a peeentage of white (100 percent on
Figure 25, for mnmle, gray-tene level, as sampled eey
0.10 inch, would be for Terrain Type "A" (reading left to
right): 44 perient, 38 perIent, 32 perct. etc.
Frequency, on the other hand, is smiply the number
of fluctuwttion occurring per unit length of the msrv. A
cesriptLon of the derivation and signifiouse of the ata-
tittioal parz ters pertaining to wavefem which ohve evolved
durLa this research will oce"fy several of the following
pagme.
LbS OM M 1h SI tale I(n
A eotain mnoter of gany-tne level eIpXlee are
taken frem eadh of the berrain-type occurraeno. In Piure
25, for NMemle, in I rrainTe Type "An a wald e4al 20
SMmles. Bask 0.1-ineh Lt.mer gritd tivisie is us"d be a
se lmiagm point, and all ceah divtioeei eameusa or isteflfLebt
(See left-head e4ge of ferria wype "I") rE4 meisnrM gs: