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;. K ~ "' *-i~ ?ir ** w SU. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. S OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS-BULL 9EAo. LO 0 A. C. TRUE, Directo 1% S SEP 196 5 EXPERIMENT b ^ ON THE Metabolisml of Matter and Ei F F-0E T. 1890- BY U.S. DEPOSITORY k 1 1 in the Human Body, 900. . 0. ATWATER, PH. D., AND F. G. BENEDICT, PH. D., WITH THE COOPERATION OF BRYANT, M. S., A. W. SMITH, M. S., AND J. F. SNELL, PH. D. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902. A. P. n1 * .1 Iat 'S. EI. . i,:., ;. ..., ;r!;;; - --------- - - ....... .... .. ... ..... OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A. C. TRUE, Ph. D.-Director. E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D.-Assistant Director. C. F. LANGWORTHY, Ph. D.-Editor and Expert on Foods and Animal Production. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS, MIDDLETOWN, CONN. W. O. ATWATER, Ph. D.-Special Agent in Charge. C. D. WOODS, B. S.--Special Agent at Orono, Me. F. G. BENEDICT, Ph. D.-Physiological Chemist. A. P. BRYANT, MI. S.-Editorial Assistant. R. D. MILNER, Ph. B.-Assistant. 2 t* s*. i," V"' i:! ;I LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Washingtm, cC.. Dcjibkr 15. 1901. SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a general report of 13 experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, by W. O. Atwater. special agent in charge of nutrition investi- gations, and F. G. Benedict. expert in these investigations, with the cooperation of A. P. Bryant. A. W. Smith, and J. F. Snell. Valuable aid was also rendered by Messrs. P. B. Hawk. H. 31. Burr. E. Oster- berg, and others. In addition to the details of these 13 experiments on the general subject of the metabolism of matter and energy a con- siderable number of general deductions are drawn from the experi- ments as a whole. These experiments form part of a series which is in progress at Mid- dietown, Conn.. in cooperation with the Storrs Agricultural Experi- ment Station and Wesleyan University. They were made with the Atwater-Rosa respiration calorimeter. The apparatus and the earlier experiments have been described in previous bulletins of this Office (Nos. 44. 63. and 69). Such experiments as those reported have for their ultimate object the study of the fundamental laws of nutrition. The results obtained are of such a nature as to warrant the conclusion that the respiration calorimeter is a satisfactory instrument of preci- sion. The experiments here described, like those previously reported. yield important data regarding the transformation and the conserva- tion of energy in the body, the demands of the body for nutrient. the effects of muscular work upon that demand. and the nutritive values of different nutrients and different foods. The report is submitted with the recommendation that it be published as Bulletin No. 109 of this Office. Respectfully. A. C. TRUE. D r -ctr. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary qf Aqricl ltur:. .: :ii m .. ... .. . .t '...ii pB '4r ''' ~ -;;;;;;~1~I;;;:I~~ c; I;iil;! I' CONTENTS. Page. Introduction .... ............................--- ....... ..---- .----.----- 7 The questions studied ... ..........--- ...............-------------------- 7 General plan of the apparatus and the experiments ...--------------......- 9 Test experim ents--... ..................................--------- ----- --.-- . Sampling of the air current for analysis .......---.--....------------------- 14 Experiments with men ------....................----------------------------------...................-- 15 Preparation, sampling, and analysis of foods ...................-------- 16 Determination of nitrates and nitrites in the water of perspiration-...---. 1 Record of body weight, temperature, and pulse rate .--.......---... .... 19 Measurement of muscular work ....................................... 20 Details of the experiments .--------...-----------.----------------------- 21 Metabolism experiment No. 11 ........................................ 21 Metabolism experiment No. 13 --------............--...--...--....... ... 2 Metabolism experiment No. 14 ...................................... 40 Metabolism experiment No. 21 ..----.......--..--.... -----............ 51 Metabolism experiment Nos. 23 and 24 --................................ 58 Metabolism experiment No. 25 ....----------------------------.-----. 71 Metabolism experiment Nos. 26 and 28 --...-------------.----------.-. SO Metabolism experiment Nos. 29 and 31 .......-.--------.--...-- ---.... 94 Metabolism experiment Nos. 32 and 34 --.....----------.... ----------. 107 Summary and results of the experiments.............-------------....---- ..--..... 121 Scope of the investigations ----....--. ..-........--- .-----............ 121 Summary and results of individual experiments .---....---..----------- 125 Food materials supplied and consumed, and the difference in demand by men at rest and at work ............................................ 128 * Elimination of water ................................................ 131 Elimination of carbon dioxide .--...- ..---- ..--------....--- .......... 136 Elimination of energy ................................................ 138 Income and outgo of energy .........-..... ..... ....................... 44 5 .. ............... : i. A ,4 . :. ': I' I" METABOLISM OF MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE HUMAN BODY. INTRODUCTION. The present report gives the details of 13 experiments upon the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, made at Middle- town, Conn., under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, in cooperation with the Storrs Experiment Station and Wesleyan University. These experiments, which are in continuation of those reported in earlier bulletins of this series,a were carried on during the years 1898 to 1900, with the same respiration calorimeter b and by the same methods. In addition to the experiments reported in the present bulletin, 11 other experiments, which for convenience of reference have been numbered consecutively with these, were made with the same apparatus at Wesleyan University, during the same years, in connection with an independent investigation, and are reported elsewhere.( QUESTIONS STUDIED. As has already been explained, the ultimate purpose of experiments with men in the respiration calorimeter is the study of some of the fundamental laws of nutrition, and the whole inquiry is based upon the principle that the chemical and physical changes which take place within the body, and to which the general term "metabolism" is ap- plied, occur in obedience to the laws of the conservation of matter and of energy. No one doubts that the law of the conservation of matter governs its metabolism in the living organism, and it is generally believed that the law of the conservation of energy likewise applies to the metab- olism of energy. Quantitative determinations of the applications of this law are, however, desirable. *U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 44, 63, and 69. b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 44 and 63. See also Conn. (Storrs) Sta. Rpt. 1897, p. 212, and Physical Review, 9 (1899), pp. 130-163, 214-251. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. VIII, Sixth Memoir, 1902. 8 The main subjects proposed for study have been the following: (1) The application of the law of the conservation of energy in body. An experimental demonstration of the action of this law was ;::: the first object sought. The. fundamental principle once proven, thi-.: apparatus and methods can be utilized for the study of some of the.. fundamental problems of the science of food and nutrition. : (2) The quantities of nutrients and energy metabolized by men under different conditions of rest and muscular and mental exercise. (3) The amounts of nutrients and energy required for internal phys- iological work, as that of respiration, circulation, and digestion. (4) The relation between external muscular work and the nutrients and energy metabolized in its performance. This general problem includes the narrower one of the power of the body as a machine to convert the potential energy of its food and of its previously stored material into muscular energy. Viewed from one standpoint this latter phase of the subject is the same as that to which the expression "the animal body as a prime motor" is frequently applied. From another standpoint it includes the comparison of the animal body with steam engines and other sources of power in respect to the economy with which the energy of fuel is utilized, the fuel in the case of the animal being its food, while in the case of the ordinary machine it is coal, oil, gas. or wood. (5) The transformations of nutrients and energy in mental work. (6) The capacities of the different classes of nutrients to supply the body with material and energy, the proportions in which they may replace one another in building tissue or yielding energy as heat or as muscular work, and their power to protect one another and the mate- rials of the body from consumption. (7) The nutritive values of food materials and the fitting of food to the needs of the consumer. Of the above problems all have received considerable attention except No. 5, which has to do with food and mental work. This has I as yet been made the especial subject of only one experiment. It is hoped that the study of this problem may also be entered upon in the not too distant future. Besides the problems thus detailed a number of others have received attention. Among these are: (8) The digestion and assimilation of food materials. (9) The quantities of carbon dioxid, water, nitrogen, and other materials excreted by the body as well as the energy given off -as heat .- and as external muscular work under different conditions of work and rest, together with the rates of elimination at different periods of the day and night. In this connection the respiratory quotient has also been considered. (10) The temperature of the body and its variation during different periods of the day and under different conditions of work, rest, and sleep. (11) The need of ventilation in so far as the comfort of the person under experiment is affected by the proportions of carbon dioxid, and water in the air in the respiration chamber. (12) Finally, a large amount of time. thought, and labor has been devoted to the elaboration and testing of the apparatus and methods of experimenting. Five years were thus used before the first actual experiments with men were made, and more or less attention is being constantly given to the same subject. GENERAL PLAN OF THE APPARATUS AND THE EXPERIMENTS. The description of the apparatus and the methods of manipulation of the experiments have been given with sufficient detail in the former publications already referred to. It is sufficient to say in this connec- tion that the essential features of the apparatus are a chamber large enough to permit a man to stand up and lie down at full length: appli- ances for measuring and analyzing a ventilating current of air: arrange- ments for passing food and drink into the chamber and removing the solid and liquid excreta. all of which were carefully weighed and sampled for analysis: and devices for determining the heat given off from the body of the man in the chamber, and, in work experiments. for determining the heat equivalent of the muscular work done. Measurements were made of income and outgo of both matter and energy in the man's body during the period of the experiment. The chemical analyses included determinations of the total quantities of the nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, water, and mineral matter of food, drink, and respiratory and excretory products. In obtaining the income and outgo of energy, the potential energy of the food eaten and of the solid and liquid excreta was determined by means of the bomb calorimeter, and the kinetic energy given off by the subject was measured by the respiration calorimeter and accessory apparatus. TEST EXPERIMENTS. Before the respiration calorimeter can be used in such experiment- ing, its accuracy, both as a respiration apparatus and as a calorimeter, should be demonstrated. Two methods have been adopted for testing its accuracy; first, by generating known amounts of heat electrically, and, second, by burning known amounts of pure ethyl alcohol within the respiration chamber and measuring the heat and the chemical products of combustion. The mean of five electrical tests of the apparatus, made previous to the experiments here reported, showed a variation between the heat actually measured and that generated so small as to be far within the limits of experimental error. The mean of nine experiments, in which known amounts of ethyl alcohol were burned Within the chamber of the calorimeter and the carbon dioxid, water, 10 h.. and heat given off were determined, showed variations betwee-l observed and the theoretical amounts no greater than are o . obtained by the usual analytical methods employed in the lao . The detailed description of the electrical and alcohol test expert il may be found in earlier bulletins of this series." Without going further into the details of the experiments it suffice to say that they were conducted in the same way as the similar test experiments previously reported, by burning within the caloriimW eter a known amount of ethyl alcohol in a specially arranged lam and determining the amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat givea off. The air current which passed through the chamber and the con-. ditions of the experiment were very similar to those when a man was confined within the apparatus. As stated above, the electrical tests were all made previous to the time of the experiments here reported. Of the other test experi-: ments, the details of which have already been published, one, No. 9,: was made in the late spring of 1898, at the close of the second of thi metabolism experiments here described. During the summer of 1898' no experiments were carried on with the respiration calorimeter. The: first test experiment of the fall commenced November 3, 1898. The agreements between the determined and theoretical amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat, while not as close as had sometimes been found, were probably within the limits of experimental error, thus indicating that the apparatus was in good working condition. Follow- ing this test came metabolism experiment No. 13, reported in this bul- letin, which was immediately followed by another test experiment, No. 11. About the middle of December, 1898, still another test experiment,- No. 12, gave results which indicated that the apparatus was in satis- factory condition, although the measurement of water was not as close as might be desired. This test was followed by metabolism experi- ment No. 14, the details of which are given further on. The calorim- eter was then used for some experiments not reported in this bulletin. At their close test No. 13 was made, which again showed the apparatus to be in satisfactory condition, although the water determined was in excess of the theoretical. Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 2B: followed the completion of test No. 13, and one week after their co" pletion test No. 14 was made. In this latter test, while the results of the determinations of carbon dioxid and water given off in the appl ratus agreed very closely with the theoretical, it was found that thei heat measured by the calorimeter was 3.2 per cent less than the heat theoretically given off by the combustion of the alcohol. Test expert- ment No. 15, made in December, 1899, showed similar agreements ot! carbon dioxid and water, and disagreement of heat. It was also found,: aU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, pp. 38-74; 69, pp. 8-17. 11 by thermal a tests and electrical tests that the measurement of heat by the apparatus was not correct. An electrical test made in the early part of December, 1899, showed a loss of over 3 per cent of the heat put into the apparatus. A thermal test made at this time showed that there was trouble with the thermo-electric elements.b The difficulty apparently lay in a slight short circuit of these at some point, which interfered with the accuracy of the measurements. Just when the short circuiting occurred it is impossible to say. The test experiment preceding metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24 showed the apparatus to be in a satisfactory condition. Test experi- ments made shortly after the close of these experiments showed a dis- crepancy in the heat measured as compared with that theoretically given off. There is nothing to indicate whether the trouble occurred before, during, or at the close of this series of metabolism experi- ments or in the short interval immediately following. The agreement of the theoretical energy of the material oxidized in the body and that measured by the calorimeter in metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24 would seem to indicate that the trouble did not occur until the close of the series. Had it occurred before or during these experiments the heat as actually determined by the apparatus would doubtless have been about 3 per cent smaller than the amount which would have been measured had the apparatus been in its usual condition. This would make the heat measured by the calorimeter much smaller in amount than the theoretical heat given off by the oxidation of material in the body of the subject, the deficiency being larger than has been found in previous experiments. Since it is impossible to determine just when the trouble arose, the details of experiments Nos. 23 and 24 are here given with the values actually obtained, and the supposition is made that the trouble in the apparatus occurred after the close of the experiments. The data are, however, given by which any correction which seems fitting can be applied. After test experiment No. 15, some repairs were made in the apparatus, following which came test experiment No. 16. in which ethyl alcohol was burned in the respiration chamber. In this test the results obtained were very near the theoretical values for carbon dioxid and heat, but nearly 4 per cent more water was found than should have been obtained from the quantity of ethyl alcohol burned. It was thought best, however, not to delay further the metabolism experiments of 1899-1900, therefore no other test experiments were made until April, 1900, at the close of metabolism experiment No. 34. At this time test experiment No. 17 gave results very similar to those obtained in the previous test experiment, and indicated that the measurements of water in the test experiments were "U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, p. 15. bU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 63, p. 17. 12 over 4 per cent too large. This excess of water may have been 4u I to either or.all of several causes. There may have been a small leak:: whereby air from the room was drawn into the ventilating air current-:: ll at some point beyond the freezer "a for the incoming air; but care- ful examination failed to reveal any noticeable leak inside the chamber,: though later experiments implied that there may have been a leak in :i the valve box," through which the air passed on its way from the chamber to the meter pump. It is possible that some of the moisture condensed on the outside of the valve box may have found its way into the air current. This would increase the amount of water found by analysis of the outgoing air, but would not materially affect the determination of either carbon dioxid or heat. There may have been evaporation of water which had condensed on the absorbers.and walls i of the chamber before the test began; however, there could not have :: been sufficient water present to account for all of the excess. Taking everything into consideration we do not feel warranted in assuming any definite error in the determination of water in metab- olismn experiments Nos. 25-34. Such error, if it existed, would not affect the nitrogen and carbon balance at all and would hardly affect. the heat balance appreciably. From the figures for test experiments : Nos. 16 and 17 it will be observed that the excess of water found over. the theoretical amounted to not far from 1 gram per hour. If we assume in experiments Nos. 25-34 a leak in the air current sufficient : to account for about 1 gram of water per hour or 24 grams per day, the values given in column e of Tables 91, 106, 122, and 138 would be too large by a corresponding amount, and the figures in columns and g of these same tables would be 14 calories too large. This amount would make a maximum error of 0.5 per cent in the heat in the rest experiments (Nos. 25, 26, and 28) and about 0.3 per cent in the work experiments (Nos. 29, 31, 32, and 34). The results of test experiments Nos. 1-9 have already been pub- lished.b The results of tests Nos. 10-17 are summarized in Table 1, together with the mean results of tests Nos. 1-9. The proportion of absolute ethyl alcohol (by weight) in the commercial alcohol burned in the lamp in the different test experiments was as follows: Test N, . 10. 91.03 per cent; tests Nos. 11-14, 90.85 per cent; and tests Nos.: 15-17, 90.57 per cent. SU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 63, p. 30... b U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, p. 50; 69, p. 13. .1 'a.. I . a[ E "".k 13 TABLE 1.-Summary of test experiments in which deatil l'o ho! r'i. ,,roerl in fh. respirr- fion chamilr. Carbon dioxide. .Alc-'ohnl Duration. burned in lamp. qRe-d quired. Ratio of amount Fund. folun'd to am, uiint reuirrrd. November 3 to 4. 19.......................... Novem ber 1.5 to 1d. 19S" ....................... December 13 to 14 19" ....................... February 24 to 25. 1~9 ...................... March )9 to 31, h 9.......................... December 13 to 14.1'99. ........................ December 19 to 21. 9 .......................... April 6 to 7.190 .............................. Total of tests 10 to 17 ................... Total of tests 1 to 9* .................... Total ..f tests 1 to 17 ................... A. in. 35 4-1 *- .. , 24 ) *52 -ki 37 -P0 2t. 12 Q, 59 2'9 11 :317 1) r-"6 31 619. 4 1. 07-. 4 4-5. 7 47. - 1. :01.)- 1.73". 9 '25.4 1. 42s. .......... 9 347. . ... .. .. .......... 19.- 9. Alcohol Duration. burned. in lamp. Water. Ratio of. Re- F,-.-l. found to qu mliredunr req uirt-d. November 3 to 4. 1, ......................... November 15 to 16, 19S ....................... December 13 to 14, %9 ...................... February 24 to 2. 199 ........................ March 29 to 31. 199.......................... December 13 to 14. 199 ....................... December 19 to 21. 189 ...................... April 6 to 7.1900 .................. ....... Total of tests 10 to 17 .................. Total of tets 1 to 9 .................... S Total of tests 1 to 17 ................... As. in. F}rrist *TraTf;._. 35 44 6 ,..7 772.5 3:? O 751.'2 '49. -27 ... A19.4 717.2 24 () 545.7 631.9 52 40 1. Il.6 1. 1.5.7 37 40 2. 4 -J.1 26 12 4>.. . '9 59 .539. 2 623. 269 11 .......... 6..2 7.6 317 2h) .......... 6. >r . 5.' 31 .......... 12. 2' .4 Hreat. Alcohol Duration. burned in lamp. Re- quired. Ratio -of amount Found. found tr. amount required. n. n. G rai ms. ."al ories. November 3 to 4,1896 ........ ............... 34 44 666.7 .29. November 15 to 16. 189 ................. .... 35 00 751.2 4.-2.6 December 13 to 14,18 ...................... 27 56 619.4 3.976.9 February 24 to 25, 1899 ........................ 24 ( 545.7 3. 503.6 March 29 to 31, 1899.......................... 52 40 1,001.6 [6.4:30.7] December 13 to 14,1899....................... 37 40 r5. [5.283.0] December 19 to 21,1899 ...................... 26 12 43..7 2. 907.9 April 6 to 7,1900 ............................. 29 59 539.2 3.450.9 Total of tests 10to 17b .................. 269 11 .......... 51.3 Total of tests 1 to 9a ................... 317 0 .......... 41.702. STotal of tests I to17...... ............. 56 31 .......... 655.1 .......... 1 a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, pp. 13-14. b Omitting the determinations of heat in Nos. 14 and 15. Date. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 I 1 : 1 ' I.1u:... 1. '2-.'3. 7 t 1. (r7.7 1 a4:3. ' 1. 744. re 1. 124. - 75M. "2 19. 9 ]* ('. 3 'is i *: :.3 1'. 3 9'., 99.7 ?9. 9 No. Date. Fr r_,' .e . 773. 5 -7-.2 6-13. 1 l. 7,. 7 '.5.9 '27. 7 63,. 9 6.:315..3 6.0";. 12.379. 1 31 .,. 1 ] 9%. 4 I s 101. S I(:r..4 F. 0 1un. 5 lI:4. ' 11"0.6 1 t. 9 -Date. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 K 17 4.269. 1 4..44.4 3.960.1 3. 497.9 [6.-22. [. 145.3] 2.S01. 6 3,464. A t2, 837.9 41.675. 4 64,513.3 Pcr e. it. 99.5 1'W. .5 99.6 99. 8 96.7 97.5 99.7 100.3 99.9 99.9 99.9 ~ ---- ..:ffl ii 14 The table shows the duration of the tests, the amount of alcohol burned in the lamp, and the theoretical amount of ear . dioxid, water, and heat which would have been produced by the O bustion of the alcohol as compared with the amounts actually foundi As previously noted, the agreement between theoretical values andiE. those actually obtained is, as a rule, very close. SAMPLING OF THE AIR CURRENT FOR ANALYSIS. Two methods have been employed for sampling the outgoing current of air for analysis. After this current of air has left the cooling apps- i ratus where the major portion of the water has been condensed, small, samples of about 150 liters each during every six-hour period are drawn by the aspirators. The details of this method and the formulas used for calculating and correcting the results are given in a previous- publication."a The greatest objections to the use of the aspirators as a methdd of sampling the air are: (1) The number of corrections for temperature,. , barometric pressure, and tension of aqueous vapor which have to be. made in finding the actual volume of air drawn into the aspirators; (2) the variations in the speed of the motor driving the meter pump and, consequently, in the volume of the ventilating air current, these not being accompanied by corresponding variations in withdrawal of the sample, and (3) the irregularity with which the sample is drawn. By means of an automatic device for regulating the speed at which the water runs out from the aspirators it has been possible of late to make this rate very uniform. At the same time relatively small fluctuations might introduce errors. Thus, if the aspirators emptied more slowly than the normal at a period when the man was giving off more than the average amount of carbon dioxid, as, for instance, when he was weighing the "absorbers" or doing other special work, the measured amount of carbon dioxid, as determined by the aspiratois,:.i'' would be smaller than the amount actually eliminated, and vice versa. The meter-pump method, briefly described in a previous bulletin,': affords, theoretically, an almost perfect means of sampling the venti-4 lasting air current. The arrangements for carrying out this method are as follows: The air from each fiftieth stroke of the pump is collected alternately in two tin receptacles, from which it is withdrawn by suc- tion and passed through tubes filled with pumice stone and sulphuric acid, and with soda lime for the absorption of the water and carbon dioxid, respectively. In the earlier experiments in which the meter, pump was used for moving the ventilating air current this method of sampling had not been perfected. In test experiments Nos. 9-12 the: UI. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 63, pp.34, 35. bU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 63, p. 31. : 15 carbon dioxid as determined in the sample drawn by the meter pump was slightly nearer the theoretical than the corresponding values obtained by the aspirators. Variations in the amounts of water as determined in the samples drawn by the meter pump were a little greater than those for carbon dioxid. The comparative results obtained by the two methods in test experiments Nos. 9-12 are shown in the following table: TABLE 2.-Comparison of determinations of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air current by means of the aspirators and of the meter pmnp. S Dura- a tion. h. m, 9 35 55 10 35 44 11 35 00 12 27 56 Theo- retical amount from alcohol burned in lamp. Grams. 1,206.9 1,159.8 1,304. 2 1,075.4 Carbon dioxid. Determined- By meter pump. Gra mis. 1,199.2 1. 163. 9 1, 293. 7 1,067.7 P. (l. 99.4 100.3 99.2 99.3 Grams. 1,198.9 1,087.0 1.287.9 1,083.2 P. ct. 99.3 93.7 98.7 100.7 Water. Theo- Deter retical amount from alcohol By meter pump. burned in lamp. Grams. Grams. P. ct. 809.3 830.6 102.6 772.5 773. 5 100.1 869. 877. 2 101.0 717.2 705.7 98.4 nined- By aspirators. Gramsn. P. ct. 807.9 99.8 739.7 95.8 877.8 100.9 705.0 98.3 There was on the whole but little difference between the results obtained by the two methods of sampling the ventilating air current, except in the determinations of water in No. 10. Since the meter pump theoretically should give a more accurate sample. than the aspirators, and since the experimental evidence shows that the results with the pump were at least as accurate and sometimes more so than those with the aspirators, the determinations of carbon dioxid and water in the sample drawn by the meter pump were employed in the calculation of the results of all metabolism experiments made subse- quent to metabolism experiment No. 11, although check determina- tions by means of the aspirators were continued during several experi- ments. In most. of the experiments the discrepancies between the two methods were so insignificant as to be within the limit of experimental error, and show that the determination of carbon dioxid and water may be made with a satisfactory degree of accuracy by either of the methods. EXPERIMENTS WITH MEN. The general plan of the experiments here reported in detail was much the same as that followed in earlier experiments, the results of which have been published in former bulletins of this series.a For the most part the experiments here reported were made in series, each series comprising three or more experiments which fol- lowed one another without intermission and without the subject SU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 44, 63, and 69. 16 leaving the calorimeter. As a rule there was a change of diet m i: respect to one class of ingredients; for example, the replacement of :i sugar by an isodynamic amount of fat. In all cases a preliminary period, usually of four days' uration preceded each experiment or series of experiments with the subject in the chamber of the calorimeter. During this preliminary period the i subject received the same diet as was to be served in the experiment which would immediately follow. In addition, the excretory products were collected and analyzed, thus making this period both a digestion and a nitrogen metabolism experiment. On the evening of the last day of the preliminary period the subject entered the chamber of the respiration calorimeter and usually retired at about 11 o'clock. At about 1 o'clock in the morning the heat measurements were begun in order to get the calorimeter into normal condition for the commence- ment of the second period, or the metabolism experiment proper, at 7 o'clock the following morning. The programme followed during the experiment or series of experi- ments was arranged beforehand. A copy of it was furnished to the subject, and copies were also posted in convenient places for the guid- ance of those outside. PREPARATION, SAMPLING, AND ANALYSIS OF FOODS. The method of preparing, sampling, and analyzing the food mate- rials was the same as that employed in experiments Nos. 9 and 10, already described." With the exception of milk, the proper quantity of each kind of food, either for each meal or for the day, was placed in glass jars pre- vious to the beginning of the experiment, and materials which might spoil during the course of the experiment, such as meat and bread, were thoroughly sterilized. Butter and sugar, in quantity sufficient for each day, were passed in with the breakfast, and the subject used, as near as he could judge, the proportions called for by the menu for each meal. Sufficient bread for the day was usually passed in at breakfast time in two jars, and as nearly as possible the scheduled amounts used at each meal. Two or more duplicate jars of each food material, as thus prepared, were analyzed, the usual determinations being made accord- ing to the methods already described. The milk was obtained fresh each day; an aliquot portion was taken for the preparation of a com- posite sample for analysis, and the proper amounts for each of the three meals were placed in bottles: In the following table is shown the percentage composition of the different food materials used in the thirteen experiments reported herewith. The values are for. the fresh, edible material as served to the subject.. aU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, pp. 20-29,88-89. 17 TABLE 3.-Composition of food materials in metabolism experiments Nos. 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 34. Lab- ora- tory No. 2851 2962 2967 3022 3027 3165 3176 3186 3205 2853 2956 2970 3021 3029 3166 3177 3187 3206 2855 2972 3031 3169 3179 3024 3189 3191 3200 3202 2959 2842 2960 2840 3004 3168 3193 2852 2963 2968 3032 3164 3180 3192 3204 2481 3167 3181 3207 2961 2969 Food materials. Beef, cooked ....... .....do............... .....do............... ......do ............... .....do .............. .....do ................ .....do ................ ,.....do ................ .....do ............. .. Butter............... .....do ............... .....do....... ........ .....do............... .....do .............. .....do............... .....do................ .....do.............. .....do............... Milk, skimmed ....... .....do.............. .. do................ .....do ............... ...do ................. Milk, whole......... I do------- ... do............... .....do.............. ..... do ................ .....do .............. Milk, whole and skimmed, mixed ... Maize breakfast food. .... do ................ Wheat breakfast food. Cereal, parched ...... .....do ............. .... do ............... Bread ............. .... do ............... .....do ................ .....do ................ .....do ............ . .....do ............... ..... do................ .....do ................ Ginger snaps ......... .....do............... ....do ..- -...-..... .....do................ Cookies.............. Ginger snaps ......... Sugar................. I I Exper iment No. 11 13 14 21 23,24 25 26,28 29,31 32,34 11 13 14 21 23,24 25 26,28 29,31 32,34 11 14 23,24 25 26,28 21 29 31 32 34 13 11 13,14 11 21-24 25-28 29-34 11 13 14,21 23,24 25 26,28 29,31 32,34 11 25 26-31 32,34 13 14 (a) ,I-- .58 1.88 1.78 1.75 1.82 1.87 1.92 1.42 1.38 1.27 1.27 1.46 1.42 1.50 1.38 .92 1.03 1.00 .88 .86 ' 1.04 ' ...--.-1 6.93 44.39 44.81 41.20 41.39 42.20 42.72 26.07 29.49 27. 33 28.05 28.04 27.76 29.14 28.27 42.73 44.15 44.32 43.87 44.65 43.86 42.10 Nitro-, Car- gen. bon. Per ct. Per ct. 4.40 17.21 4.00 14.36 4.44 17.75 4.46 16.57 5.59 23.57 5.36 19.62 5.41 19.55 5.72 20.89 5.13 18.55 .15 64.76 .19 63.56 .19 62.55 .21 66.23 .17 69.16 .25 63.37 .26 65.02 .20 65.11 .20 65.58 .52 4.01 .61 4.3,5 .58 4.11 .68 4.76 67 4.63 .51 7.03 .66 8.20 .65 8.25 .66 7.95 .66 8.20 Hy- dro- gen. Per ct. 2.44 2.07 2.64 2.54 3.37 2.76 2.70 2.99 2.66 10.09 10.09 10.20 10.55 10.52 10.01 10.02 10.44 10.37 .57 .61 .59 .67 .63 .94 1.26 1.26 1.19 1.21 1.04 6.49 6.42 6.03 6.17 5.94 6.30 3.82 4.33 4.11 3.98 4.03 3.99 4.30 4.30 6.45 6.41 6.61 7.20 6.68 6.73 6.48 I I Water. Per ct. 66.4 70.7 66.0 66.7 56.6 62.8 62.5 60.3 64.5 12.4 10.1 10.6 8.7 9.5 8.8 9.9 9.2 8.4 90.8 90.2 90.7 89.4 90.0 86.6 Sl. 5 .4.5 4.7 S. 4 85.2 S 86. 5. ; 2 4.9 \5.6 4.1 42.7 37.2 41.7 40. 4 34.6 39.3 36.5 37.8 4.3 4.9 4.1 3.7 5.2 4.6 I....... Pro- tein (Nx 6.25). Per ct. 27.5 25.1 27.8 27.9 34.9 33.5 33.8 35.7 32.1 .9 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3 3.3 3.8 3.6 4.3 4.2 3.2 4.1 4. 1 4.1 4.1 3. 6 11.8 11.1 10.9 11.4 Fat. Per ct. 4.3 2.0 4.2 2.6 6.1 3.3 2.S 3.0 2.8 84.3 S5. 2 57. 5 86. S 86. 1 S5.9 86.3 7.6 .1 .1 .1 .4 .3 4.4- 5.6 5.t6 3.0 5.2 C.. I 2.5 2.6 3.5 2.6 3.2 2.7 .8 .9 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.9 2.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.9 2.9 ... ...... 100.0 i. vlJI 8.178 8.027 8.020 8.002 8.048 8.210 .381 .439 .409 .488 .462 .782 .935 .939 .905 .913 .753 4. 437 4.467 4.052 4.13i 4. ]:ri 4.20U2 '2. 75 2. 96 2.710 2. SM) 2. 80 2. K03 2.930 2.b69 4.247 4.432 4.434 4.434 4.4;0O 4.407 3.960 SU'sed in all the experiments. 13007-No. 109-02- 2 S Heat of Car- I nombus- bohv- Ash. tion per :draAtes h gram, radeter- mined. Perct. Perct. Calris. ...... 1.8 1.920 ...... 2.4 1.577 ... 1.7 1.964 2.1 1. 27 ...... 1.0 2.633 ...... 1.2 2.172 .9 2.19h .... 1.0 2.327 ...... 1.0 2.075 ...... 2.4 7.749 ...... 3.5 7.806 2 *I -7 f i l 11.7 12.0 8.9 8. t; 7.9 7.9 s 1 9.1 q. I 5.,S 6. 1 6. 2 5.5 5.4 6.5 3.2 8.2 8.3 1.5 .6 1.7 1.4 1.5 5. 1 2.8 3.4 2. 1 1.6 2.0 2.5 6.2 8.6 8.3 7.2 10.8 8.3 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.3 5. 7 73. 4 72.9 78. 3 ,$0. 4 79.1 N0. 5 45.7 47.9 46. 3 47.0 48.9 48.9 50.8 49.8 SO. 8 78.4 79.8 81.6 76.7 77.7 I 18 The composition of the feces in the experiments here reported ip. shown in the table which follows. The composition of the urine anI the respiratory products is shown in connection with the tabular- details of the individual experiments: TABLE 4.-Composition of feces in metabolism experiments Nos. 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 34. Heat of Pro- Carbo- combat Laboratory No. men itro- a Water. Fat. y- Ash. tion per No. gen. bon. gen. (Nx dates mined. Per ct. Per t. Per ct. Per l. Pe. Per Per ctPererct. Per t. Calories. 2850.............. 11 1.59 14.30 1.98 70.6 9.9 6.4 8.8 4.3 1.554 2965 .............. 13 1.49 15.04 2.14 69.8 9.3 8.3 7.0 5.6 1.689 2974.............. 14 1.57 13.49 1.85 74.2 9.8 6.7 5.8 3.5 1.600 3033.............. 21 1.62 14.03 1.94 72.6 10.1 6.3 6.3 4.7 1.671 3033.............. 23 1.59 14.44 2.07 69.3 9.9 5.2 8.5 7.1 1.610 3036.............. 24 1.45 11.64 1.65 75.7 9.1 4.9 5.4 4.9 1.282 3171 .............. 25 1.38 13.73 2.02 69.0 8.6 3.8 11.1 7.5 1.571 3183.............. 26 1.38 11.98 1.44 72.3 8.7 3.6 8.5 6.9 1.840 3185 .............. 28 1.70 13.61 1.83 70.6 10.6 5.5 7.3 6.0 1.525 3195.............. 29 1.44 14.13 2.03 69.9 9.0 5.1 10.3 5.7 1.574 3197 .............. 31 1.52 15.19 2.13 67.5 9.5 5.1 11.3 6.6 1.698 3209.............. 32 1.21 12.87 1.86 73.2 7.6 4.5 9.6 5.1 1.449 3211 .............. 34 1.38 13.56 1.93 70.3 8.6 5.8 9.1 6.2 1.475 DETERMINATION OF NITRATES AND NITRITES IN THE WATER OF RESPIRATION. Defren" calls attention to the presence of nitrates, and especially nitrites, in water of exhalation, and suggests the possibility of the nitrogen thus given off being sufficient in amount to take into account in studying the metabolism of nitrogen. It is of great importance in experiments of the nature of these, in which the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen is determined with great care, to take account of any nitrogen which might thus be eliminated. Since in the experiments here reported the products of respiration are passed through a refrigerating system and cooled to a temperature of about -20 C., there is excellent opportunity for a study of this subject. Accordingly, in several of the experiments, and more particularly in work experiment No. 6, already reported,b the water condensed in the "freezers" was carefully preserved and tested qualitatively for both nitrates and nitrites. The water con- densed from the incoming air was tested in a similar manner. Similar tests were also made of the water condensed on the surface of the absorbers and collected thence as "drip." aTechnology Quarterly, 9 (1896), p. 238. See also Experiment Station Record, 8, p. 385. bU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, pp. 77-85; 69, pp. 47-60. 19 The test for nitrites was made in the usual way. A few cubic cen- timeters of a solution of metaphenylene-diamine in dilute sulphuric acid is placed in a test tube; a few drops of the water to be tested are allowed to fall into the test tube; if nitrites are present, a yellow color is produced. This test is said to show nitrites when present in as dilute a solution as 1 part in 3,000,000, but in no case was any appreciable evidence of nitrites obtained in the water condensed in the freezers. In only one case was there sufficient coloration to warrant the statement that there was even a trace of nitrites present. Singularly enough, while the respired water condensed in the freezers gave no response to the test for nitrites, that condensed on the cooling apparatus in the respiration chamber gave a very marked nitrite reaction. The test for nitrates was made by means of a solution of diphenyl- amine in rather strong sulphuric acid. Two or three cubic centi- 'meters of this solution is placed in a test tube and about one-half a cubic centimeter of the water to be tested is allowed to flow slowly down the side of the test tube so that the two liquids do not mix. If a deep-blue ring appears at the contact zone of the two liquids, the presence of nitrates is shown. The results of the test for nitrates were very marked, but there appeared to be little difference between the amount in the water of the incoming and outgoing ventilating air current. After making a check experiment with the alcohol lamp burning inside the chamber the amount of nitrates in the outgoing freezer water appeared to be materially increased. This is not sur- prising, as the high temperature of the alcohol flame might naturally be expected to bring about a certain amount of combustion of the nitrogen of the air. The test for nitrates and nitrites in the condensed water of respira- tion indicated that the actual amounts of these were so minute as to be ignored. It seems highly improbable that any measurable quantity of nitrogen can be excreted in this manner. RECORDS OF BODY WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND PULSE RATE. The subject weighed himself on a platform scale sensitive to 10 grams with a weight of 75 kilograms and capable of weighing 100 kilograms. The observations of body temperature were made by the use of an ordinary clinical thermometer. They were sublingual in experiments previous to, and axillary in experiments subsequent to, No. 25. In this latter experiment temperatures were measured in both ways. All observations were, of course, made by the subject himself. Under such circumstances it is not improbable that there may have been occasional errors in the thermometer readings; at best, such observa- tions would be less satisfactory than those which would show the actual internal temperature of the body. In later experiments, the ..ii..... 20 " results of which are not yet ready for publication, the body tempe.r-. ature was measured by a specially devised electrical thermomtniet:r inserted in the rectum, by which differences in body temperature of 0.020 could be detected.a The observations of the pulse rate were also made by the subject. How observations made by a person upon himself compare in relia- A ability with those made by another person we are unable to say. The reading and recording of weights and measurements of food and excretory products and the other determinations outside the chamber are controlled either by repeating the observations or by having the quantities observed and recorded by two different persons or otherwise. The conditions for the reading and recording of figures for body weight, temperature, and pulse rate by the subject in the - respiration chamber do not permit of so careful a system of checks _ for avoiding errors in the reading and recording of the figures. For this reason, and because of the uncertainties regarding the value of the observations of temperature and pulse rate just named, the figures for body weight, temperature, and pulse rate are hardly as reliable as those for the other determinations. MEASUREMENT OF MUSCULAR WORK. In the rest experiments the subjects moved about within the appa- ratus as little as possible, thus avoiding all unnecessary muscular exer- tion. In the work experiments, however, they were engaged in active muscular work for eight hours each day. The apparatus used for measuring the work in experiment No. 11 consisted of a bicycle belted to a small dynamo, as in experiment No. 6.b The voltage of the elec- tric current generated was measured, and together with calibrations of the apparatus gave sufficient data for computing roughly the amount of work done by the subject. In the work experiments carried on during the winter of 1900 (experiments Nos. 29, 31, 32, and 34) the apparatus was so modified as to give, it is believed, a more accurate measure of the work done. In these experiments the rear wheel of the bicycle was applied directly to a pulley fastened to the shaft of the dynamo, which was mounted upon a rocking base, the necessary tension being secured by means of a coiled spring which kept the pulley of the dynamo pressed against the tire of the bicycle. This apparatus was calibrated before and after each experiment. Inasmuch, however, as the method of calibration was greatly improved in the experiments made during the winter and spring of 1901, further description of the apparatus and the methods of measuring the work done is not given in the present publication. aArch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 88 (1901), No. 9-10, p. 492. bU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 63, p. 76; 69, p. -.. DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The details of thirteen experiments with three different subjects are recorded in the following pages. The methods of calculation were in general the same as those described in a previous publication.a In many cases the derivation of the values is indicated algebraically in the column headings of the tables. METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 11. Subject.-E. 0.. the laboratory assistant who served as the subject in experiments Nos. 1 and 2, in which the necessary data for estimat- ing the income and outgo of energy were not determined.b and in experiments Nos. 5-10, in which these values were determined." He was 32 years of age. 5 feet 8 inches in height, and weighed without clothing about 70 kilograms (154 pounds). Occupation during yper'tient.-Worked 8 hours a day upon the stationary bicycle just described. During evenings he passed the time in reading, writing, and resting. Duration.-Four days, beginning at 7 a. m. March 22. 1898. The preliminary period of this experiment began with breakfast March 18. The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of March 21. and remained until 7 a. in. March 26, thus spending five nights and four days in the respiration chamber. Diet.-The diet during the experiment consisted of beef. butter, skim milk. bread, ginger snaps. cereal breakfast foods. sugar. and coffee, and furnished 124 grams of protein and 3,862 calories of energy per day. This experiment was intended to be much the same as exper- iment No. 9,d with the exception that the diet should furnish a con- siderably larger amount of energy, and a considerable amount of muscular work should be performed each day. The kinds and quanti- ties of food served at each meal were as follows: TABLE 5.-Diet in metabolism experiment No. 11. Food materials. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Beef ..................................................... ............... 70 100 .......... 170 Butter..................................................... ... 40 40 40 120 Milk, skimmed............................................... 150 210 390 750 Bread ................. .. ................. .............. 100 i 100 100 300 Maize breakfast food ................................. 60 .......... 50 110 Wheat breakfast food............................. ..... ................ 75 .......... 75 Ginger snaps ...................................... ................... .......... 5 75 Sugar......................... ........................... 40 3 110 SU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, p. 31, et seq. bU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 44. c U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. Nos. 63 and 69. dU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69. ... .. ... ......... ... ... . 22 The amount of drink varied from day to day. On the first day the subject was given 600 grams of coffee infusion and 600 grams of water, making a total of 1,200 grams; on the second and third days 600. grams of coffee infusion and 800 grams of water, making a total of 1,400 grams, and on the last day 600 grams of coffee infusion and 1,500 grams of water, making a total of 2,100 grams. The general routine of the experiment is indicated in the following schedule. The statistics of the diary kept by the subject are sum- marized in Table 7: TABLE 6.-Daily programme-Metabolism experiment No. 11. 7.00 a. m ....... 7.45 a. m ....... 8.20 a. m ....... 10.20 a. m ...... 10.30 a. m ...... 12.30 p. m...... 1.00 p. m ....... 1.15 p. m....... Rise, pass urine, collect drip, weigh absorbers, weigh self stripped and dressed. Breakfast. Begin work. Rest 10 minutes, drink 200 grams water. Begin work. Stop work. Pass urine, collect drip, weigh absorbers. Dinner. 1.50 p.m ...... 3.50 p. m ...... 4.00 p.m...... 6.00 p.m ...... 6.30 p.m ...... 7.00 p.m ...... 10.00 p. m ..... 1.00 a. m ...... Begin work. Stop work, rest 10 minutes, drink 200 grams water. Begin work. Stop work. Supper, change underclothes, weigh self stripped and dressed. Pass urine, collect drip, weigh absorbers. Take cover off food aperture, retire. Pass urine. TABLE 7.-SummIary of diary-Metabolism experiment No. 11. Weight of subject. Time. Without clothes. Pulse, rate per With minute. clothes. 1898. Kilograms. Kilograms. Mar.22,7.00a.m...................... 70 73.60 12.50a. m ................... ....... 7.00p. m ...................... 10.00p. m ................... Mar. 23,7.00 a. m ..................... 12.45 p. m .................... 7.00p. m .................. .. 10.00p. m .................. Mar. 24,7.00 a. m ...................... 1.00p. m..................... 7.00p. m ...................... 9.20 p. m ...................... Mar. 25,7.00 a. m ...................... 1.00 p. m ............. ..... 7.00p. m ........ ........ 9.15p. m ..................... Mar. 26, 7.00 a. m ...................... 70.27 ............ 69.82 ............: 69.50 ............ 69.48 68.80 ............ 68.45 ............ 68.26 73.29 73.30 ............ 73.25 ............ 72.90 72.60 72.30 72.23.. 72.23 ............95 72............ 67.95 72.10 68 68 58 78 .......... 75 63 74 .......... 72 60 76 72 Hygrometer readings. Temper- ature. Dry Wet bulb. bulb. OF. OC. "C ......... 22 17.2 99 21.8 17.4 98.8 21.4 17.6 97 21.8 17 100 21.3 19 ......... .......... .......... 97.4 ..................-- 97.3 21.9 18.8 99.6 21.5 18.8 97 22 19 97 22 18 99.2 21.4 19 ......... 21.6 19.4 ......... .......... ---- . Amount of work done.-As already stated, the subject worked 8 hours each day upon a stationary bicycle so arranged that the work performed was transformed into heat within the apparatus and I 1 .i .- . . ,4i I .tii q.i 23 measured directly with that given off by the subject. A cyclometer registered the number of miles that would have been covered by the same number of revolutions of the wheel, but the amount of work done could hardly have been as large as would be required to propel a bicycle the number of miles thus recorded. It will be observed from the figures in Table 8 that there was considerable difference in the amount of work done on the different days of the study. TABLE 8.-Record of work done-Metabolism experiment No. 11. (a) (b) (c) Heat Time. Cyclom- Num- Actual equiva- eter .berof duration Rate. lent. reading. miles. of work. axbx 0.2378 1898. Seconds. Watts. Calories. Mar. 22, 8.20 a. m ................................... 154 4} 28 7,200, 10.20 a. m..................................... 182 25 86 } 28 7,200 12.40 p. m .................................... 210 7, 20 S 28 7,200 3.50 p. m .................................... 238 28 21 72 28 7,200 6.00 p. m ................................... 266 7, 0 Mar. 23, 8.20 a. m .................................... 266 4328 7,200 10.20 a. m.................................... 294 720075 i343 7, 200 | 12.30p. m .................................... 3379 28 42 7,200 1 3.50 p. m ..................................... 379 36 7200 28 96 6.00 p. m ......................... .............. 415 Mar. 24, 8.20 a. m ..................................... 415 ) 32 7,200 f 10.20 a. m .................................... 447 26 89 12.30 p. m .................................... 479 3.50 p. m ................................... (1) (1) 7,200 25 6.00 p. m ..................................... () (I 7, Mar. 25, 8.20 a'. m .................................... 479 ) 35 7,200 1 8 10.20 a. m .................................... 514 30 103 12.30 p. m ......... .......................551 ,200 37 7, 200 * 3.50 p. m ................................... 588 41 140 26 7,200 6.00 p. m .................................... 644 Total .......................................... .......... ........ .......... .......... 746 1 Cyclometer not working. Detailed data of income and outgo.-The quantities of nutrients ifi the food consumed each day and the quantities rejected in the feces are shown in Tables 9 and 10. It will be observed by comparison with the results of some of the rest experiments reported in preceding bulletins, that, while the protein is practically the same as in these rest experiments, the energy in the food has been increased more than 800 calories per day in order to supply the necessary energy for the increased muscular activity. It was quite interesting to note that with 24 increased diet and with increased work the total amount of unavailabe N :il material excreted in the feces was considerably larger than in experi- ment No. 9. There was not enough difference, however, in the coeffi- cients of availability to show whether muscular work had any marked effect upon the digestion of the food by the subject. TABLE 9.- IVeight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods-Metabolism experiment *Lab"" Lab-' Weight Pro- Car- Nitro- Car- Hydro- combu- o Food materials. per Water. Fat. boh-- tory day. ein.drates gen. bon. gen. on. No. tion Gram.q. Grams. Gram Gramsns Grams Grams. Grams. Grams. Calories. 2851 Beef ............. 170 112.9 46.8 7.3 ........ 7.48 29.26 4.15 326 2S53 Butter ........... 120 14.9 .9 101.0 ........ .15 77.71 12.11 930 2.55 Skimmed milk 7.50 681.0 24.4 1.5 37.5 3.90 30.08 4.28 286 2852 Bread............ 300 128.1 26.6 4.5 137.1 4.26 78.21 11.46 773 2I42 Maize breakfast food ........... 110 5.4 12.9 9.0 80.7 2.07 48.90 7.15 488 2840 Wheat breakfast food ........... 75 5.4 8.2 1.1 58.7 1.31 30.90 4.52 304 2841 Ginger snaps .... 75 3.2 4.3 4.7 60.6 .69 32.09 4.85 319 Sugar ............ 110 .................. ...... 110.0 ......... 46.31 .13 436 Total ...... 1,710 950.9 124.1 129.1 4..6 19.6 373.46 55.65 3,862 TABLE 10.-Wleight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces-Metabolism experiment No. 11. ora- Weight after. Pro- Fat. bC Nitro- Car- Hydro- bf tor of fees. tein. rates gen. bon. gen. tion. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Calories. 285) Total, 4 days..... 563 398.0 56.4 36.0 49.6 8.96 80.51 11.15 875 Average. 1 day... 141 99.5 14.1 9.0 12.4 2.24 20.13 2.79 219 The urine in this experiment was collected in 6-hour periods, and the specific gravity and nitrogen content determined. The heat of combustion was determined in a composite sample of the urine for each day, and the carbon and hydrogen in a composite sample for the four days of the experiment. The methods employed for determining the heat of combustion and for computing the carbon and hydrogen in the urine of each day have already been described." The statistics of the outgo of matter in the urine in this experiment are given in Table 11. s U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, pp. 23 and 35. -:2 25 TABLE 11.--Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by six-hour periods-Metab- olism experiment No. 11. Period. 7a.m. to 1 p. m ................................ 1 p.m. to p. m............................... 7 p.m to 1 a. m ............................... 1 a. m to7 a.m ................................ Total ...................................... Total by composite....................... 7a.m to 1 p. m ................................ 1p.m toT p. m ................................ 7p. m to I a. m ................................ 1 a. m to 7 a. m ................................ 24-25 7 a. 1 p. 7 p. I a. 25-26 26 Date. 1898. Mar. 22-23 23-24 Total .................................... Total by composite....................... 7 a. m. to 1 p. m ................................. 1 p. m. to p. m......... .......................... 7 p.m to a. m ................................ 1a. m to7 a. m ................................. Total .................................... Total by composite....................... Total, 4 days, by periods................. 7a. m. to 1 p. m ................................ 1 p. m. to7 p. m ................................ Amount. I Specific gravity. SGrams. 326.0 1.027 Nitrogen. Per cent. Grains. 1.25 4. v' 3.50.6 1.027 1.34 4.70 292.3 1.033 1.87 5.46 146. 8 1.031, 2.10 3. 0 1,115.7 .......... ......... 17.32 1,115.7 .......... 1.53 17.07 206.5 1.028 1.76 3.63 311.3 1.031 1.61 5.01 211.0 1.036 2.26 4.77 150.1 1.032 2.30 3.4 878.9 .......... .......... 16 b78.9 .......... 1.92 16.87 218.3 i 1.030 1.89 4.13 315.4 1.030 1.62 5.11 251.0 1.035 2.2S 5.72 133.6 1.034 2.36 3. l 918.3 .......... .......... 18.11 918.3 .......... 2.00 18.37 236.0 1.031 1.65 4.60 304.8 1.032 1.80 5.4 273.4 1.035 2.31 6.32 120.0 1.037 2.32 2.7" 934.2..... .............. 19. 1' 934.2 .......... 2.05 19. 15 3,847.1 ..................... I 71.47 157.5 1.032 2.05 3.24 216.4 1.032 1.90 4.10 TABLE 12.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine--Metab- olism experiment No. 11. Date. 1898. Mar. 22-23............... -24 ................ 24-25................ 25-26................ Total, 4 days ..... Amount of urine. Carbon. Grams. I P. ct. Grams. 1,115.7 ...... 12.30 878.9 ...... 11.98 918.3 ...... 12.87 934.2 ...... 13.63 3,847.1 1-.32 50.78 I Hyd P. t. 0.38 ...... 0.38 Heat of combus- tion. rogen. Water. Per gram. Total. gram. Grams. P. ct. Grams. Calorie. Calories. 3.54 .... 1,050.1 I 0.126 141 3.45 ...... 815.0 .162 142 3.71... 849.7 .129 11 3.92 ...... 861.5 .141 132 S14.62 '92.96 3,576.3 (.139) 533 i ! *The heat of combustion of the urine was determined in the composite sample for each day and in the total composite for four days. The heat of combustion of the urine for the experiment as determined in this latter sample amounted to 0.139 calorie per gram, or a total of 535 calories for the urine of the whole experiment. Total ..................................... Total by composite....................... m to 1 p. m ................................ m to7 p. m ................................. m to 1 a. m ................................ m to 7 a. m ................................ 26. Tables 13-15 give the results of the determinations of carbon and water in the ventilating air current. The method of calcuMist;h of these tables has been described in some detail in connection with the description of results of experiment No. 5, reported in an earlier publication.a The formulas in the column headings in some of the:i tables indicate the method by which many of the calculations are: made. The drip was collected but once a day and the amount has.:i been equally apportioned among the four periods of the day. While" this is undoubtedly erroneous, it has, in view of the lack of any data,* seemed the most satisfactory plan. Should some other method of subdivision seem desirable, all data are given by means of which com- putations can be readily made. The error involved, however, does not I affect the final results of the experiments, as the total quantities per day are used in the computations. TABLE 13.-Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or los--MetaboliUm experiment No. 11. Date. 1898. Mar. 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 Carbon dioxid. Total amount in chamber. Grams. 29. 7 82.3 64.4 30.5 28.7 End of period. 7 a. m........... 1 p.m........... 7 p.m........... 1 a. m ........... 7 a.m........... Total ........ 1 p. m........... 7 p.m ........... 1 a.m.......... 7 a.m ........... Total ........ 1 p.m........... 7 p.m.......... 1 a.m.......... 7 a. m........... Total ........ 1 p.m........... 7 p.m........... 1 a. m........... 7a.m.......... Total ........ .......... Total,4 days. ......... ...... Gain (+) or loss (-) over pre- ceding period. Total amount of vapor remain- ing in chamber. Grams. Grams. .......... 45.0 +52.6 54.9 -17.9 57.1 -33.9 52.3 1.8 47.8 Water. Change Gain(+) in or weight loss (-) of ab- over pre- sorbers, ceding gain(+) period. or loss(-). Grams. Grams. + 9.9 +194 + 2.2 22 4.8 27 4.5 28 Drip from ab- sorbers. Grams. 114.5 114.6 114.6 114.6 114.6 Total amount gained (+) or lost (-) during the period. Grams. 318.4 94.8 ": 82.8 ; 82.1 .......... 1.0 .......... + 2.8 | +117 458.3 578.1 91.3 +62.6 56.6 + 8.8 +235 152.0 395.8 72.8 -18.5 56.8 + .2 + 7 152.0 159.2 26.6 -46.2 53.3 3.5 2 152.0 146.5 26.8 + .2 53.2 .1 1 152.0 150.9 .......... 1.9 .......... + 5.4 +239 608.0 852.4 90.9 +64.1 61.0 + 7.8 + 57 280.1 344.9 76.7 -14.2 63.5 + 2.5 +248 280.0 530.5 25.2 -51.5 57.3 6.2 -294 280.0 20.2 26.3 + 1.1 55.6 1.7 -295 280.0 1.7 .......... .5 .......... + 2.4 -284 1,120.1 838.5 98.8 +72.5 62.9 + 7.3 +177 341.7 526.0:; 82.0 -16.8 66.7 + 3.8 +155 341.7 500.5 32.3 -49.7 56.7 -10.0 -223 341.6 108.6, 35.0 + 2.7 56.8 + .1 .-222 341.6 119.?7 + 8.7 + 1.2 -113 1,366.6 .......... +11.8 -41 3,553.0 1,264.8 3, 523. SU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69. 27 TABLE 14.-Record of carbon dioxid-Metabolism experiment No. 11. Date. 1898. Mar. 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 Period. 7a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to7p. m. 7p.m. tol a.m. 1a.m. to7a.m. Total ....... 7a.m. to 1 p. m. 1p.m.to 7 p.m. 7 p. m. to l a. m. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. Total ....... 7a.m. tol p.m. lp.m. to7 p.m. 7p.m. to 1a.m. la. m.to 7a. m. Total ....... 7a.m. to 1p.m. 1p.m. to7 p. m. 7 p.m.to la.m. 1a.m. to 7a. m. Total ...... (a) Ventila- tion (number of liters of air). Carbon dioxid. (b) In in- coming air (per liter). Liters. Mg. 27,737 0.615 28,013 .601 28,740 .553 28,954 1 .611 113,444 !....... (c) In out- going air (per liter). Mgs. 14.229 15.161 9.955 5.474 (d) Excess in out- going air (per liter), c-b Mgs. 13.614 14.560 9.402 4.863 (e) (f) Cor- Total reaction excess for in out- carbon going diox- air, id in dxa. appa- ratus. Grams. Grams. 377.3 +52.6 407.9 -17.9 270.2 -33.9 140.9 1.8 1,196.3 1.0 (g) Cor- rected weight carbon dioxid exhaled by sub- ject, e+f. Grams. 429.9 390.0 236. 3 139.1 1,195.3 27,332 .582 15.586 15.004 410.1 +62.6 472.7 27,437 .742 20.249 19.507 535.2 -18.5 516.7 28,213 .551 10.045 9.494 267.9 -46.2 221.7 28,899 .611 5.817 5.206 150.5 + .2 150.7 111,881 ........................... 1,363.7 1.9 1,361.8 28,257 .586 17.465 16.879 476.8 +64.1 540.9 27,779 .561 19.690 19.129 531.4 -14.2 517.2 28,359 .563 9.542 8.979 254.6 -51.5 203.1 28,814 .599 5.312 4.713 135.8 + 1. 136.9 I+ 11 16. 113,209 28,094 27,648 28,545 28,254 112,541 .594 .586 .508 .641 17.259 22.508 10.060 6.103 ......... 1,398.6 .5 16.665 468.2 +72.5 21.922 606. 1 -16.8 9.552 272.7 -49.7 5.462 154.3 + 2.7 I II 1,501.3 + 8.7 SI: : I I 1,398.1 540.7 589.3 223.0 157.0 1,510.0 I (h) Total weight of car- bon ex- haled in carbon dioxid, gx . Grams. 117.3 106.3 64.4 37.9 325.9 128.9 140.9 60.5 41.1 371.4 147.5 141.1 55.4 37.3 381.3 S 147.5 160.7 60.8 42.8 411.8 ......... 5,459.9 + 5.3 Total, 4 days 5,465.2 1,490.4 451,075 28 TABLE 15.-Record of water--Metabolisn experiment No. 11. Water. Date. 1898. Mar. 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 Period. 7a.m. tol p.m. 1p.m. to7p.m. 7p. m. to 1a. m. 1a.m. to7a. m. Total ....... 7a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p. m. to 7 p.m. 7p.m. to 1a. m. 1 a.rm.to7a. m. (a) Ventila- tion (number of liters of air). Liters. 27,737 28,013 28,740 28.954 (b) (c) In in- In out- comingL going air (per'air (per liter). 1 liter). Mg. 0.888 .795 .689 .681 MJgs. 1.459 1.315 1.380 1.072 113,444 - 113,444 :........ ........ 27,332 .844 1.571 727 27,437 .826 1.345 .519 28,213 ,.648 1.270 .622 28,899 .619 1.092 .473 (d) (e) (f) Excess Total Con- in out- ou excessin densed going outgo- in .. _, outfO air iper l ter) ing air, freez- lter. dxa. ers. Mg. i Grams. Grams. 0.571 15.8 255.1 .520 15.0 304.4 .691 19.9 298. 1 .391 11.3 260.7 ........ 62.0 1,118.3 19.9 14.2 17.6 13.7 - I- ~~ 268.6 350.4 341.6 298.8 SI --i I Total ....... 111,881 ........ ........ ....... 7a. m. to 1 p. m. 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 7 p. m. to la. m. la.m. to7 a.m. Total ....... 7a. m. tol p.m. 1p.m. to7p.m. 7p.m. to 1 a. m. 1 a.m. to7a. m. 65.4 1,259.4 28,257 .824 1.640 .816 23.1 318.4 27,779 .788 1.409 .621 17.2 357.8 28,359 .713 1.429 .716 20.3 340.8 28,814 .670 1.139 .469 13.5 301.5 113,209 ......... .. ........ 74.1 1,318.5 28,094i .875 1.862 1 .987 27.7 297.6 27,648 .782 ,1.463 .681 18.8' 367.3 28,545 .628 1.374 746 21.3 342.8 28,254 .607 1.078 .471 13.3 293.6 (g) Correc- tion for water re- maining in cham- ber. Grams. 318.4 94.8 82.8 82.1 578.1 395.8 159.2 146.5 150.9 852.4 344.9 530. 5 - 20.2 - 16.7 838.5 526.0 500.5 108.6 119.7 Total ....... 112,541 ....................... 81.1 1l,301.3 i 1,254.8 Total,4days 451,075 ....................... 282.6 4,997.5 3,523.8 (A) Toti .. water exhaled, e+f+g. Grem,. 5 a. a5 414,2 400.8S 354.1 1,758.4 684.3 528.8 505.7 463.4 2,177.2 686.4 905.5 340.9 298.3 2,231.1 851. 8 886.6 472.7 426.6 2,637.2 8,803.9 - - L j 29 Table 16 gives the summary of the calorimetric measurements during this experiment: TABLE 16.-Summary of calorimetric measurements-Metabolism experiment No. 11. (a) (b) I (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Water vaporized Correc- equals Heat Total Heat Change Capacit rion due total uHset i oa Heat f tem-corec- housed in heat Date. Period. measured perature tion of perature exhaled aporia- deter- Sterms of calo- calorim- of food tion of mined. of C 1 rimeter. eter, and amount water, I ac+cd Sbx60. dishes, condensed ex0.592. +f. in chamber. 1898. Calories. Degrfe. Calories. Calorik. Grams. Calories. Caloric. Mar. 22-23 7a.m. tol p. m.. 1.018.9 +0.15 + 9.0 -2.2.5 280.8 166.2 1,171.6 1p.m.to7 p.m.. 965.6 + .25 +15.0 -14.1 321.6 190.5 1.157.0 7p.m.tol a.m.. 534.6 .15 9.0 .......... 313.2 185.4 711.0 1a.m.to 7 a.mm.. 275.4 ............................ 267.5 158.4 433.8 Total......... 2.794.5 .......... +15.0 -36.6 1,183.1 700.5 I 3,473.4 23-24 7a.m. to 1 p.m.. 1,032.5 + .20 +12.0 -13.5 297.3 176.0 1,207.0 1p.m.to 7 p.m.. 1,364.2 .40 -24.0 8.0 364.8 215.9 1,.548.1 7p. m.to a. m.. 482.5 + .20 +12.0 .......... 355.7 210.6 705.1 la.m.to 7 a.m.. 272. .10 6.0 .......... 312.4 184.9 451.1 Total......... 3,151.4 .......... 6.0 -21.51 1,33C.2 787.4 :,911.3 24-25 7a.m. to 1 p. m.. 1,247.6 + 05 + 3.0 ; -14.4 349.3 i 206.8 1.443.0 1p.m.to7p. m.. 1,305.5 .10 6.0 2.6 377.5 223.5 1,520.4 7p.m. tola. m.. 428.9 + .15 + 9.0 .......... 354.9 210.1 648.0 l a.m. to 7a.m.. 253.5 + .05 + 3.0 .. ........ 313.3 185.5 442.0 Total......... 3,235.5 .......... + 9.0 -17.0 1,395.0 825.9 4.053.4 25-26 7a.m. to 1p. m.. 1,229.0 .15 9.0 -11.9 332.6 196.9 1,405.0 I p.m. to7 p. m.. 1.436.5 + .10 + 6.0 17. 7 389.9 230.8 1,691.0 7p.m.tol a.m.. 510.4 .10 6.0 .......... 354.1 209.6 714.0 la.m. to 7a. m.. 299.3 .05 3.0 .......... 306.0 181.1 477.4 Total ......... 3,475. ....... -12.0 + 5.8 1. 382.6 818.4 4, 27.4 Total,4days. 12,656.6 .......... + 6.0 -69.3 5.290.9 3,132.2 15,725.5 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy.-The original data of income and outgo of matter and energy in this experiment may be found in the preceding tables. Tables 17-20, which follow, summarize the results of the experiment, showing the estimated gain or loss of body material, and comparing the estimated energy of the material oxidized in the body with the' heat actually determined by means of the respiration calorimeter. In Table 17 the figures in the third column, nitrogen in urine, include the nitrogen of perspiration, which amounted to 0.2 gram per day; and the figures for water in res- piratory products in the fifth column of Table 18 include the water of perspiration which was absorbed and removed by the underclothing of the subject, which was changed each night.a a U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, pp. 24 and 52. 30 TABLE 17.-Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon-Metabolism experiment No. i.:'' Time. 1898. Mar. 22-23,7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. Total, 4 days........ Average, 1 day...... ta) In food. Grams. 19.8 19.9 19.8 19.9 79.4 19.8 Nitrogen. (b) (e) (d) (e) f) Gain In In (+) food. In feces. urine. a feces. a- (b+e). Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 2.2 17.5 +0.1 373.4 20.1 2.3 17.1 + .5 373.5 20.2 2.2 18.3 .7 373.4 20.1 2.3 19.4 -1.8 373.5 2 20.2 9.0 72.3 -1.9 1,493.8 80.6 2.2 18.1 .5 373.5 20.2 aIncluding nitrogen in perspiration, which amounted to 0.2 gram per day. TABLE 18.-Income and outgo of water and hydrogen-Metabolism experiment No. 11. Time. 1898. Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m............. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. Total, 4 days..................... Average, 1 day................... Time. 1898. Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. 2--26, 7 a. m to 7 a. m .............. Total, 4 days ................... Average, 1 day ................ Water. (a) In food. Grams. 950.9 950.9 950.9 950.9 3,803.6 950.9 (b) (c) In drink. In feces. Grams. Grams. 1,200 99.5 1,400 99.5 1,400 99.5 2,100 99.5 6,100 1,525 398.0 99.5 (d) (e) (f) In respir-j Appar- In urine, atory ent los, prod- a+b-(c ucts.m +d+e). Gra ins. 1,050.1 815.0 849. 7 861.5 3,576. 3 894.1 Grams. 1,762.2 2,190.4 2,256.1 2,699.2 8,907.9 2,227.0 Grams. - 760.9 - 754.0 - 85.4 - 609.3 -2,978.6 - 744.7 Hydrogen. (g) In food. Grams. 55. 6 55.7 55.7 (h) (t: (1) (m) (n) SAppar- Loss Total In feces. Iu urine. entgain,, from gain (+) -lh +i].- water, or loss ). f+9. (-), I+ . Grams.i. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 2.S 3.5 49.3 84.6 35.3 2.8 3.5 49.4 8 3.8 34.4 2.8 3.7 49.1 94.9 45.8 2.8 3.9 49.0 67.7 18.7 11.2 14.6 196.8 331.0 -134.2 2.8 3.7 49.2 82.7 33.5 i a Includes water from perspiration in clothes--3.b grams first day, 13.2 second day, 25third day, and 62 fourth day, a total of 104 grams. If Carbon. (g) In urine. Granus. 12.3 12.0 12.9 13.6 50.8 12.7 (A) Inre- spirar tory prod- ucts Grams. 325.9 371.4 38L 8 411.8 1,490 .4 372.6 Gain Grms. + 1.1 - S30.L -40.9 - 72.1 --128t9 - 32.0 CI Iii~ ;in '4ii IF -~------ 1 , Waer 31 TABLE 19.-Gain or loss of protein (XYX6.25), fat, and water-Metabolim' experiment No. 11. Time. 1898. Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 23-24,7 a. m.to 7 a.m ............ 24-25,7 a.m.to 7 a. m ............. 25-26,7 a. m. to 7 a. .............. Total, i days ..................... Average. 1 day................... (a) Nitrogen gained (+) or lost (-). Grams. +0.1 + .5 -.7 -1.8 -1.9 .5 (b) Protein gained (+) or lost (-), (C) Total carbon gained (+) or (d) Carbon in pro- tein gained (+) or ax6.25. lost (-). lost (-), bxO.53. Grams. Grams. Gram.s. + 0.6 + 15.1 +0.3 + 3.1 30.1 +1.6 4.4 40.9 -2.3 -11.2 72.1 -5.9 -11.9 -128.0 -6.3 -- 3.0 32.0 -1.6 (e) (f) Carbon in fat, Fat etc., gained gained (+) or (+)or lost (-), lost (-), e+0.765. c-d. Grams. Gramns. + 14. 8 19.3 31.7 41.4 38.6 50.5 66.2 86.5 -121.7 -159.1 30.4 39.7 Time. Total hydrogen gained (+) or lost (-). 1898. Mar. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............... 23-24,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ................ 24--25,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ................ 25-26.7 a. m. to 7 a.m ................ Total, 4 days...................... Average, 1 day ................... Grams. - 35.3 34.4 45.8 18.7 -134.2 33.5 (hi Hydrogen in protein gained (+) or lost (-). b x0.07. Gramis. 0.0 + .2 .3 .8 .9 o Hydrogen Hdrogen i n fai in water. gained (+ I etc.. or lost (-) gained I i f:,0.12. 'or lost ( 1. gp-h+i). Gramw. Grams. + 2.3 37.6 5.0 29.6 6.1 39.4 --10.4 7.5 -19.2 -114.1 4.8 2.S.5 S11 Water gained t + or lost I --. k x9. Gramis. 338.4 266.4 354.6 67.5 -1,026.9 256.7 TABLE 20.-Income and outqo of energy-Metabolism e.rperimentl ". 11. (a) (b) t ) (d, (li I. f Esti- i Esti- ES. I mated i mated mated 'energy heat of of ma- Heat of Heat eat of H o Heat com- trial Time. com- o com- corn- bustion bustion bustion Ol- bustion of of pro- of fat sized eaten. of eces urine, ind gained in the gained galor body. S(+) or (- or a-ib lost (-i -) C+d ,) . Calo- Colo- Calo- C(lo- Calo- I Clo- 1898. rides. rif. ri,. r r. ri .s. : ri, s. Mar.22-23, 7a.m. to 7a. m.. 3. 62 219 141 3 181 3,31S 23-24.7 a. m.to 7 a.m.. 3,S62 219 142 -lb 389 3, 72 24--25,7 a. m. to 7 a. .. 3, S62 219 11s -25 47. 4, 025 25-26,7 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 3, 62 219 132 -64 13 4.388 Total, 4 days........ 15.448 876 533 -6S '-1.196 15.603 Average. 1 day...... 3.862 219 133 -17 374 3.901 Heat deter- mined. Heat deter- mined greater S+) or less( 1 than esti- mated. ,I -.( Heat deter- mined greater S+) or less - than esti- mated. h-f. Calo- Cdo- riis. rit-. Pt r ci. 3. 473 +155 -4.7 3.911 + 39 -1.0 4.054 29 -.7 4, S8 -100 -2.3 15.726 123 ........ 3:.932 + 31 - I 32 METABOLISM EXPERMEtNT NO. 18. Subject.-E. O., as in experiment No. 11. His weight with ! clothing was 70 kilograms (154 pounds). Occupation during experiment.-Reading, writing, etc., with little' muscular activity. The experiment was a so-called rest experiment, ii although the subject moved around rather more than in earlier an.d:: later experiments of a similar kind. Duration.-Three days, beginning at 7 a. m. November 8, 1808 & The preliminary period of the experiment began with breakfast November 4. The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of November 7. It was intended to continue this experiment four daya, *1 but the discovery of a leak in the ventilating air pipe beyond the point : where the samples for analysis were taken necessitated discarding the. : results for the fourth day. Diet.-The diet during the experiment was quite similar to that in experiment No. 11, except that it furnished 117 instead of 124 grams,.i of protein and 2,596 instead of 3,862 calories of energy per day. The !i kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of drink consumed each day were as follows: TABLE 21.-Diet in metabolism experiment No. 13. FOOD. Food materials. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 'i Beef ........................................................... 100 135 ......... 286 : Butter ......................................................... 10 15 20 45 Milk, whole................................................. 210 .......... 390 600 M ilk, skim m ed ........................................................... 150 .......... 150. Bread ...................................................... 50 100 125 27 Maize breakfast food............................ .......... 50 .......... .......... 50 Ginger snaps............... ................................... ....................25 25 Sugar ........................................................ 20 10 10 40 DRINK. I.. CfeCoffee Cofe Time. Coffee Water. Time. ffee Water . infusion. infusion. Grams. G Grams Grams. Grams. .P Breakfast ................... .... 300 .......... Supper ...................... 300 .......... 10.30 a. m ........................... 200 10.00 p. m ...................... ... 2.0.. Dinner........................ 300 .......... Totalforday.......... 900 600 Total for day........... 900 600 3.30 p. m ............................. 200 The general routine of the experiment is indicated in the following schedule. The statistics of the diary kept by the subject are sum- ! marized in Table 23. ........ 33 7.00a. im ..... - 7.45 aw. m ...... 10.30 a. m..... 1.00 p. m...... 1.30 p. m...... TABLE 22.-)Daily programme-Metabolism e.rperiment No. 1.3. . Rise, pass urine, weigh self 3.30 p. m...... Drink 200 grams w, stripped, collect drip, weigh 6.30 p. m...... Supper. absorbers. 7.00 p.m..... Pass urine, collect .Breakfast. absorbers. Drink 200 grams water. 10.00p. n..... Drink 200 grams . Pass urine, collect drip, weigh self stripped, tak absorbers, aperture, retire. . Dinner. 1.00 a. m...... Pass urine. water. t drip, weigh water, weigh e cap off food TABLE 23.-Summary of dianry-Melabolism e.rperiment No. 13. Time. Weight of subject. Without clothes. Kilogra m.. 1898. With clothes. Kilogra m.s. Nov. 8,7.00 a. m ..................... 69.36 72.50 10.30 a. m .................... ............ ............ 2.00 p. m ....... ........ ......................., 5.30 p. m ............. ..................... ............ 7.00 p. m ..................... ...................... 9.00 p.m .................... ............. ............ 10.00 p. m .................. 69.50......... Nov. 9, 7.00 a. m ........... .......... 68.59 .......... 10.30 a. m ................... ............ 2.00 p.m ................................ 5.30 p.m ..... ....................... ... 9.00 p. m ..................... .............. Nov. 10, Nov. 11. 10.00 p. m ................... 7.00 a. m .................... 10.30 a.m .................... 2.00 p.m .................... 5.30p.m .................... 9.00 p.m ..................... 10.00 p.m ................... 7.00 a. m ..................... 10.30 a.m .................... 2.00 p. m ..................... 5.30 p. m ..................... 9.00 p. m .................. 10.00-p. m ..................... 69.71 68.91 -----..------ 69.16 (19.00 ............ ...... ..... ............ 69. 58 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ . .. .. .. ... Hygrometer Pulse Temper- readings. rate per nature. minute.- I Dry bulb. Wet bulb. F. i o ( I C. 57 96.0 20.4 15.0 65 96.6 20.. 15.5 66. 99.2 20.0 15.6 60 98.6 20.4 16.0 ..................... 20.6 15.8 60 97.0 .................... . I-- . . 56 63 , 68 64 . .....I. . 58 I 65 S i 61 62 . , 64 65 69 95.6 ! 97.6 97.4 97.0 97.5 96.0 96.6 9.0 97.9 97.8 1 95.9 96.8 98.6 98.0 98.6 20.0 19.8 20.7 20.8 20.0 .......... ..... 19.5 20. 1 20.6 20.2 19.6 19.5 19.6 20.0 20.0 . 20.8 ; 15.2 15.4 15.4 15.6 15.4 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.3 15.0 14.6 14.6 16.1 16.0 16.7 ............ ............ " ............ ." ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ 73.40 . Detailed data of income and outgo.--The weight, composition, and heat of combustion of the food eaten and of the feces are shown in the following tables. As has already been stated, the intention was to continue the experiment four days, but the discovery of a leak in the ventilating air pipe made all results after 7 a. m. of November 12 unreliable. As the discovery of the accident was made after breakfast, it was not practicable to administer charcoal for the separation of the feces until supper on November 12. The food, however, during this day was the same in kind and amount as during the previous days of the experiment proper, and a considerable portion of the time was passed within the respiration chamber. 13007-No. 109--02- 3 " I ... i I __ _~_ __ .......I 34 TABLE 24.- Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods-Metabolism er No.. 1. Lab- Carbo- Heit 1W. S Food materials. Weight Water. Pro Fat. Nitro- Car- Hydro-e o tory per day. tein. h gen, -h N. draes. g rates.n.gen. Grams. Grams. GramamsGrs. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. O lor.s, 2962 Beef ............. 235 166.1 59.0 4.7 ........ 9.40 33.75 4.86 3 2956 Butter ........... 45 4.5 .5 38.3 ....... .09 28.60 4.54 f 2959 Milk (whole and "'| skimmed)...... 750 650.3 27.0 24.0 42.8 4.35 51.98 7.80 . 2963 Bread ............ 275 102.3 23.6 14.0 131.7 3.79 81.10 11.91 816 2960 Maize breakfast : food............ 50 2.9 5.6 4.1 36.5 .89 22.41 3.21 223 : 2961 Cookies.......... 25 1.3 1.4 2.7 19.2 .22 11.16 1.67 112 Sugar ............ 40 ....... ........ ........ 40.0 ........ 16.84 2.59 158 Total....... 1,420 927.4 117.1 87.8 270.2 18.74 245.84 36.58 2,5 i TABLE 25.- Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces-Metabolism experiment i No. 13. La b- Lab- Carbo- Nitro- Car- Hydro- Heat of ora- Weight Water. Pr- Fat hy Nitr.o- Car- Hydro- mbu tory of feces. tein. drates. gen. bon. gen. tion. No. Grams. Grams. Gramis. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Calories. 2965 Total,4 days ..... 296 206.6 27.5 24.6 20.7 4.41 44.52 6.33 500 Average, 1 day ... 74 51.7 6.9 6.2 5.2 1.10 11.13 1.58 125 It has proved a difficult matter to preserve urine so that there shall be no decomposition of the urea into ammonium carbonate. About 2 cubic centimeters of commercial formalin was added to the composite i sample of the urine for each day as a preservative, but owing to una- voidable delays it was, in many instances, impossible to determine the: heat of combustion of daily samples until some days after the experi- ment closed. In experiment No. 13 the heat of combustion of the corn- i posite sample for the four days was found to be 0.081 calorie per gram fresh urine, corresponding to 677 calories for the total urine for theJ period. Later determinations of the heat of combustion of the daily composites gave results showing that a decomposition of the urine had -ij been. going on. This decomposition was not shown by a loss of any appreciable amount of nitrogen, the decomposition products remaining largely in solution. The heat of combustion of the urine was, however largely reduced. This is easily understood by comparing the heat of.; combustion of urea with that of ammonium carbonate, the former::i: having a heat of combustion of 2.537 calories per gram as compared?& with 0.75 for the latter as actually determined in one sample of comril mercial ammonium carbonate. In this experiment, therefore, theQ! heat of combustion of urine for each day is computed after- the same :" . "..... *JC 35 manner" as the carbon, hydrogen, and water-free substance for each day; in other words, it is assumed to vary with the nitrogen and in the same relative proportion. TABLE 26.-Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by si.-hour periods-Metab- olism experiment No. 13. Date. Period. ount Nitrogen conent. Sof urine. gravity. gen co 1898_ Grams Pr eril cnt Gra s 8 8-9 7 a. n 1 p. n 7 p. U 1 a. n . to 1 p. m ................................ 767.2 1.015 0.78 5.9' . to 7 p. m ................................ 918.0 1.012 .68 6.24 . to 1 a. m ................................ 855.2 .......... .70 5.99 . to 7 a. m ............. ................. 175.3 1.023 1.65 2.89 Total.................................. 2,715.7 ........... .......... 21.10 Total by composite...................... 2,715.7 1.012 .77 20.91 to 1 p. to 7 p. to 1 a. to 7 a. m ................................. m .................................. m ......... .................. m ................................. Total ..................... ............... Total by composite....................... i. to 1 p. m ................. .............. . to 7 p. m ............................... a. to 1 a. m ............................ i. to 7 a. m .............................. Total .................................... Total by composite...................... 1. to 1 p. m ................................. a. to 7 p. m ... ............. ..... ...... a. to 1 a. m ................................. a. to 7 a. m ................................. Total ................................... Total by composite...................... Total, 4 days, by periods ................. Composite, 4 days ....................... 503.6 1.020 .91 4.58 550.5 1.017 .96 5.29 708.2 1.012 .82 5.81 223.8 1.018 1.39 3.11 1,986.1 .......... .......... 18.79 1,986.1 1.013 .95 18.87 524.2 1.014 .88 4.61 405.5 1.022 1.27 5.15 647.7 1.014 .91 5.90 376.4 1.010 .79 2.97 1,953.8 .................... 18.63 1,953.8 1.015 .95 18.56 653.0 1.013 .75 4.90 374.3 1.022 1.33 4.98 403.0 1.020 1.18 4.75 275.8 1.017 1.22 3.36 1,706.1 .................... 17.99 1,706.1 1.016 1.05 17.91 .......... 76.51 8,361.7 .......... .90 75.26 TABLE 27.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine--Metab- olism experiment No. 13. A t Heat of combustion. Date. oun Carbon. Hydrogen. Water. ofurine. Pergram. Total. 1898. Grams. P. ct. I Grams. P. ct. Grams. P.ct. ras. Calorie. Calories. Nov.8-9 .................. 2,715.7 ...... 16.38 ...... 4.6 ...... 2,629.2 ............ 187 9-10 ................ 1,986.1 ...... 14.58 ...... ....... 1,909. 1 ........... 166 10-11 ................ 1,953.8 i...... 14.45 ..... 4.1 ...... 1,877.5 ..... ...... 165 11-12 ............... 1,706.1 ...... 13.96 ...... 3.9 ...... 1,632.4 ........... 159 Total, 4 days........ 8,361.7 0.71 59.37 0. 20 16.7 96.28 8,048.2 0.081 677 I I ___I ____ The amounts of carbon dioxid and water of respiration and perspi- rition during the different periods in this experiment are shown in Wables 28-30. There was but little condensation of water upon the Lpbsorbers and no "drip." ,i U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, p. 35. Nov. 7 a. 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. a. 7 a. 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. 7 a. 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. 9-10 10 10-11 11 11-12 12 36 TABLE 28.--Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in tfM Q at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss-Metak experiment No. 13. Date. 1898. Nov. 8-9 7 '1 i 7 10-11 End of period. a. m ............ p.m............. p.m............ a. m............ a. m.......... Total ........ 1 p. m............. 7 p. m ........... 1 a.m ............ 7 a.m............ Total ........ 1 p.m........... 7 p.m........... 1 a. m ............ 7 a.m ............. Total ........ Carbon dioxid. Total amount in cham- ber. Grams. 30.8 38.8 41.0 27.6 26.1 Gain (+) or loss (--) over pre- ceding period. Grams. ............ + 8.0 + 2.2 -13.4 1.5 ii.... : I:: * Water. Total amount of vapor re- maining in chamber. Grams. 37.6 40.3 42.8 43.6 36. 9 Gain (+) or loss (-) over pre- ceding period. Grams. +2.7 +2.5 + .8 -6.7 Change in weight of absorbers, gain (+) or loss(-); Grams. ............ +35 +45 +2 +2 .. ... 4.- gained (+) or 1lt (-4 +47.65 +2.8 -4.7 .......... 4.7 ........... .7 +84 +88. 38.3 37.1 27.6 28.5 .......... 12.2 1.2 9.5 .9 + 2.4 40. 1 41.1 39.2 37.2 +3.2 +1.0 -1.9 -2.0 +7 -39 -10 -10 i I I -- I 4 .3 -52 36.4 + 7.9 38.6 +1.4 +48 +49.4 39.8 + 3.4 38.8 + .2 +12 +12.2 29.1 -10.7 38.3 .5 -23 -28.5 29.7 + .6 35.6 -2.7 -24 -26.7 + 1.2 -1.6 +13 +U..4 TABLE 29.-Record of carbon dioxide in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiment: No. 13. Date. 1898. Nov. 8- 9 9-10 10-11 Period. 7a.m.to 1 p. m. 1 p.m. to 7 p. m. 7 p.m.to l a. m. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. Total ......... 7a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to 7p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total ........ 7 a.m. 1 p.m. 7p.m. 1 a.m. to 1 p.m. to7 p.m. to1 a.m. to7 a.m. Total ........ Total, 3 days. (a) Ventila- tion (number of liters of air). Liters. 26,872 26,795 27,554 27,448 Carbon dioxid. In incoming air. (b) (c) Per Total, liter. axb. Mg. Grams. 0.641 17.2 .623 16.7 .579 16.0 .618 16.9 (d) (e) Total In out- excess going in outgo- air. ing air, d-c. Grams. 239.3 239.1 216.5 145.9 Grams. 222.1 222.4 200.5 129.0 (f) Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in cham- ber. Grams. + 8.0 + 2.2 -13.4 1.5 (g) Corrected amount exhaled by sub- ject, e+$. Grams. 230.1 224.6 187.1 127.5 (A) Total weight ex- haled, gxf. A. Grasm. 51.0 4.8 108,669 ........ 66.8 840.8 774.0 4.7 769.8 3 a : 26,372 .622 16.4 215.9 199.5 +12.2 211.7 ST: 26,072 .633 16.5 216.9 200.4 1.2 199. 2 5.3: 27,920 .599 16.7 223.3 206.6 9.5 197.1 8.6 27,549 .559 15.4 145.8 130.4 + .9 131.3 S&LS 107,913 ........ 65.0 801.9 736.9 + 2.4 739.3 201. 27,290 .592 16.2 221.5 205.3 + 7.9 213.2 i8.1 26,362 .591 15.6 218.4 202.8 + 3.4 206.2 Ot 28,340 .551 15.6 224.5 208.9 -10.7 198.2 'Cj4 26,904 .579 15.6 145.7 130.1 I+ 6 130.7 IL B 108,896 ....... 63.0 810.1 747.1 + 1.2 748.3 2~0. +10.3 -8-1L, -12.0 -61.7 I - -- ,i;ii ' .- .,,......, ~il .......... - 1.1 2,256.9 325, 478 194.8 2,452.8 2,258.0 , 37 TABLE 30. -Record of water in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiment No. 13. Period. 7a. m.to 1 p.m. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m. 7 p. m. to I a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. Total......... a. m. to 1 p. m. to 7 p. m. to 1 a. m. to 7 p.m. p.m. a. m. a. m. Total ........ a.m. to 1 p.m. to7 p. m. to 1 p.m. p.m. a. m. a.m. to a.m. Total.........08,896 Total, 3 days.. 325,478 (a) c. I-. 0,0 a Liters. 26,872 26, 795 27, 554 27,448 108,669 26,372 26,072 27,920 27, 549 107,913 27, 290 , 26,362 28, 340 26, 90 (g) x C . Xcr C- S(h) i- s--a C1" 4-) ,- - I-c 0- C"- C I- l' i"= a C j S.- -I- -'3 S-- ,* 0-- Water in in- Water in outgoing air. coming air. (b) (c) (d) (e) (.) C C, C I IV 2 e If=3 5 c 4- JMgs. Grams. Grais. Gramni. Grams. 1.135 30.5 166.9 50.5 217.4 1.108 .29.7 1&4.8 41.7 209.5 1.040 28.7 197.1 .50.5 247.6 .980 26.9 157.6 43.5 201.1 ....... 115.8 686.4 189.2 875.6 1.015 26.7 167.8 46.5 214.3 1.045 27.2 160.7 44.7 205. 4 1.073 30.0 181.9 50.7 1 232.6 .970 26.7 165.7 41.1 206.8 ....... 110.6 676.1 183.0 859.1 1 1.01; 27.6 163.1 49.0 212. 1 1.082 28.5 171.7 43.3 215.0 1.022 29.0 183.8 51.0 234. 8 .890 23.9 152.7 38.2 190.9 ....... 10960 671.3 181.5 852.8 ....... 335.4 2,033.8 553.7 2,587.5 Date. 1898. Nov. 8-9 9-10 S10-11 Grams. Grams. Grams. 186.9 +37.7 224.6 179.8 +47.5 227.3 218.9 + 2.8 221.7 174.2 4.7 169.5 759.8 | +83.3 843.1 187.6 +10.2 197.8 178.2 -38.0 140.2 202.6 -11.9 190.7 180.1 -12.0 168.1 748.5 -51.7 696. S 184.5 +49.4 233.9 186.5 +12.2 198.7 205.8 -23.5 182.3 167.0 -26.7 140 3 743.8 +11.4 755.2 2,252.1 +43.0 2,295.1 38 Table 31 summarizes the result of the calorimetric measureime:n during this experiment. T AII.E 31.--.S,,m m nry of calorimetric measutrement.-Metabolism experiment No. I. - in) Ib) r) (d) (e) (f) (g . Water Svaporize d SCorrec- equals Heat Total Heat Change Capacity tion due total used n hat Date. Perio,. measured of tem- correc- to tem- amount dutI-- Date. Period. perature tion of perature exhaled zato- do in terms ofcalo- ealorime- of food less atenf of CU. rimeter. ter,bx60. and amount exOu.e, uI ' dishes, condensed ex0" + in cham- ber. 18Cw. ('llorkis. IDJgr.,. Calori c. I Colories. Grams. Calorfea. Calor Nov. s-9 7a.rm. l) 1 p.m.... 530.2 +0.02 +1.2 30.3 189.6 112.2 618.3 I p.m.to 7 p.m.... 570.7 00 0 43.4 182.3 108.0 86.8 7p. ni.to 1 a.m .... 46i1. .04 -2.4 .......... 219.7 130.1 5689.5 la.m. to7 I .... 293.4 + .02 1 +1.2 .......... 167.5 99.2 898.8 Total........ 1,56.1 ......... ........ 73.7 759.1 449.5 2,281.9 9.-ll 7a.m. t 1 p.m... 4S5. + .01 + .6 30.8 190.8 112.5 568.f 1 j.m. t7p I.m ... 493.5 .01 .6 43.3 179.2 106.1 565.7 7 p.m. rt I 1.t1.... 4-54.4 .03 -1.8 .......... 200.7 118.8 571.4 I a.m. ti 7 i. m... 30S.w I + .04 +2.4 .......... 178.1 105.4 416.6 Tcal l........ 1.742..5 .......... + .6 74.1 748.8 442.8 2,111.8 i-11 i 7n.m.tr Ip.m..... I 45.3 .04 +2.4 29.2, 15.9 110.1 568.6 1 p.m. 7 p.m .... 496.1 .07 -4.2 44. 1lG.7 110.5 567.6 7 p.m. I a.m .... 439.7 .10 +6.0 ..........I 205.3 121.5 567.2 1 m. ro 7 ia. ..... 320.9 .U.1 -3.0 .......... 164.3 97.8 415.2 T ........ 1,742.0 .......... +1.2 74.0 742.2 439.4 2,108.6 T'ital.3:lav.3 5,340.6 ...... ...... +1. -221. s 2,250.1 1,331.7 6,452.8 Bfdln/cie ,f ;nconic antd itutg o ,f iattelir anld ncr'y.-The calculated income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy are shown in the Tables 32-35. The subject was not as nearly in nitrogen equilibrium as in many of the previous experiments, and the loss of nitrogen on the first day of the experiment was much greater than. on the 2 days following. In connection with these experiments it has become a matter of frequent ,observation that the elimination of nitrogen in the urine seems to be affected by numerous causes little understood. Thus in this experi- ment the elimination of nitrogen in the urine during the 4 days preliminary to the experiment amounted to 15.3, 14.8, 20.9, and 21.4 ramsm. respectively, while the nitrogen eliminated in the urine during the 3 days of the experiment proper amounted to 21.1, 18.8, and 18.6 grams, respectively. It is difficult to understand the exact cause for the large elimination of nitrogen during the 2 days preceding the. experiment and the first day in the apparatus. It was doubtless due to some physiological or psychic cause, but well illustrates the large fluctuation which may occur in the excretion of nitrogen without " .1 HI 39 change of diet. It is possible that nervous excitement may affect the excretion of nitrogen and that the increased elimination of nitrogen here observed may have been due in part to an incident which pro- duced such excitement at about this time. A recent experiment by one of us (F. G. B.), however, regarding the effect of nervous excite- ment on the elimination of nitrogen gave negative results. In experi- ment No. 13 the elimination of nitrogen on the fourth day, the day on which the experiment would have terminated had there not been an accident, was 18 grams, a smaller amount than on any of the preceding days. TABLE 32.-Income and outgo of nitrogen Nitrogen. Carbon. Time. 1898. Nov. S-9,7 a.m. to 7 - 9-10,7 a.m. I) 7 10-11,7 a. m. to Total,3 d Average, (a) Ib) (c) (tGai I Gain In In In I+ 1or food. feces. urine. loss (- a-(b +C). Grnuiis. Grains. Graiis. U (rf(/).I i.m .... 18.7 1.1 21.1 -3.5 a.m... 18.8 1.1 18.$ -1.1 7a.m.. 18.7 1.1 1. 6 -1.0 6.ay .. .2 3.3 5 .5 -.5. iday.. 1.7 1. I 19.5 -1.9 (e) ) (g) In In In food. feces. urine. Gramis. IGramsti GraIiis. 245.n 11.1 16.4 245.9 11.2 14.6 245.S 11. 1 14.4 737.5 33.4 4,5.4 245..s 11.1 15.1 TABLE 33.-Income (ind outgo of water atid lIydrogen-Meh.l0oliRmt e.,rprimenf No. 1S. Time. 1898. Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m................ 9-10,7 a. m. to 7a. m............... 10-11. 7 a. m. to 7 a. m............... (a) In food. d Grriiin. G 9"27.4 1 927.4 1 927.4 1 Total. 3 days ....................... 2,782.2 4,499. 2 AV-erage, 1 day................... 927.4 1,499.7 Water. I( ) ( ) (dc i' ) In respir- In In In atorv rink. feces. urine. prod- ucts. rt(fil.<. ,500.0 51.7 1,909.1 696. ,500.0 51.7 1,877.5 755.2 155.1 i 6,415.8 51.7! 2,138.6 2,295.1 765.0 (f I Appar- ent loss, a+b- (IC + d+ el. ('Granig. -1,097.4 - 230.2 - 257.0 -1,584.6 - 52S.2 Time. 1Ih,9x. Nov. 8-9, 7a. m. to 7a. m ................ 9-10, 7 a.m. to 7 a.m................ 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. Total. 3 days..................... Average. 1 day................... Hydrogen. (g) (h) (i) (1) (an) (n) S Appar- Loss Total In In In ent gain, from gain +) food. feces. urine. water, or (h+ i. f9. loss (-, I+m . I-- Granis. Grains. Gras. Gram. GramR. raims. 36.6 1.6 4.6 +30.4 -121.9 -91.5 36.6 1.6 4.1 i +30.9 25.6 + 5.3 36.6 1.6 4.1 +30.9 28.6 + 2.3 109.8 4.8 12.8 +92 2 --176.1 -83.9 36.6 1.6 4.3 +30.7 58.7 -28.0 th) In re- spira- tory prod- uets. Goit111s. 209. , 201. 6 204. 1 615..5 205.2 ik) Gain ( + or loss (-) "-(f+ !l+h). + S.5 +18.5 -4- 16.2 +43.2 -14.4 TABLE 34.-Gain or loss of protein (N X 6.25), fat, and water-Metabolism experime | No. 13. (a:1 (h) (c) (d) (e) (U) Carbon Carbon r Protein Total in pro- in fat, Fat Time. Nitrogen gained carbon i tein etc., gained Timc g (+) or gained I gained gained (+) ar o lst(-), (+) or (+)or (+) or lot(-) lost() ax6.25. lost(-). lost (-), lost (-), e 0.765. b x 0.53. e-d. 1898. 1 Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Gramws. Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 R. m................. -3.5 -21.9 + 8.5 -11.6 +20.1 +26.3 9-10,7 a. n. to 7 a. m................ -1.1 6. 9 +18.5 3.7 +22.2 +29.0 - 10-11, 7a. m. to 7 a. m.......... .... -1.0 6.2 +16.2 3.3 +19.5 +25.5 Total, 3 days....................... -5.6 -35.0 +43.2 -18.6 +61.8 +80.8 Average, 1 day..................... -1.9 -11.7 +14.4 6.2 +20.6 +26.9 (9) (h) (i) (k) (1) d Ce Hydrogen Total Hydrogen Hydrogen in water, Water Timet. hydrogen "protein in fat etc., gained () gained ) gained (+ gained (+) gained (+) orlot( or lost (-). o los (-, or lost(-), orlost(-), kx9. Sb x 0.. fx0.12. g-(h+i). 1898... Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Nov. ?4-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ................ -91.5 -1.5 +3.2 -93.2 -838.8 9-10, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............... + 5.3 .5 +3.5 + 2.3 + 20.7 10-11, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. + 2.3 .4 +3.0 .3 2.7 Total, 3 days ....................... -83.9 -2.4 +9.7 -91.2 -820.8 Average, I day ..................... -28.0 .8 +3.2 -30.4 -273.6 TABLE 35.-Income find outgo of energy-Metiabolism experiment No. 13. (a) (b) (C) (d) (e) () (g) (h) (i) Esti- mated Esti- mated Esti- Ested Heat Heat heat mated maed deter- deter- Heat of heat of energy mined mined of Heat Heat co- of a- great- great- co of o bus- bus- trial Heat er +) er +) Time. C c om-o o oxi- bus- com cobus- tion of tion of deter- or ess or ess bus- bus- died ftion ofi pro- fat in dt mined., g ) on tion of tion of t ained inthe m eat. feces. urine. gained (+) orin boy est- e) sti- (+) or lost -(-+ mated, mated, lost (_) f g-f h -f. f+e). Calo- Cain- Calo- Calo- Calo- Calbo- Cado- Oalo- Per 1898. ries. ries. ries. ries. rie rs. rides. ries. ries. cent. Nov. 8-9, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .. 2,596 125 187 -126 +247 2,163 2,232 + 69 +3.2 9-10,7 a. m. to 7 a. m 2,596 .125 166 40 +273 2,072 2,112 + 40 +2.0 10-11,7 a.m. to a. m 2,596 125 165 35 +240 2,101 2,10 + 7 + .3 Total, 3 day........... 7,788 375 518 -201 +760 6,336 6,452 +16 ....... Average, I day ....... 2,596 125 173 67 +253 2,112 2,151 + 39 +1.8 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 14. Subject.-E. 0., who served as the subject in experiments Nos. 11 and 13 here reported. His weight without clothing was about 64 kilo- grams (141 pounds). It will be noticed that he had lost about 6 kilo- grams in weight between the last experiment and this one. During the intervening time he had a severe cold. 41 Occupation during experiment.--Reading and writing, with as little muscular and mental activity as possible. The subject was consider- ably more quiet during this rest experiment than during the previous one. Duration.-Four days, beginning at 7 a. m., December 20, 1898. The preliminary period continued 3 days, beginning with breakfast, December 17, 1898. The subject entered the respiration chamber on the evening of December 19. Diet.-The diet during the experiment was much the same as during the previous experiment, and furnished 94 grams of protein and 2,513 calories of energy per day. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of drink consumed each day were as follows: TABLE 36.-Diet in metabolism e.rperiment No. 14. FOOD. Food materials. Beef......................................................... Butter ................... .................................. Milk, skimmed................ ............................... Bread ................................... ....................... Maize breakfast food.......................................... Ginger snaps.................................................. Sugar ...... ................................................. Breakfast.1 Dinner. Supper. Total. Grauims. Gramns. Grams. Grainis. 553 105 ......... 160 20 25 25 70 200 .......... 250 450 95 105 110 310 50 .................... 50 ........... .......... 30 30 20 20 24 64 DRINK. Coffee Time infusion. Gramis. Breakfast .................... 300 10.30 a. m .......... ........... .......... Dinner ....................... 300 3.50 p. m ..................... .......... \Water. Time. Gramn. s .......... I Supper ...................... 200 10.00 p. in .................... .......... Total for day ......... 200 Coffee tr infusion. Gramis. Grams. 300 .......... .......... 200 900 600 The general routine of the experiment is shown in the following schedule. The statistics of the diary are summarized in Table 38. TABLE 37.-Daily programme--Metabolism experiment No. 14. 7.00 a.m ..... Rise, pass urine, weigh self 3.30 p. m...... Drink 200 grams water. stripped, collect drip, weigh 6.30 p. m...... Supper. absorbers. I7.00 p. m...... Pass urine, collect drip, weigh 7.45 a. m ....... Breakfast. absorbers. 10.30a. m ....... Drink 200 grams water. 10.00 p. m..... Drink 200 grams water, weigh self 1.00 p. m ....... Pass urine, collect drip, weigh stripped, take cap off food aper- absorbers. ture, retire. 1.30 p. m....... Dinner. 1.00 a. m...... Pass urine. I " 42 TABLE 38.-Summary of diary-Metabolism experiment No. 14. Date. Weightof subject in under- Sclothes. 1898. Dec. 20,7.00 a. m ......................... 10.30 a.m ........................ 5.30 p.m ........................ 9.00 p.m ........................ 10.00 p. m ....................... Dec. 21,7.00 a. m ........................ 10.00 a. m ....................... 2.00 p. m ......................... 5.30 p. m ........................ 9.00 p.m ......................... 10.00 p. m ....................... Dec. 22,7.00 a. m ........................ 3.00 p. m ........................ 10.00 p. m ......................... Dec. 23,7.00 a.m ......................... 3.00 p.m .......................... 10.00 p.m ....................... Dec.24,7.00 a. m .......................... Kilogra is. 63.59 ............ ............ 64.28 63.59 63.96 ..... 63.10 64.28 S63.23 63.95 62.64 Pulse rate perminute. 64 67 65 66 57 61 60 62 60 Hygrom- ter reaigu " Hygrometer readings. Tempera- ture. oF. 99.0 99.2 99.4 99.1 98.2 98.6 98.2 98. 6 98. 6 98.2 99.4 99.6 99.5 99.2 , 97.9 97.2 Wet bulb..... OC. Dry bulb. oC. 20.8 21.4 21.2 21.3 ............ . 21.0 21.4 21.1 21.3 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.0 21.1 21.4 21.4 Detailed data of income and outgo.-The income made. and the usual determinations of TABLE 39.- 'eight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods-Metabolism experi- ment Ne. 14. Food materials. Beef ............. Butter .......... Skimmed milk... Bread .......... Maize breakfa,-t food........... Sugar ............ Ginger snaps..... Weight per day. Grains. 160 70 450 310 50 64 30 Water. Grams.. 105.6 7.4 ' 405.9 129.3 2.9 1.4 Pro- Carbo- Fat.J hy- tei. drates. Grams. Grams. Grams. 44.5 6.7 ........ .8 59.9 ........ 17.1 .5 22.5 24.5 8.7 143.5 5.5 2.0 S 4.2 I 2.5 36.5 64.0 23.3 652.5 94.4 82.5 289.8 and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy were The quantities of nutrients in the food consumed each day quantities rejected in the feces are shown in Tables 39 and 40. Lab- ora- tory No. 2967 2970 1 2972 2968 2960 2969 Nitro- gen. Gramis. 7.10 .13 2.75 3.94 .89 .31 15.12 Car- bon. Grams. 28.40 43.79 19.58 84.72 22.41 26.94 13.16 Hydro- gen. Grains. 4.22 7.14 2.75 12.74 3.21 4.15 2.02 Heat of combus- tion. Calories. 314 553 198 840 223 253 182 15.6 17.0 16.4 16. ........... 162 16.4 16.4 17.1 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.1 16.7 17.1 16.9 17.0 iiii.iiii;;;ii .: i4 Tntal........ 1,134 239.00 36.23 2,513 43 TABLE 40.-IWeight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces-Metabolism experi- ment No. 14. Lab- Heat of Weight I Carbo- Nitro- Car- Hydro Heat of or of Water. 1 Fa. ombus- tor feces. tein. draies. gen. bon. gen Nofeces. tion. Grams. Grami. Grams. Grains. Grais. Graims. Grams. iGrants. Calories. 2974 Total, 4 days..... 218.8 162. 3 21.4 14.7 12.7 3.43 29.52 4.04 328 Average, 1day... 54.7 40.6 5.4 3.7 3.2 .86 7.38 1.01 82 The amount and composition of the urine during this experiment are shown in Tables 41 and 42. As usual, the urine was collected in 6-hour periods, from which composite samples were made for the whole day. After the urine for the 6-hour periods had been analyzed for nitro- gen in the usual way. the small remaining portions were, as has been the custom, discarded, although the daily composite samples and the total composite sample for 4 days were saved until all possibility of their being required for future analysis had passed. Immediately after the urine for the 6-hour periods had been discarded, it was discovered that there were certain errors in the determinations of nitrogen, which rendered the results more or less uncertain. The nitrogen was predetermined in the total composite, and the results of these redeterminations appear in Table 41. These results are used in the calculation of the outgo of nitrogen instead of the sum of those in 6-hour periods, inasmuch as the latter, although in most cases very nearly the same, are thought to be, if anything, less accurate. The heat of combustion of the total composite sample of urine for the 4 days of this experiment was determined soon after its close, but the determinations of the daily composites were. as explained in the description of the previous experiment, unavoidably postponed so long that the urine had partially decomposed. The heat of combus- tion of the urine for each day in this experiment is therefore com- puted in the same way" as the carbon, hydrogen, and water-free sub- stance. The urine was not collected after the close of the experiment. "U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 69, p. 35. 44 TABLE 41.-Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by .ix-hour periods--Mfe lisn, experiment No. 14. Date. 1898. Dec. 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 267. 6 7 a.m.to 1 p.m .................................. 1 p.m .to 7 p.m ................. ................. 7 p.m to 1 a.m .... ............................. 1 a.m to7 a.m .................................. Total ................ ..................... Total by composite....................... 7 a.m .to 1 p.m ................................. 1 p.m .to7 p.m ................................. 7 p.m .to 1 a. m ................................ 1 a.m. to7 a.m ................................ Total .......... .......................... Total by composite...................... 7a.m.to 1 p.m ................................ 1 p.m .to7 p. m .................................. 7 p.m.to 1 a. m ................................. I a. m. to 7 a. ............................... Total ................................... Total by composite....................... 7 a.m .to 1 p.m .................................. 1 p.m.to 7 p.m ................................ 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ............................... 1 a.m to 7 a. m .......................... ....... Total ................ .................... Total by composite....................... Total of composites...................... Composite, 4 days.......................... Amount of urine. Grams. Nitrogen content.; : :i Per cent. Grawms . 1.98 ...... ... i 1.78 .......... Specific gravity. 1.028 1.028 1.023 1.027 1.025 1.023 1.019 1.013 1.016 1.016 315.9 345.8 161.7 1,091.0 1,091.0 241.7 426.6 573.1 221.0 1,462.4 1,462.4 352.6 491.2 590.4 164.5 1,598.7 1,598.7 263.5 497. 4 703. 7 181.3 1.011 1.022 .66 1.34 1- *I I 1,645.9 ......... 1,645.9 1.024 5,798.0 ......... 5,798.0 ......... .91 ........12 1.12 TABLE 42.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine-Metab- olism experiment No. 14. Date. Amount of urine. 189._' Gramns. Dec.20-21.................. 1,091.0 21-22................. 1,462.4 22-23.................. 1,598.7 23-24 ................ 1,645.9 Total,4 days......... 5,798.0 Carbon. Hydrogen. P. c.' Grams. P. cf. ...... 14.09 ...... ...... 11.97 ..... ...... 11.40 ...... ...... 11.24 .. 0.84 48.70 0.24 Grains. 4.02 3.42 3.26 3.21 13.91 W$ P.ct. ...... 96.08 Heat of combus- tion. water. Per Total. gram. Grams. Calorie. calories . 1,037.3 .......... 164 1,416.8 .......... 140 1,555.3 .......... 133 1,603.1 .......... 11 5,612.5 0.098 568 Period. Amount S 1.49 1.95 .......... 1.72 1.59 1.18 .82 1.08 1.016 1.09 1.019 1.04 1.016 .98 1.012 .74 1.022 1.46 .......... .......... 1.015 .95 1.022 1.19 1.016 .97 .......... . 19.22 - 18.77 15.96 15.94 15.25 15.19 .......... 15.03 14.98 64.88 64.94 ~~-----~----- :I i ' I . ... ... ... 45 The amounts of carbon dioxid and water given off in respiration and perspiration during the experiment are shown in Tables 43-45. TABLE 43.-Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dio.rid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss-Metabolism experiment No. 14. Carbon dioxide. Date. i * End of period. 1898. Dec. 20-21 7 a.m............ 1 p.m............ 7 p.m............ 1 a.m ............. 7a.m............ Total ....... 21-22 1 p.m............. 7 p.m............ 1 a.m............. 7 a.m............. 22-23 1 p. m 7 p.mn: 1 a.m 7 a.m 23-24 1 p. 7 p. 1 a.m 7a. m Gain (+) Total or amount loss (-) in cham- over ber. preceding period. Grams. Grams. 30.6 .. .......... 38.0 + 7.4 35.2 2.8 27.1 -- 8.1 24.0 3.1 - Afi Water. Total i Gain (+) amount or of vapor loss(-) remain- over ing in preceding chamber. period. Granms. Grams. 40.3 ............ 46.0 + 5.7 44.7 1.3 49.5 + 4.8 39.4 -10.1 .......... V ......... --- 33.4 + 9.4 39.8 35.5 + 2.1 46.7 27.9 7.6 45.4 27.0 .9 42.3 Total.................. + 3.0 ... ..... ............. 37.7 +10.7 44.2 ............. 41.6 + 3.9 48.2 ............. 37.1 4.5 53.2 ............. 28.9 8.2 45.8 Total ....... .... .... + 1.9 ............ ............. 37.4 + 8.5 44.5 ............. 37.6 I + .2 45.9 ............. 27.5 -10.1 50.9 ............. 23.8 3.7 46.4 l - Total....... - 5.1 ............ - .9 + .4 + 6.9 - 1.3 - 3.1 Change in Total weight of amount absorbers gained +) gain (+) or lost --) or during the loss (-). period. Grams. Grams. ............ .... ........ -10 4.3 +19 +17.7 8 3.2 7 -17.1 -6 6.9 2 1.6i + 7 +13.9 1 2.3 0 -3.1 + 2.9 + 4 + 6.9 + 1.9 8 6.1 + 4.0 +22 +26.0 + 5.0 3 + 2.0 - 7.4 3 -10.4 + 3.5 + 8 +11.5 - 1.3 -16 -17.3 + 1.4 + 8 + 9.4 + 5.0 + 5 +10.0 - 4.5 + 3 1.5 + .6 ............ + .6 4 6 "... TABLE .44.-Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current-Metabolism experimwt$ No. 14. Date. 1898. Dec. 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 Period. 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to 7p.m. 7p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m. Total ......... 7 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to7 p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7a.m. Total ......... 7a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to 7p.m. 7 p.m. 1 a.m. to I a.m. to 7 a. m. Total ........ 7a.m. to 1 p.m. 1 p.m. to 7 p.m. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m. 1 a.m. to 7a.m. Total ......... Total, 4 days.. (a) Ventila- tion (number of liters of air). Liters. 26,170 26,608 27,430 27,525 In incoming air. (b) (c) P.r Tont 1 liter. Mg. 0.634 .566 .555 .591 axb. Grams. 16.6 15.1 15.2 16.3 Carbon dioxid. (d) In out- going air. Grams. 221.6 225.6 226.5 161.7 (e) Total excess in outgo- ing air, d-c. Grams. 205.0 210.5 211.3 145.4 (f) Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in cham- ber. Grams. + 7.4 2.8 8.1 3.1 Cor- rected amount exhaled by sub- ject, e+f. Grams. 212.4 207.7 203.2 142.3 (h). Total weight of car- bon ex- haled, Grams. 57.9 56.7 55.4 38.8 107,733 ........ 63.2 835.4 772.2 6.6 765.6 208.8 26,971 i .598 16.1 217.0 200.9 + 9.4 210.3 67.4 26,507 .597 15.8 218.6 202.8 + 2.1 204.9 55.9 27,130 .571 15.5 214.5 199.0 7.6 191.4 52.2 26,989 .576 15.5 154.2 138.7 .9 137.8 37.6 107,597 ........ 62.9 804.3 741.4 + 3.0 744.4 203.1 26,093 .595 15.5 219.8 204.3 +10.7 215.0 58.6 27,152 .615 16.7 220.7 204.0 + 3.9 207.9 56.7 27,485 .616 16.9 229.6 212.7 4.5 208.2 56.8 27,580 .639 17.6 157.9 140.3 8.2 132.1 36.0 S108,310 ........ 66.7 828.0 761.3 + 1.9 763.2 208.1 26,9,1 .625 16.8 224.5 207.7 + 8.5 216.2 58.9 27,059 .577 15.6 232.1 216.5 + .2 216.7 59.1 27,818 .552 15.3 227.8 212.5 -10.1 202.4 55.2 27,533 .576 15.8 151.0 135.2 3.7 131.5 35.9 109,381 ........ 433,021 ........ 63.5 835.4 256.3 3,303.1 771.9 - 5.1 766.8 3,046.8 6.8 3,040.0 209.1 829.1 47 TABLE 45.-Record of water in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiment No. 14. Total......... (a) Watei comii c Lilers. Igs. (b) Period. 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.! 26. 170 1.023 1 p.m. to 7 p. m. 26, 608 .888 7 p. m. to a.m. 27,430 .853 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. 27, 525 .870 107,733 ....... 97.8 - I -19; 7a.m. to 1 p. m. 26,971 1 p.m. to7 p. m. 26,507 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. 27, 130 1a.m. to 7 a. m. 26,989 Total......... 107,597 7a.m. to 1 p. m. 26,093 1 p.m. to7 p.m.' 27,152 7 p.m. to a.m. 27,485 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. 27,580 I-~ Total......... 108,310 7a.m. tol p.m. 26,971 1 p.m.to7 p.m. 27,059 7 p.m. to a.m. 27,818 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. 27,533 Total......... 109,381 Total, 4 days.. 433,021 . 868 . 882 . 86 .894 .884 .930 .952 .871 .942 .927 .874 .886 23.4 i 23.4 24.0 24.1 Water in outgoing air. (d) (c) (.) c c a r in in- ug air. (c) .5 c- Grams. 26.8 23.6 23.4 24.0 C0- rC 4.6 Gra s. I 46.6 41.6 1C 1898. Dec. 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 390.5 3,545.6 683. 8 Kio~ssh -4- E- Grnms. 241.7 261.5 (g) Grams. E - 5- Grams. 214.9 237.9 o " -c a Gn rlns. 195. 1 219.9 229.8 222.2 867.0 203. 5 222.4 220. 1 215. 7 1.027.8 932.9 242. 5 219. 4 262.3 237.0 289.0 262.8 266.1 242. 1 1,059.9 961.3 260.1 234.7 277.1 252.0 282.1 257.8 281.0 256.6 1,100.3 4,229.4 1,001.1 Date. 3,838.9 1 +12.1 3,851.0 ____ 94.9 861.7 166.1 23.1 203.5 39.0 25.3 220.1 42.2 26.2 241.9 47.1 24.0 224.4 41.7 98.6 889.9 170.0 25.1 216.2 43.9 25.1 235.6 41.5 24.3 235.6 46.5 24.4 239.6 41.4 99.2 927.0 173.3 4.). I Zi-4.t L. * 41.1 263.3 239.3 174.4 '1,041.4 943.6 40.7 I 244.2 220.8 40.4 262.8 239.4 45.4 265.5 241.5 39.6 255.3 231.2 (h) (iI -- c o 1 4. 3 210. 3.1 228.1 Qa H < ._ y + 2.0 264. + -1Gras. Gr23as - 4.3 210.6 +17. 7 255. 6 - 3.2 248.3 -17.1 222.2 - 6.9 936.7 - 1.6 219.2 +13. 253. 3 - 2.3 239.2 - 3.1 228.1 + 6.9 1939. - 6.1 213.3 +26.0 263.0 + 2.0 261.S -10.4 i231.7 +-11.j5 972. 8 -17.3 217.4 + 9.4 261.4 +10.0 267. - 1.5 255.1 + .6 1,001.7 48 Table 46 summarizes the heat measurements during this experiam .i TABLE 46.-Summary of calorimetric measurements-Metabolism experiment No i:: 14 (a) (b) Heat Change DatePeriod. meas- ot tem- Date. eo. ured feature in terms of calo- .r i - Uol .20. Calories. 7 a. m. to 1 p. m... 546.0 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 509.9 7 p.m.to 1 a.m... 444.3 1 a.m.to7a.m... 328.3 Total....... 1,828.5 7 a.m. to1 p.m... 466.5 1 p.m.to7p. m... 478.3 7 p.m.to la.m... 364.4 1 a.m. to 7 a.m...i 271.5 Total...... 7 m. to 1 p.m... 1 p.m.to7 p.m... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m... 1 a. m. to 7 a.m... Total....... 7 a.m. to p.m... 1 p. r. to 7p.m... 7 p. m. to 1 a.m... 1 a. m. to 7a.m... Total....... Total, 4 days 1,580. 7 458.3 502. 5 408. 9 297.0 1,666.7 503.7 514.6 403.0 247.7 rlmeter. Degree. +0.06 + .05 00 + .05 .......... .02 04 .05 00 + .05 .05 + .05 .05 ........... + .02 00 + .04 00 1,669.0 I......... 6,744.9 i.......... I (c (d) I (e) (f) () Water va- Sporized Capacity Correc- equals Capacity on due total Heat Total correc- t t amount used in heat tion ofpertue exhaled vapori- deter- calorm-of food less nation of mined. eter, and amount water, a+e+d bx60. dishes, con- ex0.592. +f. densed in cham- ber. Calories. Calories. Grams. Calories. C(ories. +3.6 20.3 220.6 130.6 659.9 +3.0 43.3 236.6 140.1 S0.7 0 .......... 256.3 151.7 686.0 +3.0 .......... 229.2 135.7 4db7.0 +9.6 63.6 942.7 558.1 2,332.6 -1.2 24.3 221.2 131.0 572.0 -2.4 42.3 246.3 145.8 579.4 -3.0 .......... 240.2 142.2 503.6 0 .......... 228.1 135.1 406.6 -6.6 66.6 935.8 554.1 2,061.6 +3.0 21.8 221.3 131.0 570.5 -3.0 37.3 241.0 142.7 604.9 +3.0 .......... 267.8 158.5 570.4 -3.0 .......... 234.7 139.0 483.0 .......... -59.1 964.8 571.2 2,178.8 +1.2 25.4 233.4 1 138.2 617.7 0 41.4 253.4 150.0 623.2 +2.4 .......... 262.8 155.6 561.0 0 .......... 252. 1 149.3 397.0 +3.6 66.8 1,001.7 593.1 2,198.9 +6.6 -256.1 3,845.0 2,276.5 8,771.9 'I 1898. Dec. 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 a ;ii 49 Balance of income and ,ut in this experiment, and the average for 4 days. TABLE 47.-Income eiml ouiff(yip l, ilr; oiftlen Time. 1898. Dec. 20-21,7 a. m. to a7. in .. 21-22,7 a. m. to 7 a. n.. 22-23,7 a. in. to 7 a. m.. 23-24,7 a. m. to 7 a. m .. Total, 4 day< ........ Average, 1 day...... Nitro gen. ( I I i (c I dI I (I In in In i, In 1 1 3. 4 1-. -4.; 23 . l15.1 9 1.. 1) -2.1; 2:39. 0 15-. 1 .y 15.2 -1.0 ; 39.0 1.1 .8S 1-.0 .7 "239.) tl;U. 4 3.4 64. -7.9 i %6.U 15. 1 .9 16.2 --2.0 2:9.0 I :3. Carbon. ( I i I/ I til In i-r?- In In pirai- Sll'-. r rine. ItI 7. 4 14. 1 .'t". 7.4 12.0 203.1 7.4 11.4 20S.i 7.4 11.*2 209.1 29. ; 4S. 7 ,,29. 1 7. 4 1-2.2 2U'7.3 TABLE -48.-Income and outgo of wai,'r uul ,itnd i'i rI-.litvtoi.nii t,'.lru' riment tou. 14. Time. Dec. 20-21.7 i. m to 7 a. ................ 21-22,7 i. in. to 7 a. m ................ 22-23,7 a.m. i) 7 a. ................. 23-24,7 a. m. to 7 1. m................ Total, 4 days ..................... Average, 1 day.................... "1it r. (vi I Ill fcul. Ill drink. In i < *t.' -. In u iii l.-. (,fiai Irl. f i;v I Itvs.. I' l'(uI. G 2. .i 1. 500 40. ; 107. 1;,52.S 1. .>00 40.6 1, 411t6. 6.2. 5 1..:,1o 410. 1, .-5.. 3 6.52.5 1. 500 40. 1, 6l03. 1 2.j610.0 6. o00 162.4 5.,612. 5 652.5 1,500 40. i; 1. 403. 1 Time. I Hdrogen. g)oo. In food. 1898. Gran .. Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m............... 36.2 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............. 36.2 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 36.2 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 36.2 Total, 4 days....................... 144.8 Average, 1 day .................... 36.2 i t) i ) 1 ) 1 r ) / ( ', Total Appar- Lo-,- gain (+) In feces. In urine. eni gain. irom or lo-s I -ih+/ i. water, (-, f-9. I/-+m. Gram<. ( Gr'nt. (Gramit. GramIs. Gmra s. 1.0 4. 1 31.1 + 15.3 +1 .4 1.0 3.4 31.8 27.2 + 4.6 1.0 3.2 32.0 16.2 -11.2 1.0 3.2 32.0 54.8 -22.8 4.0 I 13.9 126.9 -112.9 +11.0 1.0 | 3.5 31.7 2S.2 + 3.5 13007-No. 109--.12- 4 I ; ll I --- I+ l I,,-, ) S-It I + + b.7 +16.5 +12.1 --11.3 +4 .6 -r-12.1 I I Inl re-- lire ii - If Iflit.'. 936. 7 939. . 972. . 1.O11n.7 3. sMl. 912. .' AI I- ,,-h- ( r--a -- ). - 137.9 - 244.7 - 416.2 - 492.9 -1,01..9 - 254.0 II') "' 50 TABLE 49.-Gain or loss of protein (NX6.2.5), fat, and water-Metabolism expe~nlrat No. 14. : :. : Time. 189S. Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............. 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 22-23. 7 a. in. to 7 a. in ............. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ........... Total, 4 days...................... Average, 1 day ................... Timtv. 1898. Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............. 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............ 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............ 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............. Total, 4 days ...................... Average, 1 day .................... (a) Nitro- gen gained (+) or lost (-). (b) Protein gained (4-) or lost (-), a x. 6.25. (C) Total carbon gained (+) or lost (--). Grams. Grains. Grams. -4.6 -28.7 + 8.7 -1.6 -10.0 +16.5 -1.0 6.3 +12.1 .7 4.4 +11.3 -7.9 -49.4 +48.6 -2.0 -12.4 +12.1 (d) Carbon in pro- tein gained (+) or lost (-), b x0.53. Gra ns. -15.2 5.3 3.3 2.3 -26. 1 - 6.5 (g) (h.) (i) Total Hydrogen Hydrogen hydrogen in protein in fat gained + gained (+);gained (+) gained t ) orlost (-), or lost (-), or lost (--). b0.07. f+0.12. Grams. Grams. Grams. S +46.4 -2.0 + 3.8 + 4.6 .7 + 3.4 -14.2 .4 + 2.4 S -22.8 .3 + 2.1 +14.0 -3.4 +11.7 S + 3.5 .8 + 2.9 (e) Carbon in. fat, etc., gained (+) or lost (-), c-d. Grams. +23.9 -21.8 h +15.4 +13.6 I - +74.7 +18. 6 (k) Hyrogen in water, etc., gained (+) or lost (-), g-(h+i). Grams. +44.6 + 1.9 -16.2 -24.6 + 5.7 + 1.4 Pat gain ed (+)or. e-0.?e& Grams. +31.2 +28.f +29.1 +17.8 +97.6 +24.4 (1) Water gained (+) or lost(-), kx9. Grams. +401 + 17 -146 -221 + 51 + 13 TABLE 50.-Income and outgo of energy-Metabolism experiment No. 14. Time. 1898. Dec. 20-21, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 21-22, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 22-23, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m. Total, 4 days.......... Average. 1 day ....... (a) Heat of com- bus- tion of food eaten. Calo- 'ries. 2,513 2,513 2, 513 2,513 10,052 2,513 I ti f (b) leat of ?om- bus- on of eces. 7naM- S082 82 82 82 82_ (e) Heat of com- bus- tion of urine. Calo- ries. 164 140 133 131 (d) (e) Esti- mated Esti- heat mated of heat of com- corn- bus- bus- tion of tion of pro- fat tein gained gained (+ i or (+) or lost lost (-). (- ). I Calo- Calo- ries. ries. -165 +293 58 +268 36 +189 25 +167 II I I .I- -284 - 71 +917 +229 (f) Esti- mated energy of ma- terial oxi- dized in the body, a- (b+ c+d +el. Calo- ries. 2,139 2,081 2,145 2,158 (g) Heat deter- mined. Calo- ries. 2,333 2,061 2,179 2,199 (h) Heat deter- mined great- er (+) or less tan esti- mated, g-f. Calo- ries. +194 20 + 34 +41 (i) Heat deter- mined great- er (+) or les taZ esti- mated, Per cent. +9.1 -1.0 +1:6 +1.9 8,523 2,131 8,772 2,193 +249 + 62 +2.9 I I- ( METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 21. Suject.-A. W. S., a physicist, who served as the subject of experi- ment No. 4, made before the respiration apparatus had been perfected as a calorimeter." He was 25 years of age and averaged about 70 kilograms (154 pounds) in weight. Occupation during expernient.-Reading, writing, etc.. with as little muscular activity as practicable. Duration.-Three days, beginning at 7 a. m. February 12, 1899. Diet.-The diet consisted of beef, butter, whole milk. bread, parched cereal, and sugar, and furnished 97 grams of protein and 2,264 calories of energy per day. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of drink at different periods of the day were as follows: TABLE 51.-Diet i metabolism e.rpe'rimeiti NY. 21. FOOD. Food materials. Break ast. Grafnl n.s Beef ......... .............................. Butter .......................................... ...... Milk, whole................................................... 25 Bread ......... .......................................... .5 Parched cereal................................................. 3 Sugar ..................................... ...... ................. 4 I5 7 0 i5 ; 0 Dinner, Grains. 105 10 175 100 . .......... Supper. Total. Gr.mis. GramI . .......... 160 13 30 325. 750 155 310 .......... 30 .. .. .. ... 45 DRINK. Time. Breakfast .............................. 10.00 a. m .............................. Dinner................................ 3.30 .......................... .......... Water. Time. Grauis. 300 Supper ................................. 200 10.30 p. m .............................. 300 Total for day..................... 200 The general routine of the experiment is indicated in the following schedule. The statistics of the diary kept by the subject are sum- marized in Table 53, below: TABLE 52.-Daily programme-Metabolism experiment No. 21. 7.00 a.m .... 7.45 a. m .... 1.00 p. m.... ...Rise, pass urine, weigh self I 1.15p.m...... Dinner. stripped and dressed, weigh 6.00 p.m...... Supper. absorbers. 7.00 p.m ...... Pass urine. .. Breakfast, drink 200 grams. 10.30 p.m..... Pass urine, weigh self stripped, water. take cap off food aperture, ... Pass urine. i retire. aU. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bul. 44, p. 51. 1Vater. Graens. 300 200 1.500 52 TABLE 53.-Summary of diary-Metabolism experiment No. 21. Time. 1899. Feb. 12, 7.00 a. m 12.43 p. m 6.45 p. m 10.00 p. m Feb. 13, 7.00 a. m 12.45 p. m 6.50 p. m 10.05 p. m Feb. 14, 7.00 a. m 12.45 p. m 7.25 p. m 10.00 p. m Feb. 15, 7.00 a.m ....................... Weight of subject without clothes. Kilogra ms. Pulse rate per min- ute. 69.48 70 ............ ............ ............ ............ 69.80 64 69.35 74 69.84 61 69.34 70 69.43 67 69.05 72 Tempera- ture. OF. 97.8 ............ ............ 97.1 97.5 ............ 97.1 97.0 ............ 98.0 97. 4 Hygrometer reading, Dry bulb. C. 19.80 19.90 19.70 19.75 20.00 19.80 19.70 19.80 20.00 19.65 19.80 19.70 20.30 Wet bulb. 00. 15.15 15.20 15.40 15.00 14.10 15.30 15.10 15.40 15.00 15.50r 15.80 15.80 15.70 Detailed data of income and outgo.-The usual statistics of income and outgo of matter and energy are shown in Tables 54-61, which follow. Experiments not reported here, covering 10 consecutive days, pre- ceded experiment No. 21. During this time the bowels were slightly lax. This prevented separation of the feces for the preliminary days from those for experiment No. 21. The total feces for 13 days are therefore recorded, as well as the average per day for this experiment. TABLE 54.-lWeight, composition, and heat of combustion ment No. 21. of foods-Metabolism experi- Food materials. per day. Grams. Beef............... 160 Butter ........... 30 Milk, whole...... 750 Bread ............ 310 Cereal, parched.. 30 Sugar ............ 45 Total....... 1,325 Water. Grams. 106.7 2.6 649.5 12f9 3 1.8 Pro- tein. Grams. 44.6 .4 24.0 24.5 3.4 Car- Fat. bohy- drates. Grams. Grams. 4.2 ....... 26.3 ........ 33.0 37.5 8.7 143.5 .2 24.1 ......... 45.0 II I I Il- Lab- ora- tory No. 3022 3020 3024 2968 3004 Nitro- gen. Grams. 7.14 .06 3.83 3.94 .55 ........| Car- bon. Grams. 26.51 19.87 52.72 84.72 12.42 18.95 Hydro- gen. Grams. 4.06 3.16 7.05 12.74 1.85 2.92 Heat of com- bustion. Calories. 292 245 587 840 122 178 , ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 889.9 15.52 215.19 31.78 2,264 96.9 72.4 250.1 53 TABLE 55.--Weight, composition, aind heat of combustion of feces-Metabolism experi- ment No. 21. Lab- Ieight Pa ro- Cat r Nitro- Car- Hydro- Heat of or,- of Water Fat. bohy- I t'om- tory fece. tein. rates. gen. bon. gen. bustion. No. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grains. Calories. 3033 Total, 13days... 831.7 603.8 84.0 52.4 52.4 13.47 116.69 16.13 1,307 Average, I day... 63.9 46.4 6.5 4.0 4.0 1.04 8.9s 1.24 100 *This period includes the 3 days of the experiment and 10 days of a preliminary experiment not reported herewith. The elimination of nitrogen in the urine during this experiment is summarized in Table 56, which also gives the details of the* total amount of urine and its nitrogen content in each 6-hour period. The daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in the urine is shown in Table 57. TABLE 56.-Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine Iy si.r-htoir periods-Metab- olism experiment No. 1. SAmount Specific of urine. gravity. Nitrogen content. 1899. Feb. 12-13 13-14 14-15 12-14 12-14 GI aiius. 7 a.m.to 1 p.m ................................. 135.7 1.015 1 p. m to p. m ............................... s06.8 1. 009 7 p. m. to 1 a. m ................................ 224.0 1.015 1 a.m.to 7 a. m ................................. 214.4 1.017 Total ....................................... 80. ......... Total by com posite ........................ 1, 0.9 1.014 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ................................. 5S. 1. 01U 1 p. m. to 7 p. m ................................. 536. 1.014 7 p. m .to l a. m ....................... ......... 39.s. 1.010 1 a. m .to 7 a. m .............. .................. 223.5 1.026 Total ......................... ...... ... 1. 74.. 1 .......... Total by comp'ssite...................... 1,748.1 1.015 7a.m.tol p.m ................................ 637.5 1.010 1lp.m.to 7 p.m ................................ 656.6 1.012 7 p.m.to 1 a.mn ......................... ....... 441.5 1.009 1 a. m P I'* C Ilt. 0.93 .5. 1.74 ..7 86 .62 1.79 .94 .67 .74 55 4.05 4.68 2.04 3.73 14.50 14.62 5.06 4.67 2.42 4.00 16.15 16.43 4.27 4.86 2.43 i.to 7 a. m .............. ......... ........ 229.7 1.025 1.69 3.88 Total ............ .. ... .1,965..................... 1,965.3 ...... ............. 15.44 Total by composite ...................... 1,965.3 1.012 .79 15.53 Total, 3 days, by periods ................. 5,394.3 ....................' 46.09 Total by composite........................ .-,394.3 1.013 .8.5 46.15 Date. Period. i 54 TABLE 57.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy olism experiment No. 21. Date. Amount of urine. I I 1899. Feb.12-13.................. 13-14.... ............. 14-15................... Total, 3 days......... Gra ms. 1,680.9 1,748.1 1,965.3 5,394.3 Carbon. Hydrogen. W P. ct. Grams. P. ct. Grams. P. ct. ...... 10.18 ...... 2.89 ...... ...... 11.34 ...... 3.21 ...... ...... 10.85 -.....- 3.07 ...... 0.60 32.37 0.17 9.17 96.9 later. in. urinin Heat of combugi tion. Per Ta gram. I I Gra ms. 1,628.3 1,689.5 1.909.3 5,227.1 Calorie. .070.... .......... .......... 6.070 Calories. 119 127 376 ThIe details of the measurements of carbon dioxide and water in the ventilating air current are shown in Tables 58-60, which follow. TABLE 58.-Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxide and water in the chamberat the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss-Metabolism experiment No. 21. End of period. Sa. m ...................... 1 p.m ...................... 7 p. nm............... .... 1 a. m ...................... 7 a. m ...................... Total ................ 13-14 1 p. m..................... 7 p.m ....................... I a. ...................... 7 a. ni ...................... Total ................ 14-15 1 p. m ....................... 7p.m ...................... 1 a. ....................... 7 a. m ....................... Total ................ Carbon dioxid. Total amount in chamber GramIs. 32.7 37.4 42.5 29.1 27.4 38.5 45.8 33.9 28.7 .......... 46.7 44.0 29.3 25. 7 .......... Gain (+) or loss (-) over pre- ceding period. Gramis. + 4.7 + 5.1 -13.4 - 1.7 - 5.3 +11.1 + 7.3 -11.9 - 5.2 Water. Change Total Gain (+) in amount or weight of vapor loss (-) of ab- - remain- over pre- sorbers, ing in ceding gain(+) chamber.' period, or loss(-). Grams. Grams. Grams. 38.1 .......... i........ 38.6 + .5 .......... 40.3 + 1.7 ......... 38.6 1. ........... 35.0 3.6 .......... .......... 3.1 .......... 41.6 + 6.6 i -1 43.3 + 1.7 -1 41.0 2.3 ......... 35.0 6.0 .......... + 1.3 ........... 0 +18.0 45.0 +10.0 - 2.7 44.9 .1 -14.7 41.6 3.3 - 3.6 35.7 5.9 - 3.0 .......... + .7 Date. 1899. Feb. 12-13 Total amount gained (+) or lost -) during the period. Grams. + .5 + 1.7 1.7 38.6 3.1 + 5.6 + .7 2.8 6.0 - 2.0 +11.0 -.1 - 3..3 - 5.9 + 1.7 -2 +1 +1 ~~ ~ . ------- --- ----- .-- -- -- --------- ---- 55 TABLE 59.-Record of carbon dio.rid in rentilating air current--Metabolism experiment No. 21. Date. 1899. Feb. 12-13 13-14 14-15 Period. 7 a. nm. to 1 p. nm.. 1 p. m. to 7p. m.. 7 p. m. to 1la. mi.. 1 a. m. to7a. m.. Total ......... 7 a.m. to 1p.m.. 1 p. m. to7 p. m.. 7 p. m. to Ia. m.. 1 a.m. to7a. m.. Total ......... 7 a. m.to 1 p. m.. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p.m. to 1a. m.. 1 a. m. to 7 a. in.. (a) Ventila- I tiin t number, of liters of air). In incoming air. Ib) Per liter. Ie I Total, axb. Carbon dioxid. (d) (c) Total In out- excess going inourgo- air. ing air. d( , Liters. .V,.s. Grams. Grains. 26,528 0. 50 15.4 26,608 .595 15.8 27.8b9 .574 16.0 28, 031 .554 15.3 109.0t63 ........ 62. 7 26.505 .569 15.1 26.079 .589 15.3 28,410 1. 046 29.7 28,070 2. 430 B. " 109,064 ....... 12S. 3 26,652 .608 16.2 26,204 .600 15.7 27,251 .57, 1. 27,.s75 .629 17.5 Grai t.F. (h) tf} I) Total Correc- Corrected' tion for amount feigar aiiloInt exhaltd cr- rcmain- by ub- b lex- ingin jet t, hled hamnber +f/. i T. r1 MnS.. G(1rais. IGrains. 239.3 223.9 4.7 239.7 222.9 5.1 1 214.9 19'.9 -13.4 l3. 2 17.7 -- 1.7 857.1 794.4 5.3 243. 2 22'. 1 -11.1 223.2 207.9 7.3 243.2 213.5 -11.9 204.3 13i. 1 5.2 913.9 7..6 1.3 246.9 230.7 -18I 241.7 226. O 2.7 232.9 217.1 -14.7 162.7 145.2 3. 1; Total ......... 107.982 ....... 65. '2 84.2 l. 3 Total, 3 days.. 22S. 6 62. 3 229.0 62.5 1N5.5 50.6 14't6.0 39. 8 7.9.1 215).2 239. 65.2 215.2 5,. 7 201. 5;. 130.9 :35.7 786.9 214.6 24-. 7 67. s 223. 3 110. 9 202. 4 5:2. 2 141.6 t:,. 6 S16. 0 222. 5 326,109 ....... 256.2 2. 655.2 2.399. 7.0 2.392.0 n52.3 325,109 256. 6.55 .i' TABLE 60.-Record of water in rentilating air ,urrent-M.lfi, tli/di s .Cl/, riit it No. 1. i i 2Date. Period. Date. Period. -i .j WVater in in- coming air. (b) i. c 4. < \\'Rt'er in OLtlR.1inr 1:1 air. I- .( Ii - -' -l ~ .- S-L - I-, -c -LI . -- -- .-, I- L : = --.. , .-- . -IN-IK 1899. Feb. 12-13 13-14 14-15 7 a.m. to p. m.. 1 p. m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p.m. to a. m.. 1a.m. to7a. m.. Total ........ 7 a.m. tol p.m.. 1 p. m. to7 p. m.. 7p.m. to 1a. m.. 1 a. m. to7a.m.. Total ......... 7 a. m. to p. m.. 1 p.m. to 7p. m.. 7p. m. tola. m.. 1 a.m. to 7a.m.. Liters. 26, 528 26,60S 27, 896 28,031 gll7. 0. 740 . 756 . 758 .721 721 19.6 20.1 21.2 20. 2 Gra Il,. 194.5 193.0 179. 9 179.9 109.063 ...... 81.1 755.4 26,505 .739 19.6 26,079 .749 19.5 28,410 .775 22.0 28,.070 .84 23. S 109,064 ...... 84.9 26,652 .797 21.3 26,204 .804 21.1 27, 251 .766 20.9 27,875 .75- 21.0 195.9 198.4 208.9 192. 7 795. 9 199.5 213.9 219.3 200.8 (,ani. iram.... 34..' 229. 3 36. s 229. ,, 43.7 231.7 34.8 214.7 150. 1 905.. 5 36.1 232.0 33. 8 232.2 43.6 252.5 35. 9 228. 6 149.4 945.3 35. 6 235. 1 34.9 248. 40.9 260. 2 35.3 236.1 209. 7 209. 7 210.5 191.5 GCiv ints. - 0.5 1.7 1.7 3.6 Griuns. 210.2 211.4 20. 8 190.9 S24.4 3.1 S21.3 212.4 + 5.6 218.0 212.7 + .7 213.4 230.5 2.3 22. 2 201. 6.0 19. 8 S60.4 2.0 s5S.4 213. S +11.0 224.8 '27.7 .1 227.6 239.3 3.3 2.6.0 215.1 5.9 209.2 Total .........107,982 ...... 84.3 833.5 146.7 90.2 895.9 + 1.7 .97.6 250. 3 2, 384. 8 446. 2 I 2, 831.0 .2,50.7 3.4 4 2,577.3 i 326,109 ...... Total, 3 days.. - ........ ... I . 56 Table 61 shows the amount of heat carried away in the water cur- rent and in the water vapor in successive 6-hour periods. TABLE 61.--i Summary of calorimetric mea-strements--Metabolism experiment No. 21. Date. 1899. Feb. 12-13 7 a. 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. 13-14 7 1 1 1 14-15 7 7 1 Period. (a) Heat. measure in terms of Cr,. (b) Change of tem- perature of calo- rimeter. (c) Capacity correc- tion of calorim- eter, bx 60. Calories. Degree. Calorie. m. to 1 p.m.. 531.5 +0.02 +1.2 m. to7 p.m.. 495.2 .02 -1.2 m. to 1 a. m.. 427.3 + .01 + .6 m. to 7 a. m.. 264.8 .03 -1.8 Total........ 1,718.8 .02 -1.2 m to 1 p.m .. 534.9 .......... ....... m. to7 p. m.. 473.2 + .02 -1.2 m. to I a. m.. 427.7 .01 .6 m. to 7 a.m.. 301.6 .03 -1.8 Total........ 1,737.4 .02 -1.2 m. to 1 p. m.. 583.4 .03 -1.8 ni.t o7 p.m..! 493.7 + .06 +3.6 m. to I a. .. 426.7 .01 .6 m. to 7a.m.. 297.7 + .01 + .6 Total........ 1.801.5 + .03 +1.8 Total,3days. 5,257.7 .......... .6 (d) (e) Water va-i porized Correc- equals tion due total to tern- amount perature exhaled of food less and amount (f) Heat used in vaporiza- tion of water, a%,n l;W (g) Total heat de- termined, a+c+ d+f. dishes. con- densed in chamber. -- --- ---- j --- Calories. Grams. Calories. Calories. +12.7 210.2 124.4 689.8 + 9.7 211.4 125.2 628.9 .......... 208.8 123.6 551.5 ......... 190.9 113.0 376.0 +22.4 821.3 486.2 2,226.2 + 8.8 219.0 129.7 673.4 + 8.1 214.4 126.9 609.4 .......... 228.2 135.1 562.2 .......... 198.8 117.7 417.5 +16.9 1 860.4 509.4 2,262.5 + 4.7 223.8 132.5 I 718.8 + 9.1 227.6 134.7 641.1 .......... 236.0 139.7 565.8 .......... 209.2 123.9 422.2 +13.8 896.6 530.8 2,347.9 +53.1 2,578.3I 1,526.4 6,836.6 Balance of income and iutgo of matter and energy.-The income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy are shown in Tables -)2-65. In earlier experiments it was assumed that. body fat contained 76.5 per cent carbon and 12 per cent hydrogen, with a heat of combustion of 9.5 calories per gram. Late determinations of the composition and heat of combustion of body fat by Benedict and Osterberga essentially confirm these factors, showing 76.1 per cent carbon, 11.8 per cent hydrogen, and 9.54 calories per gram. These latter factors have been used in the computations of results of all experiments including and subsequent to No. 21. This change in factor, however, makes ex- tremely little difference in the final results, so that it has not been thought best to recalculate those for experiments preceding No. 21 according to the new factors. a Amer. Jour. Physiol., 4 (1900), p. 74. t 1 57 TABLE 62.-Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon-Metabolism experiment No. 21. Time. 1899. Feb. 12-13,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... 13-14,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... 14-15,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... Total, 3 days .............. Average. 1 day ............ Nitr (a) (b) In In food. fcre-. ,- I G ins. 15.5 15 5 15.5 46.5 15.5 Ulli4. 1.0 1.1 1.0 3.1 1.0 )gen. u Carbon. (c) (d) Gain (+l I + I In or loss rine. I I. -c i. Gois. 14.5 16.2 15.4 46.1 15. - U-Is. 0 .9 --2.7 .9 (e) (.fI In In food. fecrs. 215.2 215.2 215.2 645. 6 215.2 GIllI. 9.0 9.0 9.0 27.0 9.0 (!/ ( h) I /- In re- in 411-I rIn1 t spiPr or lis. 1in c. In I Ir prod- ti -I + Gm. G Gn.. 10.2 215.2 -19.2 11.3 21-.6 -19.7 10.9 222.5 -27.2 32.4 652.3 i -66.1 10. 217.4 -22.0 TABLE 63.--Lincoe indl owitgo of water ,anld ei(lroge,.-M.fIbolits e.iXperiment No. 21. Water. Time. 1899. Feb. 12-13,7 a.m. to 7 a. m ....... 13-14,7 a.m. to 7 a.m ....... 14-15,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... Total, 3 days............... Average, 1 day............. (aI )hi (cb) ii In food. In drink. In feces. In urine. Graomts. Gra. G is. Gramn. Grains. 889.9 1,385.4 46.4 1.628.3 889.9 1,383.8 46.4 1.6. 9.5 889.9 1,38-1.9 46.4 1,909.3 2,669.7 4,154.1 139.2 5,227.1 889.9 1,3-4.7 46.4 1,742.4 I, I i/( I In respira- Appar"nt IfMr\l products. a+b-c+ Grand' Graims. s21.3 220.7 856.4 320.6 897.6 57.'.5 2,577.3 -1,119.8 .%59. 1 373.3 Time. 1899. Feb. 12-13,7 a. m. to 7a. m........ 13-14,7 a. m. to 7 a. m........ 14-15,7 a. m. to 7 a. mn........ Total,3 days .............. Average, 1 day ........... Hydrogen. (g) (h In food. In feces. i In urine. Gramnts. Gralm.. Grains. 31.8 1.2 2.9 31.8 1.3 3.2 31.8 1.2 3.1 95.4 3.7 9.2 31.8 1.2 3.1 (/) Apparent ga in. /-i1i+ii. ( M I ( n) Lo.s from Total water, gain 1 +) or -l. I- (-- p, .f /+m. Grams. Gratsl. Gram.s. +27.7 24.5 + 3.2 +27.3 35.6 8.3 +27.5 64.3 -36.8 +82.5 -124.4 -41.9 +27.5 41.5 -14.0 TABLE 64.-Gain or lo0s of protein (XX6.2.5), fat, and n'ater-Metabolism experimentt No. 21. Time. 1899. Feb. 12-13,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... 13-14,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... 14--15,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ....... Total, 3 days............... Average, 1 day........ .... Nitrogen gained (+) or lost (- 1. Grams. (b) Protein gained (+) or lost ( --), a x6.25. Grams. 0. 0 --1.8 -11.3 - .9 5.6 -2.7 --16.9 - .9, 5.6 (c) (d) Total Carbon in carbon protein gained gained +)or +)or lo+s or lost (-i, lost --). bx 0.53. Grams. Grams. -19.2 0 -19.7 -6.0 -27.2 -3.0 -66.1 -9.0 -22.0 -3.0 (e) (f) Carbon it fat, Fat etc., gained gained (+'1 or (+) or lost (-), lost (--), e-0.761. c-d. N: ants. Grams. -19.2 -25.1 -13.7 -17.9 -24.2 -31.6 -57.1 -74.6 -19.0 -24.9 -----~- II 58 TABLE 64.-Gain or los of protein (XX 6.25), fat, and weater-Metabolism p iif f ( No. S1-Contin ued. . M) (h) (i) (k) (.) Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Total inl pro- in fat in water, Water Time. hydrogen teinKgained gained ietc., gained gained gained (+ or +or (+ )or (+) or (+ or lost ), lost (-), lot (-), lost (-), lost ( -). b;0.07. f ..U.118. g-(h+i). kx9.. 1''Ju. Granii. I;raimsi. firimn Gramsn. Grams, Feb. 12-13,7a.m. to7 a.m ................. + 3.2 0 -3.0 + 6.2 + 56 13-14,7 a m. to 7 a. in ................ .8 -2.2 5.3 48 14-15,7 a. m. ti 7 a. in ................ -36.8 .4 -3.8 I -32.6 -298 -Total, 3 days ..................... 41.9 -1. 2 -9.0 -31.7 -286 Average, 1 day................. ..... -14.0 .4 -3.0 -10.6 95 TABLE 65.-Income mid oatlno ep, eiiry-Mcltbbolism e.rperiment No. 21. Time. SCOlo- , 1899. rid's. Feb. 12-13,7 a. m. to 7 m ..... 2,264 13-14,7 a.m.to 7 a.m ..... 2,24 14-15,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ..... 2,264 Total,3 days............. 6,792 Average. 1 day........... 2,264 Heat of H f Htet of corn- i leat of bustion c'mu.- bustion ofood button f ofaI. food I C VS lt' eatelln. urine. Clo,- 100 100 100 300 100 C(lo- rio.,.. 119 132 127 37K 126 Esti- mated heat of bi stiiin of pro- tein ce) I ( ) (y) Esti- Eqti- mated mated energy heRat of nfma- ('o rn- terima Heat )busltion 'oxl- deter- of fla dizcdin mined rained the gaieio +) orU body, (+)or lost a-(b+ lost c+e +e). Cnao- Colo- Calo- ries. ris. rie's. 0 -236 2,281 65 -168 2,265 32 -297 2,366 97 -701 6,912 32 -234 2,304 Calo- ries. 2,226 2,263 2, 348 6,837 2,279 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 23 AND 24. These experiments were consecuit\ve and form the last of the experi- ments of 189S-99. S,!jvct.-E. O., as in experiments Nos. 11, 13, and 14, described above. Occ-up)ttiimn uri;ng t 1',p, r1,n t.-Reading, writing, etc., with as little mu.scular and mental activity as practicable. Dration.-Three days each. Experiment No. 23 began at 7 a. m., March 16, and ended at 7 a. m., March 19, at which time experiment No. 24 began and continued 3 days. An experiment not here re- poited immediately preceded experiment No. 23, so that the subject actually spent 9 days in the respiration calorimeter. The usual pre- liminary period preceded the whole series of experiments. Die-t.-The diet consisted of a basal ration of beef, butter, milk, bread, parched cereal, sugar, and horseradish, furnishing 124 grams of protein and 2,546 calories of energy per day. This basal ration (h) Heat deter- mined great- er +) t i b esti- mated g-f. Calo. ries. - 55 - 2 - 18 - 75 -25 () Heat deter- mined great- er(+) or les (-) than esti- mated h-.f. P. t. -2.4 - .1 - .7 -1.1 -- was consumed alone in experiment No. 23, but was increased by a supplemental ration of 130 grams of sugar per day in experiment No. 24. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal, and of drink at different periods of the day are given in Table 66. TA.BLE 66.-IDirf in m'abolism c.)pcriment., Nos. 23 finld 4. FOOD-BASAL RATION. Food mattrrinlb. Brrlkfast. IDinner. "upper. Total. (rains. (Iratiii Gruit. Grams rl. Beef................................... ... ........ .. ..... 75. 75 .......... 150 Butter ............ ...... ............................... 15 20 20 55. Milk, skimmed ................................... ...... 350 390 :WA 1, 1:30 B rea d .......................................... .............. .5 100 15: 310 Parched cereal ....................... ........................ 45 1 .................... 45 Sugar ................ .. ... .. ......... ................. 40 ......... .......... 40 Horseradish ............... ......... ... ..... .... ................ ......... 30 Used with coffee infusion. b Used chiefly with breakfast and dinner for relish. FOOD-S-IPPLENIENTAL RATION. Metabolism experiment No. 24 ......... ...... ....................... ungar, 130 grams. DRINK. Time. Collic (.ofee Water. Grai n. Gri'in.s. Breakfast ....................... 26 .......... 10.30 a. m .................. .. .. .. ........ 201 Dinner ................ ......... .......... 2.30 p. m ..................... .......... 21) Time. inf'on. Water. tGrmi'is. Gramns. Supper ....................... 6 .......... 11.00 O p. i ................... ........... 200 Total for day ........... 7. 0 "600 *The subject did not always drink the full schedule allowance of coffee and .,f watr. The actual amount of water consumed each day is shown in the second column of Table 7S. The general routine of the experiment is shown by the following schedule. Table 68 summarizes the main statistics of the diary kept by the subject during this series of experiments. 7.00 a. m. 7.45 a. m. 10.30 a. m 1.00 p. m. 1.30 p. m. TABLE 67.-Daily programme-lMttaboli.m experiments N'.os. .23 oil 24. ...... Rise, pass urine, weigh 'elf, 3.30 p. m...... Drink 2(K) LrmIis water. Sweigh absorbers. 6.30 p. m...... Supper ......' Breakfast. 7.00 p. m..... Pa.. urine. ...... Drink 200grams water. 11.00 p. min..... Drink 20U0 eramn water, take cal .....Pass urine. off foo(d aperture. retire. ...... Dinner. ) 60 TABLE 68.-Sutnmmary of diary-Metabolism experiments No, Time. 1899. Experiment No. eS. M ar. 16, 7.00 a. m ......................... 3.30 p. m ......................... 10.45 a. m ........................ Mar. 17, 7.00 a. m ........................ 3.30 p. m ................ ....... 10.50 p. m ........................ Mar. IS, 7.00 a. m ......................... 3.40 p. m ....................... 10.50 p. m ....................... Experiment No. %Z. Weight of subject without clothes. Kilogram s. 72.89 ............ 72.67 72.70 ..-..-.------ Mar. 19, 7.00 a. m ............... .......... 72.68 t 3.30 p. m ....... .............. ........... 10.50 p. m ........................ ............ Mar. 20, 7.00 a. m ......................... 72.70 4.00 p. m ................................... 10.50 p. m ........................ ............ Mar. 21, 7.00 a. m ......................... 72.97 3.50 p. m .................. ............ 10.00 p. m ........................ ............ M ar. 22, 7.00 a. m .........................' 72.90 Pulse rate Tempera- per minute. ture. OF. 97.0 98.9 98.4 97.0 98. 0 98. 0 96.8 97.6 98.3 96.9 98.5 98.8 97.0 99.0 99.0 96.6 99:2 99.4 97.-S : ... .. " s. 23 and 24. Hygrometer readings. Dry bulb. OC. 20. 2 20.0 20.4 20.4 20.0 20.2 20.3 20. 2 20. 1 20.2 19.8 20.2 20.0 20.2 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.6 20.8 Wet bulb. OC. 1.5.3 15.8 16.0 15.1 15.2 15.4 14.6 1. 0 15.2 14.6 14.0 15.0 14.8 15.4 15.6 15.0 15.2 16.0 16.8 Dcfta;ld data of income and outgo.-The kinds and amounts of different food materials and nutrients in the daily diet are shown in Table 69. An experiment not reported here preceded No. 23. No separation of the feces was made between that experiment and No. 23, but it was assumed that the undigested material and the metabolic products would not be essentially different in the two experiments. Charcoal was taken with supper March 18 and with breakfast March 22 in order to mark the feces from the diet during experiment No. 24, which began with breakfast March 19 and ended with supper March 21. Table 70T shows the amount and composition of the feces during the experiments. I 61 TABLE 69.--Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods-Metabolism experiments A.os. 23 .ind 24. Lab- ora- Food materials. Weight Watr. Pr- tory per day. tein. No. Basal ration. Grats. Grarz,. Gramns. 3027 Beef ............' 1.50 b4.9 52.3 3029 Butter .......... 5o ,5.2 .6 3031 Skimmed milk.. 1,130 1,025.0 40.7 3032 Bread ........... 310 125.2 24.5 3004 Parched cereal.. 45 2.7 5.1 ...... Sugar ........... 40 ......... ........ 3069 Horse-radish.... 30 26. 4 Total ration 1 day, experi- ment No. 23. ......... 1.269., 1,:3.6 6S.S Supplemental ra- tion. I Rock candy...... 130 ................. Total ration 1 day, experi- ment No. 241 ........ 1,260.8 123.6 Carbo- Fat. hy- dra t s. -1 4 Nitro- Car- gen. bon. ias1i G( rt' 17.7 ........ .09 1.1 .4.2 6. 55 (IG'aims.. 35. 35 3-. 03 46.1144 Hydro- Heat of g n. tion. Gra mI. 5.05 5.79 6.67 Calorit .,. 441 462 10.5 145.7 3.94 86.95 12.34 896 .3 36. 2 .82 l1.. 3 2.7S 13 ........ 40.0 ........ It;.,4 2. 59 158 ........I 2.5 .06 2.70 1. 11 I ______i-- ___ 27S. 6 130.0 19.84 2 ..o. .... 68.S 401.8 19.S4 21 44.94 35.40 -54.72 43.4-2 19..66 43.,52 515 3,061 TABLE 70.- Weight, composition, and hlIt of comb.Xstlion of fc'e>-M-tlboli's, c:.rlpri ,wns XNo.s. 23 i. nd 24. CarbIo- Fat. hy- drate:-. i Heat of Nitrr.c- Car- Hyirv rc- gen. h)bn. genl. Intion. IExperiment ,o.?S3. Grals., Gmras. G. Grs.0.-.: ri .n. .ro(rs. GI.rtS. i;raml. taloriks. 3035 i Total,6 days ..... 42'5.7 295.0 12.1 2'2.1 36.2 6.77 61.47 ..i 6 SAverage, I day... 70.9 49.2 7.0 .7 6.0 I 1.13 10.25 1.17 114 Experiment -Vo. 24. 3036 Total, 3 days ..... 270.0 204.4 24.5 13.2 14.6 3.91 31.43 1 4.46 347 Average, 1 day... 90.0 68.1 %.2 4.4 4.9 1.30 10.4S 1.49 116 aThis period includes the 3 days of the experiment proper and3days of a preliminary experiment not reported, here. The urine in these experiments, as in those preceding, was collected at intervals throughout the day. Instead of dividing the 24 hours into four equal period;, however, the day was subdivided into two periods of 6 hours, one of 4 and one of 8 hours. The object of this was to avoid waking the subject at 1 o'clock at night, since he experi- enced some difficulty in dropping to sleep readily afterwards. Tables 71 and 72 give the data for the amount and composition of the urine during these experiments. The urine was not collected after the close of the experiments. The urine had begun to decompose before the heats of combustion of the daily samples could be determined, con- sequently the daily elimination of energy has been computed accord- ing to the manner followed under similar circumstances in experi- ments Nos. 13 and 14. Lab- ora- tory No. Weight of feces. Water. Pro- tein. 62 TABLE 71.-Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by 6-hour periods---Med a- olism experiments Nos. !3 and 24. Date. 1S99. Mar. 11--17 17-1. 18-19 Period. Amount of urine. Expcri-iint Vo. 23. Gras. 7a.m. t, I p.m ............... ... ......... ...... 498.6 1 p. m. to 7 p. m................................. 844 .8 7 p. m. t ll p.m.............................. .. 374.6 11 p.m to 7 a.m ............ .......... ......... 1.1 Total ................................... ........... Total 1by composite ....................... 2,299. 1 7 a.m to 1 p. m ................................. 4U1 2.9 1 p.m to7p.m .................................. 834.3 7 p.m. tn 11 p. m ................. ............... 315.2 11 p.m. to 7 a.m............................... 697.6 Total ................................... .......... Total by compn -ite........................' 2,20. 0 7a.m. to 1 p.m .................................. 312.7 1 p.m. to7p.m ................................. 663.3 7 p.m to 11 p. ............ ..................... 588.1 11p.m.to7a.m... ........... .... 11 p.m to 7a. m ... ............................. 432. 1 Total ..................................... .... ...... Total by composit ...................... 1,996.'2 Experiment NiV. 2 . Specific gravity. Nitrogen coDtent Per cet. GraIM 1.011 0.66 3.29 1.010 .68 5.74 1.020 1.32 4.96 1.010 .83 4.82 .......... .......... 18.80 1.013 .81 18. 0 1.017 1.14 4.59 1.011 (a) ......... 1.014 .861 2.97 1.010 .82 5.72 S (b ............... ...... ( b) 1.012 .86 1 19.61 1.018 1.31 4.10 1.010 .63 4.18 1.017 .96 5.65 1.013 1.05 4.54 .......... .......... 18.47 1.013 .91 18.17 19-20 7a.m. to 1 p.m ................................. 1 p.m. to7 p.m ......... ........................ 7 p.m to 11 p. m .......... ...................... ]1 p.m to 7 a.m ................................. Total ............... .................... Total by composite....................... 20-21 7 a.m to 1 p.m .................................. 1 p.n. to 7 p. m........... .................. 7 p.m. to 11 p.m ......................... 11 p.m to 7 a.m ............ ..................... Total ............. ................. ..... Total by composite........................ 21-22 7a.m to I p.m ................................. 1 p.m to 7 p.m ................................. 7 p.m to ll p.m ................................. 11 p.m. to 7 a.m ................................... Total ......................................... Total by composite........................ 409.9 770.3 2R5. 2 1.016 1.012 1.017 760.1 1.010 1.12 .76 1.16 .75 2,22.5.5 1.014 .89 344.4 i 1.018 1.19 661.8 1.013 .87 294.2 1.019 1.20 570.5 1.011 .82 .......... .......... .......... 1,870.9 I 1.013 .96 --I 490.0 1.012 .84 651.6 1.014 .85 257.1 1.017 1.12 462.x 1.014 1.02 1,861.5 ..........01 1.014 .........94 .94 SSample decomposed before percentage of nitrogen was accurately determined. b Nitrogen iu composite taken for computations. Mar. 4.59 5.85 3.31 5.70 19.45 19.81 4.10 5.76 3.58 4.68 18.07 17.96 4.12 5.54 2.88 4.72 4-f 17.26 17.50 III I 1 63 TABLE 72.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine-Metab- olism experiments Nos. 23 and 24. Date. 1899. Experinment No. 23. S16-17............... . 17-18................. 18-19............... . Experiment No. 24. .19-'20 ................ 20-21................ 21-T22............... Total, 9 days .... mon Carbon. Hydrogen. of urine. Grams. 2,299.1 2,280.0 1,996.2 P. el. Gra ms. 12.11 12.62 11.90 2,225.5 ...... 12.53 1,870.9 ...... 11.64 1,861.5 1...... 11.11 18, 540.8 0. 58 107.53 P. 1r. Gr wus. P. e ... 3.70 ...... 3.49 .... I 3. 67 ...... 3.41 .... Heat of combus- tion. Water. ti Pergram. Total. t. fram.. C;,,ri. Calories. . 2,234..3 .......... 140 .. 2,212.4 .......... 146 -. 1932. 5 ......... 137 1. ,q)_. 5 13 2, 1. .5 1,. 08.6 3.26 ...... 1,802.0 0.17 31.52 96.9 17,965.3 I 14-5 134 .......... 12. 0.067 1.1242 aThis period includes the 6 days of experiments 23 and 24 and 3 days of a preliminary experiment not reported here. Mar ..= I 64 The results of the determination of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air current are given in Tables 73-75: TABLE 73.-Cbmparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxid and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss-Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24. Date. 1899. Mar. 16-17 17-1i 18-19 Mar. 19-20 Carbon dioxid. End of period. 7 a. 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. 7 a. 1p. 7 p. 1 a. 7 a. Total amount in chamber. Gain (+) or loss (-) over pre- ceding period. Experiment No. 23. Grams. Grams. nm ..... ................... 24.5 ............ m ....................... 44.3 +19.8 m ..................... .. 40.9 3.4 mI ....................... 29.8 11.1 m ...................... 25.2 4.6 Total ............................. + .7 mi ................... .... 39.9 +14.7 m ........ ............... 36.3 3.6 m ........................ 26.7 9.6 nm ....................... 25.0 1.7 Total .................. ............. 1 p. m ........................ 7 p. m ....................... 1 a. m ........................ Sa. m .............. .......... 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. 7a. 20-21 ] 7 1 7 21-22 1 7 1 45.0 42.1 27.3 26. 4 - .2 +20.0 - 2.9 -14.8 - .9 Total .............. ............... + 1.4 ............ Experiment N.V. 2!. n. ...................... 40.3 +13.9 37.9 m ....................... 34.9 5.1 35.1 m ...... .................. 26.6 8.3 39.0 i ...................... 27.8 + 1.2 38.9 Total............................... + 1.4 .......... nm....................... 45.6 +17.8 40.2 m ............. ......... 38.6 7.0 41.5 m ......................... 29.1 9.5 41.1 m ....................... 24.1 5.0 36.7 Total................. ............. 3.7 ............ m ....................... 41.2 +17.1 39.6 m ....................... .44.4 + 3.2 44.6 m ....................... 26.5 -17.9 44.3 7 a. nm ....................... 30.4 + 3.9 46.8 Total.............. .......... 6.3 ...... ..... Water. Total amount of vapor re- maining in chamber. Grams. 35.2 40.5 43.2 45.6 37.7 40.1 41.8 37.4 33.5 Gain (4-) or loss (-) over pre- ceding period. Grams. + 5.3 + 2.7 + 2.4 7.9 + 2.5 Total amount gained(+) or lost(-) duringthe period." Grams. + 5.3 + 2.7 + 2.4 7.9 + 2.5 + 2.4 + 2.4 + 1.7 + 1.7 - 4.4 4.4 - 3.9 3.9 - 4.2 4.2 39.2 + 5.7 + 5.7 39.7 + .5 + .5 38.4 1.3 1.3 34.5 3.9 3.9 + 1.0 + 3.4 - 2.8 + 4.4 - 2.2 + 2.9 + 5.0 - .3 + 2.5 +10.1 + 1.0 + 4.4 - 2.2 + 2.9 + 5.0 - .3 + 2.5 +10.1 SThe variations in the weights of the absorbers were so small as to be within the limits of error in weighing. They are not taken into account in the calculations. There was no drip. I 1 I S65 STABLE 74.-Record of carbon dio.id in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24. Carbon dioxid. In incoming air. t \ In out- (t) Total exces - in Aiut- u ici3 \uf) \.-) going I gig of air). Per Total, air. goair liter, axb d-c. E.rperiment No. 23. Liters. .11g. Grams. Grams. G(am,. 7a.m. tol p.m ... 24,857 0.700 17.4 2341.9 -217.5 1 p. m. to 7 p. m... 26.329 .706 18. 6 245.9 227.3 7 p.m to 1 a.m... 27,749 .609 16.9 233.3 216.4 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... 27,618 .567 15.7 151.3 135.6 Total ........ 106,553 ....... 68.6 865.4 796.8 7 a. n. to 1 p. n ... 27,110 566 15.4 236.3 220.9 1 p. n. to 7 p. m ... 26,569 .556 14.8 232. S 218.0 7 p. m. to 1 a.m ... 28,339 .582 16.5 225.7 209.2 a.m.to 7 a.n ... 28,209 .5, 8 16.6 152.1 133.5 Total ........ 110,227 ...... 63.3 S46.9 783.6 7 n. m.to 1 p. m ... 26,108 .566 14.8 248.3 233.5 1 p.m to 7 p. m ... 26,608 .548 14.6 227.4 212. S 7 p.m. to 1 a.n .. 27,694 .577 16.0 235.9 2i9.9 1 a. to 7 a.. .. 27,572 .578 15.9 148.7 132.S 1899. Mar. 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 Experiment No. 2". 7a.m. to 1 p.ni ... 1 p.m. to7 p.m ... 7 p.m. to 1 a. m ... 1a.m. to 7 a. ... Total ........ 7 a. m. to 1 p. m ... 1 p.m. to 7 p. n ... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ... 1 a. m. to7 a. m ... S Total ........ 7 a.m. to 1 p. in... 1 p.m. to 7 p.m... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ... 1 a. m. to 7 a.m ... Total ........ Total, 3 days. ....... 61.3 860.3 ....... 193.2 2,572.6 799.0 2,379.4 I .1 Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in chamber. (I ) Cor- rected amount exhaled by sub- ject, e+f. Gralln,. i (G'ranls. +19. 237.3 3.4 223.9 -11.1 205.3 4.6 131.0 + .7 797.5 +14.7 235.6 3.6 214.4 9.6 199.6 1.7 133.8 Total weight of car- bon ex- haled, gf I. Grams. 64.7 61.1 56.0 35.7 217.5 64.2 58.5 54.4 36.5 - .2 783.4 213.6 S20.0 253.5 69.1 - 2.9 209.9 57.2 -14.8 205.1 55.9 - .9 131.9 36.0 + 1.4 800.4 218.2 + 1.9 2.381.3 649.3 I _ 27,538 .580 16.0 241.6 225. +13.9 239.5 65.3 27,829 .557 15.5 243.3 227.8 5.4 222.4 60.6 27,889 .65N5 18.2 248.6 230.4 8.3 222.1 60.6 27,385 .639 17.5 153.7 136.2 + 1.2 137.4 37.5 110,641 .......... 67.2 887.2 820.0 + 1.4 821.4 224.0 26,295 .564 ,14.8 256.4 241.6 +17.8 259.4 70.7 26,624 .572 15.2 251.0 235. S 7.0 228.8 62.4 27,671 .601 16.6 237.5 220.9 9.5 211.4 57.6 27,938 .549 15.3 159.9 144.6 5.0 139.6 38.1 108,528 ....... 61.9 904.8 842.9 3.7 839.2 228.8 26,162 .609 15.9 249.4 233.5 +17.1 250.6 68.3 26,049 .582 15.1 243.4 228.3 + 3.2 231.5 63.1 27.718 .575 15.9 277.7 261.8 -17.9 243.9 66.5 27,370 .571 15.6 165.2 149.6 + 3.9 153.5 41.9 107,299 ....... 62.5 935.7 873.2 + 6.3 879.5 239.8 326,468 ...... 191.6 2,727.7 2,536.1 + 4.0 2,540.1 692.6 326, 68 .... I II 13007-No. 109-02- 5 (a) Ventila- tion (number f 1 Period. Date. Total ........ 107,982 Total, 3 days. 324,762 A.'1 66 TABLE 75.-Record of water in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiments is and 4. (a) Water in outgoing air. (g) (A) incoming air. S (b) (C (d) (e) () Date. Period. o ' -.* o l f ia4 OcJo a Fc 00 8 5.i E .a s i C c> c < < C -- 0 E 6 1899. Mar. 16-17 17-18 18-19 Mar. 19-20 20-21 21-22 Experiment No. eS. 7 a.m. to 1 I. im.. 1 p.m. to7 p.m.. 7 p.m. to 1 H.n.. 1 a.m.to7 a.m.. Total........ 7 a.m. to 1 p.m.. 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 1 a.m.to7 a.m..' Liters. 24,8.57 26,329 27,749 27, 61S- 106,553 27,110 26,569 28,339 28,209 Total........ 110,227 a.m. to 1 p. m. 26,108 p. m.to7 p. m.. 26,608 p. m. to 1 a.m.. 27,694 a.m. to7a. n..: 27,572 Total........ Total, 3 days. Experiment No. 24. 7 a. m. to 1 p.m.. 1 p.m. to 7 p.m.. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.. 1 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 107,982 324,762 27,538 27,829 27,889 27,385 Mg. 0.830 .787 .719 .730 .730 .718 .712 .718 .758 .778 .776 .771 .802 .785 .759 .744 Total........ 110,641 ...... 7a. m.tol p.m.. 26,295 .749 1 p. m. to 7 p. m.. 26,624 .706 7p.m. to I a. m.. 27,671 .689 1 a.m. to 7 a. m.. 27,938 .702 Total......... 108,528.. 7a.m. tolp. m.. 26,162 .702 1 p.m.to7 p.m..: 26,049 .693 7p.m. tol a.m.. 27,718 .717 1 a.m. to 7a.m.. 27,370 .733 Total........ 107,299 ..... Total, 3rlays. 326.468..... Grams. 20.6 20. 7 Grams. Grams. 180.1 35.5 193.5 35.5 Grams. 215.6 229.0 Grams. 195.0 208.3 20.0 232.4 ] 42.3 274.7 254.7 20.2 208.4 35.6 244.0 223.8 81.5 814.4 148.9 963.3 881.8 19.8 190.1 38.8 228.9 209.1 19.1 193.3 33.9 227.2 208.1 20.2 201.1 42.6 243.7 223.5 20.2 177.6 1 36.6 214.2 194.0 79.3 762.1 151.9 914.0 834.7 19.8 169.6 36.7 206.3 186.5 20.7 184.7 33.9 i 218.6 197.9 21.5 197.0 42.6 1 239.6 218.1 21.3 189.2 35.6 224.8 203.5 83.3 740.5 148.8 889.3 806.0 244.1 22.1 -21.8 21.2 20.4 85.5 19.7 18.8 19. 1 19.6 77.2 18.4 18.1 19.9 20.1 76.5 2,317.0 449.6 12,766.6 2,522.5 183.3 195.3 220.0 209.6 40.0 36. 7 41.9 33. 7 223.3 232.0 261.9 243.3 201.2 210.2 240.7 222.9 Grams. + 5.3 + 2.7 + 2.4 - 7.9 + 2.5 + 2.4 + 1.7 - 4.4 - 3.9 - 4.2 + 5.7 + .5 - 1.3 - 3.9 + 1.0 - 0.7 Grams. 200. 211.0 257.1 215.9 884.8 211.5 209.8 219.1 190.1 830.5 192.2 198.4 216.8 199.6 807.0 2,521.8 204.6 207.4 244.6 222.8 808.2 152.3 960.5 875.0 + 4.4 879.4 191. 6 35.5 227.1 207.4 + 1.3 208.7 204.9 32.0 236.9 218.1 + 1.3 219.4 214.0 1 40.7 254.7 235.6 .4 235.7 204.4 35.3 239.7 220.1 4.4 215. 2 814.9 143.5 958.4 881.2 2.2 879. 0` 186.8 I34.3 221.1 202.7 + 2.9 205.6 200.1 31.0 231.1 213.0 + 5.0 28.0 253.0 41.0 294.0 274.1 .3 273.81 246.6 35.9 282.5 262.4 + 2.5 264.. 886.5 142.2 1,028.7 952.2 +10.1 962. 2Y9. 2,50ou9.o 438. u II. I. 2z, 7Ua.4 -+- t. 2, 7i . I --*--- I 1 - -I --* . I ----I i 67 Table 76 shows the amount of heat carried away in the water cur- rent and in the water vapor in successive 6-hour periods of experiments Nos. 23 and 24. TABLE 76.-Summary of calorimetric measurements-Metabolism e.rperiment.s Nos. 23 and 24. 1899. Mar. 16-17 17-18 18-19 Mar. 19-20 20-21 21-22 Period. I r~,....,.,..,, ~.. a, (a) Heat measured in terms of C.,. (b) (C) (4) Change Capacity Corruec of tern- correc- tio due perature tion of to tem- of calo- calo- perature rimeter. rimeter, of food and Sbx60. dishes. (C) Water va- porized equals total amount exhaled less amount con - densed in chamber. (f Heat used in vaporiza- tion of water, ex 0.592. k ' t9) Total heat de- ter- mined, a+c+d +f. fljJt cra, olu. o. Calories. Degree. Calories. Calories. Grams. Calories. Calories. Ta.m.to 1 p.m.... 485.4 +0.21 +12.6 17.5 200.3 118.6 599.1 1 p.m.to7 p.m.... 521.4 .07 4.2 23.9 211.0 124.9 618.2 7p.m.tol a.m .... 452.2 .05 3.0 .......... 257.1 152.2 601.4 1 a.m.to 7a.m .... 252.0 + .05 3.0 .......... 215.9 127.8 382.8 Total........ 1,711.0 + .14 4 8.4 11.4 884.3 523.5 2,201.5 I i 7a.m. tolp. m....; 477.4 ......... .......... 18.6 211.5 125.2 584.0 lp.m. to 7p.m.... 502.4 + .01 .6 28.7 209.8 124.2 598.5 7p.m .tol a.m .... 418.1 ......... .......... .......... 219.1 129.7 547.8 1 a.rm.to7 a.mr.... 302.4 ........................... 190.1 112.5 414.9 Total........ 1,700.3 + .01 + .6 -- 7.3 830.5 491.6 2,145.2 7a.m. tol p. n.... 513.8 ................... 16.0 192.2 113.8 611.6 1 p.m.to7 p. m.... 510.0 .02 1.2 28.1 198.4 117.5 598.2 7p.rm.tol a.m....' 448.9 + .02 + 1.2 .......... 216.8 128.3 578.4 1 a.m.to 7 a.mr.... 277.7 .06 3.6 .......... 199.6 118.2 392.3 Total........I 1,750.4 .06 3.6 -- 44.1 807.0 477.8 2,180.5 Total,3days.j 5,161.7 .09 + 5.4 -132.8 2,521.8 1,492.9 6,527.2 Experiment No. 24. 7a.m.to 1 p. m.... 497.6 + .01 + .6 18.5 204.6 121.1 600.8 1 p.m.to7 p. m.... 510.9 + .05 + 3.0 29.9 207.4 122.8 606.8 7 p. m.tol a. m .... 450.5 ............................. 244.6 144.8 595.3 la.m.to 7 a. m.... 278.8 + .03 + 1.8 ........... 222.8 131.9 412.5 Total........ 1,737.8 + .09 + 5.4 48.4 879.4 520.6 2,215.4 7a.m.tol p. m.... 520.9 + .01 + .6 14.3 208.7 123.5 630.7 1 p.m. to7 p.m.... 515.8 .04 2.4 31.8 219.4 129.9 611.5 7 p.m.tol a. m.... 1 a.m. to 7 a. .... --i Total......... 7a.m. to p.m .... 1 p.m. to7 p.m.... 7 p.n 1 a.n 436.8 279.2 1,752.7 590. 0 443. 1 .tol a.m.... 569.5 i.to7 a.m.... 248.9 Total........ 1,851.5 Total, 3 days. 5,342.0 + .02 + 1.2 - .06 3.6 - .07 4.2 -I + .04 + 2.4 - 01 .6 + .01 + .6 + .04 + 2.4 + 06 +3.6 235.2 .......... 215.7 46.1 879.0 14.7I 205.6 29.9 218.0 ......... 273.8 .......... 264.9 44.6 962.3 -139..1 2,720.7 139.2 577.2 127.7 403.3 520.3 2,222.7 121.7 699.4 129.1 512.3 162 1 731.0 156.8 406.3 569.7 2,379.0 1,610.6 6,817.1 I I __ 68 ' Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy.-The inome and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy in experimei Il Nos. 23 and 24 are shown in Tables 77-80. TABLE 77.-Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon-Metabolism experiments. Nov. :iS and 24.. Nitrogen. (a) In food. (b) In feces. Time. 1899. Experiment No. 23. 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 19.8 1.1 17-18,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 19.9 1.2 18-19,7 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 19.8 1.1 Total, 3 days ........ 59.5 3.4 Average, I day....... 19.8 1.1 Experiment No. 24. 19-20,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 19.8 1.3 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a.m.. 19.9 1.3 21-22,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 19.8 1.3 Total, 3 days ........ 59.5 3.9 Average, 1 day...... 19.8 1.3 (c) In urine. (d) Gain (+) or loss (-),a- (b+c). Grams. -0.1 - .9 + .2 - .8 - .3 18.8 19.6 18.5 56.9 19.0 19.4 .9 18.1 + .5 17.3 +1.2 54. 8 + .8 18.2 + .3 (e) In food. Grams. 244.9 245.0 244.9 734.8 244.9 (f) In feces. Grams. 10.2 10.3 10.2 30.7 10.2 I* I :1-- -- _______________________ 299.7 10.5 299.6 10.5 299.7 10.5 899.0 31.5 299.7 10.5 TABLE 78.-Income and .outgo of water and hydrogen-Metabolism experiments Nos. S; and 24. Water. Time. (a) In food. (b) In drink. 1899. Experiment No. 23. Gram. Grans. Mar. 16-17,7 a.m. to 7 a. m..... 1,269.8 1,362.8 17-18,7 a. m.to 7 a.m..... 1,269.8 1,379.2 18-19,7 a. m. to 7 a. ..... 1,269.8 1,378.0 Total, 3 days............. 3,809.4 4,120.0 Average, 1 day.......... 1,269.8 1,373.3 Experiment No. 24. Mar. 19-20,7a. m.to 7 a.m..... 1,269.8 1,376.0 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a. m..... 1,269.8 1,382.4 21-22,7 a. m. to 7 a. m...... 1,269.8 1,373.4 Total, 3days............. 3,809.4 4,131.8 Average, 1 day .......... 1,269.8 1,377.3 (c) In feces. (d) (e) In respira- In urine. tory prod- nets. Grams. Grams. 49.2 2,234.3 49.2 2,212.4 49.2 1,932.5 147.6 6,379.2 49.2 2,126.4 68.1 2,158.5 68.1 1,808.6 68.1 1,802.0 204.3 68.1 5,769. 1 1,923.0 Grams. 884.3 830.5 807.0 2,521.8 840.6 879.4 879.9 962.3 2,720.7 906.9 (f) Apparent alb- (c+d+fl. Grams. - 2.] - 44S.1 - 140.9 -1,119.2 - 373.1 - 460.2 - 1a9.s -a - 752.1 - 250.1 Carbon. I i I I Grams. Grams. Grams. Mar. Mar. (g) In urine. Grams. 12.1 12. 6 11.9 36.6 12.2 e(+)l g+A). Grain. + 5.1 + 8.6 + 4.5 (A) In re- spira- tory prod- ucts. Grams. 217.5 213.6 218.2 649.3 216.4 12.5 11.7 11.1 35.3 11.8 224.0 228.8 239.8 692.6 230.9 + 52.7 + 48.6 + 38.3 +139.6 + 46.5 j ~ A .A - .......... :,.. ...-; ,;;,: .. 69 TABLE 78.-Ir come and outgo of water and hydrogen-Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24-Continued. Hydrogen. Time. 1899. Experiment No. 23. Mar. 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a. m..... 17-18,7 a. m. to 7 a. m..... 18-19,7 a. m. to 7 a. m..... Total, 3 days............. Average, 1 day .......... Experiment No. 2O. Mar. 19-20, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m..... 20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a. m..... 21-22,7 a. m. to 7 a. m..... Total, 3 days............. Average, 1 day .......... (g) In food. Grains. 35.4 35.4 35.4 (h) In feces. 'Gram s. 1.5 1.4 1.5 (i) In urine. Gram s. 3.5 3.7 3.5 (1) Apparent gain, g-- (h+i). Gramns. + 30.4 + 30.3 + 30.4 Loss from water, f-9. Grams. -- 59.5 49.2 15.7 106.2 4.4 10.7 + 91.1 -124.4 35.4 1.5 3.6 + 30.4 41.5 43.8 1.5 3.7 + 33.6 51.1 43.8 1.5 3.4 + 38.9 11.5 43.8 1.5 3.3 + 39.0 21.0 131.4 43. 8 10.4 3.5 +116.5 + 38.8 83.6 27.9 TABLE 79.-Gain or loss of protein (NX6..5), fat, and water--Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24. Time. 1889. Experiment No. 23. Mar. 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 17-18,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ................ 18-19,7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. Total, 3 days ..................... Average, 1 day.................. Experiment No. 24. Mar. 19-20,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............... 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 21-22,7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. Total, 3 days ..................... Average, 1 day................... I (a) Nitrogen gained (+) or lost (-). Grams. -0.1 .9 + .2 -.8 .3 -.9 + .5 +1.2 + .8 i + .3 (b) Protein gained (+) or lost (-), ax 6.25. GramIs. -0.6 -5.6 +1.3 -4.9 -1.6 (c) Total car- bon gained (+) or lost (-). Gramos. + 5.1 + 8.5 + 4.6 + 18.2 + 6.1 (d) (c) Carbon in Carbon in protein fat, etc., gained gained (+)or (+)or lost (-), lost (-), b,0.53. c-d. (f) Fat gained (+) or lost (-), e-0.761. Grams. Grams. Grams. 0.0 + 5.1 + 6.7 -3.0 + 11.5 + 15.0 + .7 + 3.9 + 5.1 -2.3 + 20.5 + 26.8 .8 + 6.9 + 9.0 -5.6 + 52.7 -3.0 + 55.7 + 72.8 +3.1 + 48.6 +1.6 + 47.0 + 61.5 +7.5 + 38.3 +4.0 + 34.3 + 44.8 +5.0 +139.6 +2.6 +137.0 +179.1 +1.7 + 46.5 + .9 + 45.7 + 59.7 (u) Total gain (+) or loss ( ),l+. Gra is. -29.1 -18.9 414. 7 -33.3 -11.1 -12.5 +27.4 +18.0 +32.9 +10.9 70 TABLE 79.-Gain or loss of protein (NX6.25), fat, and water--Metabolism experimesa Nos. 23 and 24-Continued. 1899. Experiment No. 23. Mar. 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a. m .............. 17-18,7 a.m.to 7 a. m .............. 18-19,7 a.m. to 7 a. m .............. Total,3 days ..................... Average, 1 day ................... Experiment No. R4. Mar. 19-20,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............... 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ............... 21-22,7 a.m.to 7 a. m ............... Total,3 days ..................... Average, 1 day................... Time. (g) Total hy- drogen gained (+) or lost (-). Gramts. -29. 1 -18.9 +14.7 -33.3 -11.1 (a) (i) Hydrogen Hydrogen in protein in fat gained (+) gained (+) or lost (-), or lost (--,) bxO.07. fxO.118. Grains. + 0.8 + 1.8 + .6 + 3.2 + 1.1 Grain. 0.0 -.4 + .1 -.3 - .1 S k) Hydrogen in water, ,etc., gained (+) orlost g-(k+). Grams. -29.9 -20.3 +14.0 -36.2 -12.1 (w) Water gained (+) or lost (-); kx9. Grams. -269.1 -18. 7 +126.0 -82.6. -108.6. -12.5 .4 + 8.7 -20.8 -187.2 +27.4 + .2 + 7.4 +19.8 +178.2 +18.0 + .5 + 5.4 +12.1 +108.9 . --- ------- I ----- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _- ^ _^' +32.9 +10.9 +21.5 + 7.1 +11.1 + 3.7 +.99.9 + 33.8 TABLE 80.-Income and outgo of energy-Metabolism experiments Nos. 23 and 24. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Esti- Esti- Esti- Heat Heat mated I mated mated deter- deter- Heat heatof heatof energy mined mined HHeat oof f f corn- of ma- Hco- Hoeat of of burton com- trial Heat greater greater Time. bustion m- of pro- oxi- deter- (+) or (+)or of food bustion bus- ten of fat dized mined. ess(-) e(- eaten of feces. tion of gained gained inthan than te urine. (g)or (+) or bod esti- eS lost lost -(b+c mated, mated, ls (t (-). hA/. (,)I +d+e). g-f. 1899. I ExCalo- Calo- C'lo- Calo- Cb' l.- Calo Calo- Cdo- Per experiment j. ries. rs. ris. ri ries. ries. ries. ritea. cent. Mar. 16-17,7 a.m. to 7a. m... 2,546 114 140 4 + 63 2,233 2,202 31 -1.4 17-18,7 a. m. to 7a. m... 2,546 114 146 -32 i+ 141 2,177 2,145 32 -1.5 18.-19,7 a. m. to 7 a. m ... 2,546 114 137 + 8 + 48 2.239 2,181 68 -2.6 Total, 3 days.......... 7,638 342 423 -28 1+ 252 6,649 6,528 -121 ........ Average, day........ 2,546 114 141 9 + 84 2,216 2,176 40 -1.8 Experiment No. I Mar. 19-20,7a.m. to 7a. m ... 3,061 116 145 -32 + 684 2,148 2,215 + 67 +3.1 20-21,7a.m. to 7 a. m... 3,061 116 134 +18 + 579 2,214 2,223 + 9 + .4 21-22,7a. m. to 7a. m...i 3,061 1 116 128 +43 + 421 2,353 2,379 + 26 +1.1 Total.3 days.......... 9,183 I 348 407 -t-29 +1,684 6,715 6,817 +102 ....... Average, Ilday ........ 3,061 116 136 +10 [+ 561 2,238 2,272 + 34 +1.6 i I S71 METABOLISM EXPERIMENT NO. 25. Subject.-J. F. S., a chemist, 29 years of age, weighing with under- clothing about 64 kilograms (141 pounds). Occupation during experiment.-Reading, writing, and miscellaneous observations with the apparatus, with as little muscular activity as was practicable. lDuration.-Three days, beginning at 7 a. m. January 23, 1900. The usual preliminary period of 4 days duration preceded the metabolism experiment. The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of January 22, thus spending four nights and three days in the respira- tion chamber. Diet.-Inasmuch as experiment No. 25 was the first with this sub- ject, the experiment was somewhat of a preliminary nature. The average food consumption of the subject had been determined by pre- liminary tests, and the diet was so arranged as to furnish approxi- mately the nitrogen and the energy it was believed the subject required. It was intended to make this the first of a series of three experiments, in which about one-fifth of the energy of the diet should be furnished by isodynamic amounts of different materials. Unfortunately an acci- dent to some of the machinery necessitated the stopping of the experi- ment shortly after the close of the first of the series of experiments. The diet consisted of a so-called basal ration furnishing about 110 grams of protein and 2,391 calories of energy, to which was added 63 grams of butter daily, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 505 calories of energy. The kinds and quantities of food served for each meal and the quan- tity of drink consumed at different periods of the day are as follows: TABLE 81.--Dief in metabolism '.ite'rimciif Ao. 45. FOOD. Food materials. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. Gra in. Grauw!. Grams. Granit. Beef ................................................. ......... 30 55 ............ 85 S Butter ................................................ 35 35 28 98 M ilk .......................................................... 300 300 400 i 1,00 SBread ......................................................... 90 120 90 300 Parched cereal ............................................... .....5 ... .... 25 50 Ginger snaps............. .................................. 1. .......... 35 35 70 S Sugar ............................................. 10. ........... 10 20 DRINK. Time. Water. Time. Water. Grains. Grams. Breakfast .............................. 100 10.30 p. m ............................... 100 10.00 a. m.................... ........... 200 Total for day ...................... 900 3.00 p.m .......... ....................... 200 I 9.00 p. m ................................ 300 72 .." .i ... ... ui-1i , Daily routine.-The daily routine was essentially the same am tt..iOAt in previous experiments with other -subjects, with the exception that 'I the subject observed his pulse and body temperature at more frequent i intervals. The general routine was as follows: TABLE 82.-Daily programme--Metabolism experiment No. 25. 6.50 a. m..... Take pulse and temperature. 3.00 p. m..... Drink 200 grams water. 7.00a. m..... Pass urine, weigh self, weigh 6.00 p. m..... Supper. absorbers. 6.50 p. m..... Take pulse and temperature. 7.45 a. m..... Breakfast, drink 100 grams 7.00 p. m..... Pass urine, weigh self, weigh ab- water. sorbers. 10.00 a. m..... Drink 200 grams water. 9.00 p. m..... Drink 300 grams water. 12.50 p. m..... Take pulse and temperature. 10.20 p. m..... Take pulse and temperature. 1.00 p. m..... Pass urine. 10.30 p. m..... Drink 100 grams water, retire. 1.15 p. m..... Dinner. 1.00 a. m..... Pass urine. Table 83 summarizes the most important statistics in the diary kept by the subject. He weighed himself in underclothing twice each day. The reasons for not removing all the clothing in weighing, as was done in previous experiments, were two. It was desired to avoid the mus- cular work involved in dressing and undressing. It has also been found that the sudden increase of radiation of heat from the skin when the clothing was removed caused a decided rise of the temperature inside the chamber and thus disturbed the accuracy of the heat meas- urements to some extent. There was extremely little muscular exer- cise and no sensible perspiration. Hence the differences in weight from time to time may be considered to represent very nearly the actual changes in body weight. The determinations of pulse rate were made, of course, by the sub- ject himself, when either sitting or reclining, after several minutes' rest. The measurement at 6.50 to 7 a. m., however, was made just before rising. The body temperature was determined by means of a mercury ther- mometer. The temperature was, as a rule, taken in the axilla, although numerous sublingual observations were made. The thermometer was, as a rule, left in place ten minutes before reading. While the records - of body temperature thus taken are probably not as accurate as might be desired, later observations with an electrical rectal thermometer since devised for continuous and accurate observations of internal body temperature a lead us to believe that the daily curves for the two are nearly parallel. In previous experiments a hygrometer had been placed in the chamber, and readings with dry and wet bulb were taken at frequent intervals. Inasmuch. however, as these readings were not used in the computations of results, and as it is desirable in rest experiments to aArch. Physiol. [Pfluger], 88 (1901), No. 9-10, p. 492. ..;.... ~ 73 avoid all unnecessary exercise, even that of rising and reading the Shygrometer, these observations were not made in the experiments of 1900. TABLE 83.-Summary of the diary-Metabolism c.periment No. 25. Time. 1900. January 2S. 7 a.m.......... 9a.m........... 9.05 a. m ........ 10.15 a. m ....... 11.30 a.m ....... 11.50 a.m ....... 12 m........... 12.10 p. m ....... 12.25 p. m....... 12.50 p. m ....... 1 p.m........... 2.35 p.m........ 2.40 p. m........ 3.45 p. m........ 3.50 p.m ........ 4.25 p. m ........ 5p.m........... .. 5.05 p.m. Weight of sub- ject in under- clothes. AKqs. 63.79 ..... . .... .... ......... -I... . ..I.. . 5.35 p.m ............... 6.45 p.m ................. 7 p.m.......... 64.63 8p. m ........... ........ 8.30 p. m ................ 8.40 p.m................ 9.35 p.m............. 10p.m................... 10.10p. m .............. 10.15 p.m....... ........ 10.25 p. m....... i......... January 24. 6.55a. m ........ 64.21 8.30 a. m ........ ......... 8.40 a.m .....:.. ......... 9 a.m.................... 9.25 a. m ........ 9.30 a.m ........ 9.35 a.m........ 9.55 a. m ........ 10.30 a. m....... 10.40 a. m....... 11 a. m........... 11.25 a.m ....... 11.35 a. m....... 11.55 a. m ....... 12.17 p.m ....... Pulse rate per min- ute. 73 89 77 73 72 69 78 86 82 73 75 75 68 69 67 83 78 ......... ........ ......... I 8-- -- - ......... 68 ......... 80 ......... 74 ......... 84 ......... 81 ......... 69 ......... .. . Temperature. Axil- lary. OF. 97.2 98.3 98. 5 97. S 97.5 97.9 97.6 97.7 98.3 ........ 98 0A Sublin- gual. OF. 98.3 97.9 . . 70.U ..... .... ........ 98.3 98.8 ........ ......... 98.7 98.7 ........ 98.1 ....... 97.9 ....... 98.3 ........ ........ 97.8 ........ ........ 98.4 ....... 98.3 ....... ........ 98.2 97.7 ........ 97.7 ........ 97.6 ....... 97.7 ....... ........ 97.4 98.6 98.6 98.2 97. 9 97. 2 98.3 98.2 98.1 98.3 98.6 ........ 98.2 98.4 97.6 97.7 Time. 1900. Jan. 24-Cont'd. 12.30 p. m....... 1.52 p.m........ 1.55 p. n ........ 2.25 p. m........ 2.45 p. m ........ 3.23 p. m ........ 3.45 p. m ........ 3.46 p. m ........ 4.10 p.m ........ 4.30 p. m........ 4.55 p. m....... 5.15 p.m........ 5.30 p.m ........ 5.45 p. m ........ 5.48 p.m........ 5.57 p. m ........ 6.49 p. m........ 6.53 p.m ........ 6.57 p.m........ S7.30 p. m ........ 7.38 p.m........ 8p.m........... 8.25 p. m ........ 8.30 p. m........ 9.21 p. m........ 9.47 p. m........ 10.10 p. m....... 10.20 p.m....... 10.20 p.m....... 10.25 p. m....... January 25. 6.55 a.m ........ 7.03 a. m ........ 7.38 a. m ........ 7.50 a. m ........ 8.37 a. m ........ 8.50 a. m ........ 8.53 a.m........ 8.55 a. m ........ 9.37 a. m........ 9.47 a. m ........ 10.29 a. m ....... 10.40 a. m ....... 10.45 a. m ....... 10.54 a.m ....... Weight of sub- ject in under- clothes. Kgs. .... .... Pulse rate per min- ute. 63 78 84 82 75 75 . ......... ....... ......... 71 ......... 77 65.13 ....... ......... ....... ......... ....... ......... 70 ......... 72 ... ...... ......... ........ ......... 64 64 71 78 86 82 80 76 71 74 Temperature. Sublin- gual. OF. 97.7 98.5 98.6 i -.. . Axil- lary. oF. 98.3 98.4 98.6 98.8 98.5 98.3 98.3 98.2 98.3 98.5 98.2 98.2 98.1 97.5 97.5 i........ . ....... 98.5 98.0 98.2 97.7 97.0 97.0 97.2 98.5 98.3 ::::::::: ..mm.I...... 7 4 ....... ::. .'" i: ' TABLE 83.-S ry f74he diary- e lis eperi No. 5- n e TABLE 83.-Summary of the diary--Metabolism experiment No. 25--Continped. Weight Pulse of sub- rate Time. ject in per under- min- clothes. ute. 1900. Jan. 25-Cont'd. Kgs. 11.10 a. m ................ ...... 11.13 a. m ....... ........ 72 11.25a. m ................. 74 11.35 a.m ................ ..... 11.39a.m -...-...- .........- 72 11.53 a. m 269 11.53 a.m ................. 69 12.09 p. m ........................ 12.15 p. m ................ 72 12.27 p.m ....... ......... 68 12.45 p. m ............... 68 12.47 p. m ....... ......... ....... 2.11 p.m ........ ......... 81 2.37 p. m ........ ........ 2.55 p. m ................. ....... 3 p.m ........... ......... 81 3.19 p.m ........ ......... ....... 3.26 p. m ................. 82 3.28 p.m ........ ......... ....... 3.31 p.m ........................ 3.33 p. m ...... ... ..... ....... 3.35 p. m .................... 4 p.m ........... ................ 4.10 p.m................ ....... 4.3 p. m--------------- -------7 4.35 p. m........ ......... 75 4.48 p. m ............... .... 5.06 p. m ........-... .... ...- 5.23 p. m ........ ......... 73 6.04 p.m ........................ 6.43 p. m ............... 76 6.46 p. m ........ ............... 6.59 p.m ....... 65.19 ....... 7.48 p.m ................. ....... 7.51 p. m ........ ...... ... 69 7.51 p. m . 7.55 p.n ........ ............ ....... 8.22 p. m ...... 8.46 p.m ........ ..... .... 8.49 p.m .......... ........ 70 8.51 p.m ......... ... ...... 9.16 p. m ........ ... ....... 9.31 p. m ........ ...... ......... 9.46 p.m ............. ....... 9.1 .p.m.. I" 9.49 p.m ........ ....... 70 10.10 p.m ....... ..... .. 10.17 p.m ............... 70 10.20 p. m ....... ........ ....... Temperature. Axil- Sublin- lary. gual. F. 98.0 98.1 98.0 98.7 98.7 98.1 98.8 98.1 98.8 98.0 98.3 98.4 98.5 98.4 ....... 98.5 ....... 98.3 ........ 98.3 ....... 98.3 ....... 98.2 ........ 98........ ........ 98.4 ........ ........ ........ 98.4 ........ ........ ........ ........ 97.9 97.7 ....... 97.8 ........ ........ 97.7 97.8...... 97.8 ....... 97.8 ....... 97.4 ........ 97.2 ........ Time. 1900. Jan uary 26. 6.55 a.m ........ 7a.m........... 7.04 a.m ........ 8.33 a.m ........ 8.39 a. m ........ 8.41 a.m ........ 8.42 a. m ........ 9.26 a. m ........ 9.30 a. m ....... 9.72 a. m ........ 10 a. m.......... 10.27 a. m ....... 10.32 a. m ....... 10.44 a. m ....... 11.01 a.m ....... 11.12 a.m ..... 11.30 a. m ....... 11.33 a.m ....... 11.55 a.rm ....... 12.05 p. m ....... 12.28 p. m ....... 12.34 p.m....... 12.51 p.m ....... 12.56 p. m ....... 1.56 p.m ........ 2.04 p.m ........ 2.16 p. m ........ 2.27 p. m........ 2.28 p.m ........ 2.45 p.m ........ 3.07 p.m ........ 3.08 p.m ........ 3.12 p.m ........ 3.21 p.m ........ 3.33 p.m ........ 3.45 p.m ........ 4 p.m ............ 4.39 p. m ....... 5 p.m........... 5.23 p. m ........ 5.28 p. m ........ 5.50 p.m ........ 6.37 p. m ........ 6.49 p. m ........ I 7 p.m........... 65.18 Weight of sub- ject in under- clothes. Kgs. 64.43 ......... 72 76 ......... 82 ......... ....... 88 92 93 98 Pulse rate per min- ute. 70 90 88 90 91 87 82 -... 98.7 ....... 98.6 95 ....... ....... 98.3 94 ........ ....... 98.3 I - '"""' "~-"" .--...., Tempeixmf:. Axil- Subin- lary. g ., oF. oP. 97........ ........ 98.......... 98.1 ........ -98.5 98........ ........ ........ ........ 97.. .2 98.5 ........ ........ ....... 98.3 ....... 98.2 . ........ 97. 97.2 ....... 97.9 ....... 97.9 ........ ....... .... 97.7 ....... 98.9 ....... 98.5,....... 97.9 ....... 98... ...... 98.9 ....... 98........ ........ 98. ........ 98.4 .......------ ........i........ 98.5 ........ 98.5 ....... 9-.6.... -....... 98.7 ........ 98.7 ........ 98.6 ........ ::::::::: 75 Detailed data of income and outgo.-The quantities of nutrients and energy in the daily diet in this experiment are shown in Table 84, and the total and daily elimination of matter and energy in the feces in Table 85. TABLE 84.- -Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods-Metabolism experiment No. 25. Food materials. Beef ............ Butter ........... Milk, skimmed... Bread............ Parched cereal .. Ginger snaps.... Sugar ........... Total....... Weight per day. Grams. 85 98 1,000 300 50 70 Water. Gra ns. 53.4 8.6 894.0 115.8 2.8 3.4 Pro- tein. Grams. 28.5 1.6 43.0 27.3 5.9 4.5 20 ....... Fat. Gra ins. 2.8 84.4 4.0 6.3 .9 6.0 Car- Nitro- Car- Hydro t o boh- dro- combus- drates. gen. bon. gen. tion. Grams. Grams. Grams. Gra. Gms. ms. Calori.s. ....... 4.56 16.68 2.35 185 ........ .25 62.10 9.81 I 786 51.0 6. 0 47.60 6.70 488 146.7 4. &S 4.12 12.09 841 39. .94 21.10 ,2.97 207 54.9 .72 30.91 4.49 310 ........ 20.0 ........ $.42 1.30 1,623 1,078.0 | 110.8 104.4 312.2 17.65 270.93 39.71 2,896 I I TABLE 85.- Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces-Metabolism experiment No. 25. Lab- ora- tory No. 3171 Total, 3 days..... Average, 1 day... Weight of feces. Grams.n 211.4 70.5 Water. Grains. 145.8 48.6 Pro- Fat. tein. Grams. Grams. 18.2 8.0 6.1 2.7 bCa- Nitro- bohy- drates. gen. Granis. Grams. 23. 4 2.92 7.8 .9< Car- bon. Grams. 29.02 9.67 Hydro- Heat of gen. combus- gen. :tion. Grams. Calories., 4.27 332 1.42 111 The urine was collected and the nitrogen determined in the usual 6- hour periods each day. The usual aliquot portions of the urine during each period of the day were taken for the preparation of a composite sample for the day. The nitrogen and heat of combustion of this composite sample were determined. Aliquot portions of the urine for each day were taken for the preparation of a composite sample for the whole period of the experiment. Inasmuch as it was intended that this experiment should form a part of a series continuing for 9 days, a composite sample of the urine for the 3 days of experiment No. 25 was not made, but a corresponding sample for 5 days was prepared and analyzed in the usual manner. The statistics are shown in Tables 86 and 87. The quantities of carbon dioxid and water found in the ventilating air current during the different days of this experiment are shown in Tables 88-90. Table 90 summarizes the calorimetric measurements during the experiment. Lab- ora- tory No. 2165 3166 3169 3164 3168 3167 7 6 .... ... .::: :E: TABLE 86.-Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine by 6-hour period- aia' i- olism experiment No. 25. Date. PeroAmounto. S f Nitrogen content ate. Period. of urine, gravity. 1900. Jan. 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 7 a. m. to 1 p. m ............................. 1 p.m to 7 p.m ................................ 7 p. m. to 1 a. m ................................ 1 a. m to 7 a. m ................................. Tntal Total 7 a. m. to 1 1 p. m. to 7 7 p. m. to 1 1 a. m. to 7 Total Total by composite....................... p. m ................................. p.m .............................. a. m ................................ a. m ............................ by composite....................... 7 a. m to 1 p. nm ................................. 1 p. m to7 p. m ................................ 7 p. m. to 1 a. m ............................... 1 a. m to 7 a. m ................................. Total .................................... Total by composite....................... 7a. m. to 1 p. 1 p. m. to 7 p. 7 p. m. to 1 a. 1 a. m. to 7 a. Total ..................................... Total by composite....................... to 1 p. to 7 p. to 1 a. to 7 a. .m ................................. m ................................. m ................................. m ................................. Total ..................................... Total by composite........................ Total, 5 days. by composite .............. Grams. 281.1 314.6 201.5 178.0 1.027 1.029 1.032 1.028 Per cent. 1.40 1.60 2.03 '1.90 Grams. aM4 6.08 4.09 3.8 975.2 ............ 16.44 975.2 1.0285 1.69 1.48- 256.6 1.026 1.51 3.8 - 380.3 1.032 1.27 4.83 225.8 1.027 1.79 1 4.04 349.3 1.016 1.06 3.70 1,212.0 ................ 16.4 1,212.0 1.022 1.35 16.48 355.2 1.022 1.09 3.87 430.7 1.019 1.08 4.65 303.8 1.021 1.34 4.07 461.1 1.014 .82 3.78 1,550.8 .......... .......... 16.37 1,550.8 1.019 1.07 16.59 402.6 1.019 .92 3.70 441.3 1.018 1.00 4.41 375.6 1.017 1 1.08 4.06 305.6 1.019 | 1.12 3.42 1,525.1 .................... 15.59 1,525.1 1.0185 1.03 15.71 331.8 1.021 1.16 3.85 448.3 1.019 1.07 4.80 405.0 1.017 1.15 4,66 280.3 1.020 1.24 3.47 1,465.4 .................... 16.78 1,465.4 1.019 1.15 16.85 6,728.5 .......... 1.21 i 81.41 I ! TABLE 87.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urine-Metab- olism experiment No. 25. Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24..................... 24-25...................... 25-26...................... 26-27-----------------..................---- 27-28.. Amount of urine. Grams. 975.2 1,212.0 1,550.8 1,525. 1 Carbon. P. ct. Grams. 12.88 ......1 12.87 ...... 12.82 ...... 12.21 ...... 1,465.4 ...... 13.14 Hydrogen. P. ci. Water. Grams. P. ct. 3.12 ....... 3.12 ....... 3.10 ....... 2.96 ....... 3.18 i....... Grams. 913.1 1,150.0 1,489.'0 1,466.2 1,402.0 Heat of com- bustion. Per Total. gram. Cal. Clorie 0.142 138.5 .121 146.6 .100 155.1 .096 146.4 Total,5 days............. 6,728.5 0.95 63.92 0.23 a. m. p. m. p. m. a. m. ................................. .......... ...................... ..................... ........... ................................. 15.48 95.42 6,420.3 ...... """ """ 77 TABLE 88.-Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dioxide and water in the chamber at the beginning and end of each period, and the corresponding gain or loss-Metabolism experiment No. 25. End of period 7 a. m ....................... 1 p. m ...................... 7 p. m ...................... 1 a. m ...................... 7 a. m ...................... Total .................. 1 p. m ...................... 7 p. m ............. ......... 1 a. m ...................... 7 a. m ..................... 1900. .Jan. 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 Carbon dioxid. W after. ta Gain (+) Total Gain ( Total orloss-) mount rlor ss- amount olossr-) of vapor in over pre- remain- over pre- in ceding remain- din chamber. ri ing in ceding period. be period. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 27.4 .......... 36.5 ......... 36.7 + 9.3 42.9 +6.4 45.6 + 8.9 44.1 +1.2 27.6 -18.0 43.9 .2 26.6 1.0 37.4 -6.5 ......... .......... I .9 38.6 +12.0 41.8 +4.4 44.6 + 6.0 39.3 -2.5 26.0 -18.6 41.2 +1.9 24.9 1.1 35.0 -6.2 Change Total in weight amount of ab- gained (+) sorbers, or lost(-) gain (+) i during the orloss(-). period. Grams. Grains. +11 +17.4 +10 -11.2 --11 -11.2 -10 -16.5 0 + .9 + 1 + 5. +1 -.5 -2 .1 2 8.2 Total .................. ......... 1.7 .......... -2.4 2 4.4 m ...................... 35.5 +10.6 40..3.3 1 4.3 m ....................... 46.7 +11.2 43.5 +3.2 0 + 3.2 m ...................... 26.8 -19.9 40.3 -3.2 0 3.2 m ...................... 26.4 .4 36.5 -3. 0 3.8 Total ............................ + 1.5 .......... +1.5 1 + .5 Total, 3 days.................... 1.0 .......... 0O 3 3.0 TABLE 89.-Record of carbon dioxid in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiment No. 25. Period. 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ... 1 p.m. to 7 p. m 7 p.m.to 1 a.m i.. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m ...i Total ........ 7 a. m. to 1 p. m ... 1 p.m. to 7 p.m ...I 7 p. m. to 1 a. m ... 1 a.m. to 7 a. m ... Total ...... 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .. 1 p.m. to7 p.m .. 7 p. m. to 1 a. m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m ... Total ........ Total, 3 days. (a) Ventila- tion (number of liters of air). Liters. 25,652 26,430 27,208 26,430 105,720 26,430 27,208 27,985 27,985 109,608 27,207 26,430 27,985 27,208 108,830 324,158 Carbon dioxid. (h) In incoming (d) (e) (f) (g) Total a inrTotal Correc- Corrected weight Excess tion for amount of car- Inout- in out- amount exhaled bonex- (b) (c) going going remain- by sub- haled, Per Total, air, air, ing in ject, g x y. liter, a x b. d c. chamber. e +f. iMg. Grams. Grams. Gras. Grams. ra Grams. G. rams. 0.624 16.0 24-4.9 228.9 + 9.3 238.2 65.0 .593 15.7 247.3 231.6 + 8.9 240.5 65.6 .561 15.3 226.6 211.3 -18.0 193.3 52.7 .539 14.2 144.0 129.8 1.0 128.8 35.1 ...... 61.2 862.8 801.6 .8 800.8 218.4 .611 16.1 238.8 222.7 +12.0 234.7 64.0 .598 16.3 233.4 217.1 + 6.0 223.1 60.8 ..560 15.7 235.0 219.3 18.6 200.7 54.7 .549 15.4 150.7 135.3 1.1 134.2 36.6 ...... 63.5 857.9 794.4 1.7 792.7 216.1 .2 15.6 224.8 209.2 +10.6 219.8 59.9 .588 15.5 233.4 217.9 +11.2 229.1 62.5 .584 16.3 235.6 219.3 -19.9 199.4 54.5 .548 14.9 156.6 141.7 .4 141.3 38.4 ...... 62.3 850.4 788.1 + 1.5 789.6 215.3 ...... 187.0 2,571.1 2,384.1 1.0O 2,383.1 649.8 I __ _ 1 p. 7 p. 1 a. 7 a. Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24 24-25 25-26 ................. .. .. . 78 :, TABLE 90.--Record of water in ventilating air current--Metabolism experiment %,iPS:; Period. 7 a.m. to 1 p. m. 1 p.m. to 7 p. m. 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m. Total ........ 7 a.m. to 1 p. m. 1 p.m. to7 p. m. (a) 0 >; so S- c Liters. 25,652 26,430 27,208 26,430 105,720 26,430 27,208 7 p.m. to 1 a. m. 27,985 1 a.m. to 7 a. m 27,985 Total ........ 109,608 7a.m. to p.m. 27,207 lp.m. to 7p. m. 26,430 7 p.nm.to 1 a. m. 27,98.5 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. 27,208 Total ........ 108,830 Total,3 days. 321,158 Water in in- coming air. (b) L* Mg. 0.877 .870 .862 .819 (c) X x e Grams. 22.5 23.0 23.5 21.6 Water in outgoing air. (d) r., 4.20 4) oa Grams. 191.9 210.1 212.9 190.9 (e) msa o00 V.- Grams. 46.6 37.8 42.3 36.2 (f) + 0 Gra ms. 238.5 247.9 255.2 227.1 I *i I --- I I--- -- -- l .887 .864 .834 . 859 .853 .873 .841 .812 90. 6 23.4 23. 5 23.3 24.0 94.2 23.2 23.1 23.6 22.1 92.0 ...... 276.8 805.8 162.9 968.7 193.7 40.2 233.9 209.1 39.3 248.4 218.5 43.7 262.2 189.7 39.5 229.2 811.0 162.7 973.7 188.7 43.9 232.6 197.7 37.0 234.7 199.7 43.3 243.0 181.8 36.3 218.1 767.9 160.5 928.4 2,384.7 486.1 2,870.8 TABLE 91.-Sunmmary of calorimetric measuremnents-.Velabolism experiment No. 25. Period. 7 a. m. to 1 p.m... 1 p.m. to 7p.m... 7p.m. to 1 a.m...' 1 a. m. to 7 a. m...l Total....... 7 a. m. to 1 p. in... 1 p.m.to 7p. m... 7 p.m. to a. m-... 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total....... 7 a.m. to 1 1 p.m.to 7 p. m... p.m... 7 p. m. to 1 a.m... 1 a.m.to 7 a.m... Total....... (a) Heat meas- ured in terms of Ceon. Calories. 588.0 490.6 447.1 248.5 1,774.2 542.2 467.2 443.7 (b) Change of tem- perature of calo- rimeter. -0.01 .01 .......... 239.0 + .04 1,692.1 + .04 520.2 .......... 495.7 .......... 430.2 .......... 270.9 + .03 1,717.0 + .03 (c) (d) Capacity correc- tion of calorim- eter, b x 60. Correc- tion due to tem- perature of food and dishes. Calories. 0.5 2.2 + 5.9 -0.6 .......... .......... -0.6 + 3.2 .......... + 0.3 .......... 3.0 .......... + 6.1 +2.4 .......... +2.4 + 3.4 .......... +0.2 -99 +1.8..... +1.8 + 6.6 .......... (e) Water va- porized equals total amount exhaled less amount con- densed in chamber. Grams. 222.4 226. 1 231.5 199.0 879.0 214.9 222. 4 240.8 199.0 877.1 214.7 214.8 216.2 192.2 (f) Heat used in vaporiza- tion of water, ex0.592. Calories. 131.7 133.8 137.1 117.8 520.4 127.2 131.7 142.6 117.8 519.3 127.1 127.2 128.0 113.8 I .1 I I - +1.8 + 4.6 _ I 1= 837.9 (g) Total heat de- termined, a+c+d +/. Oalories. 719.2 621.6 590.1 366. 2,297.2 669.7 595.9 592.4 359.2 2,217.2 647.5 620.7 564.8 386.5 496.1 2,219.5 2,594.0 1,535.8 6,733.9- Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24 24-25 25-26 (g) 'V ho Na 60 o . Grams. 216.0 224.9 231.7 205.5 (A) qbc 0a4 4) Grams. +17.4 +11.2 -11.2 --16.5 ---- --- j -- -- ---- 836.9 2,591.0 878.1 210.5 224.9 238.9 205.2 879.5 209.4 211.6 219.4 196.0 + .9 + 5.4 - 1.5 - .1 - 8.2 - 4.4 + 4.3 + 3.2 - 3.2 - 3.8 II1 + .5 - 3.0 836.4 2,594.0 Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24 24-25 25-26 Degree. Calories. 236. I 220.5 238.4. 236.1 189.0 879.0 215.9 223.4 238.8 197.0 875.1 213.7 214. 8 216.2 192.2 I +3.6 Total, 3 days. +11.2 5,183.3 .......... 79 Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy.--Tables 92-95 summarize the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy. TABLE 92.-Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon-Metabolism experiment No. 25. Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 25-26, 7 a. to 7 a. m.. Total, 3 days.......... Average, 1 day ....... Nitrogen. (a) In food. Grams. 17.7 17.6 17.7 53.0 17.7 (b) In feces. Grams. 1.0 .9 1.0 2.9 1.0 (c) In urine. Grams. 16.4 16.4 16.4 49.2 16.4 Carbon. (d') Gain (+)or loss(- k a- (b+c'. I Grams. +0.3 + .3 + .3 (e) In food. Gramts. 270.9 270. 9 270.9 812.7 270.9 I f) In feces. (g) In urine. --I - Granls. Grams. 9.7 12.9 9.6 12.9 9.7 12.8 29.0 38.6 9.7 12.9 (h) I k) In Gain respira- i+ i or tory loss -) prod- c-i/'+ ucts. g+hi. Grams. Grams. 218.4 +29.9 216.1 +32.3 215.3 +33.1 649. S +95.3 216.6 +31.7 TABLE 93.-Income and outgo of water and hydrogen-3Metabolism experiment No. 25. Water. (a) (b) (c) Fd) I i (f) Date. In Apparent In 11 In 11 loss, In lIi In In respiratory Appren food. drink, feces. urine. products a+b- 1900. Grams. Grs. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Jan. 23-24,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.... 1,078 900 48.6 913.1 879.0 +137.3 24-25,7 a. m. to 7 a.m.... 1,078 900 48.6 1,150.0 875.1 95.7 25-26,7 a. m. to 7 a.m.... 1,078 900 48.6 1,489.0 836.9 -396.5 Total, 3 days ........... 3,234 2,706 145. 3,552.1 2,591.0 -354.9 Average,1 day......... 1,078 900 48.6 1,184.0 863.7 -118.3 Hydrogen. (g) (h) (i) ( ) ( l ) (n) Date. Total In In. In Apprent Loss-from gain(+) food. feces. urine. gain water, 9. or loss I -), S fg-h+i). +m. 1900. Grams. Grams. GramGs. Gr Grams. Grams. Jan.23-24,7 a.m. to 7 a.m.... 39.7 1.4 3.1 + 35.2 +15.3 +50.5 24-25,7 a.m.to 7 a.m.... 39.7 1.4 3.1 + 35.2 -10.6 +24.6 25-26,7 a. m. to 7 a.m .... 39.7 1.5 3.1 + 35.1 -44.1 9.0 Total, days ........... 119.1 4.3 9.3 +105.5 +39 4 +66.1 Average,1 day ......... 39.7 1.4 3.1 + 35.2 +13.2 +22.0 80 TABLE 94. -Gain or loss of protein ( NX 6.25), fat, and water-Metabolism ezperifmt. Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ........ 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ........ 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m ........ Total, 3 days................ Average, 1 day .............. Date. 1900. Jan. 23-24, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m............... 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m............... 25-26, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m............... Total, 3 days...................... Average, 1 day ................... (g) Total hydrogen gained(+) or lost (-). Grams. +50.5 +24.6 9.0 +66.1 +22.0 (h) (i) Hydrogen i Hydrogen in protein : in fat gained (+) gained (+) or lost(-), or lost(-), bx0.07. fx0.118. Gram. Grams. +0.1 + 4.5 + .1 + 4.8 + .2 + 5.0 + .4 + .1 +14.3 + 4.8 (a) (b) (e) (d) Protein Total Carbon in Nitrogen gained(+) carbon protein gained(+) or gained(+) gaind(+) ost lost (-), orst losa-). X 6.25 l (- ax6.25. los (lost b x0.53. Gram. Grams. Grams. \ Grams. +0.3 +1.9 +29.9 +1.0 + .3 +1.8 +32.3 +1.0 + .3 +1.9 i +33.1 +1.0 + .9 +5.6 -95.3 i +3.0 + .3 1 +1.9 +31.8 +1.0 I _ yk) Hydrogen in water, etc., gained (+) or lost(-), g-(h+i). Grams. +45.9 +19.7 -14.2 +51.4 +17.1 I Water gained (+) or lost (-). kx9. Grams. +413.1 +177.8 -127.8 +482.6 +15. 2 TABLE 95.-Income and outgo of energy-Metabolism experiment No. 25. Date. (a) Heatof com- bustion of food eaten. Calo- 1900. rics. 23-24,7 a.m.4o 7 a. m.. 2,896 24-25, 7 a. m. to 7 a. m .. 2,896 25-26, 7a. m. to 7 a. m .. 2,896 Total, 3 days ......... 8,688 Average, 1 day ....... 2,896 (b) Heat of com- bustion of feces. (C) Heat of com- bustion of urine. Calo- Olo- ries. rics. 111 13S9 110 147 111 155 332 440 111 147 (d) (e) Esti- ti mated I Esti- mae mte heated mated eaco- heat of com- bustion cou-i of bustion of of fat protein o fadt gained gained (+) or lost(+) or lost (-). (-). Oalo- COlo- ries. ries. +11 + 362 +10 + 392 +11 + 403 +32 +1,157 +11 + 385 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 26 AND 28. Subject.-J. F. S., as in the previous experiment, weighing with underclothing about 64 kilograms (141 pounds). Occupation during experiment.-Reading, writing, and miscellaneous - observations within the apparatus, with as little muscular activity as practicable. i S . Jan. (f) Esti- mated energy of ma- terial oxi- dized in the body, a-(b+e +d+e). Calo- ries. 2,274 2,237 2,216 6,727 2,242 (g) Heat deter- mined. Clo- ries. 2,297 2,217 2,220 6,734 2,244 (h) Heat deter- mined greater (+) or less(-) than esti- mated, g-f. Calo- ries. +23 -20 +4 + 7 + 2 () Heat deter- mined greater (+)or lee (-) than esti- mated, A-/'. Petr r. +1.0 .9 -t- .2 + .2 + .1 "... .. ..":.: ....__ _ (e) Carbon in fat, etc., gained(+) or loat (-), c-d. Grams. +28.9 +31.3 +32.1 +92.3 +30.8 I I ~ ~~1----------- 4 4.. ;;:: .. + 48.0 +fl.: (1) g.a l+u2(-, r e+oM.4 Os 81 Duration. -Experiments Nos. 26 and 28 form the first and last of a series of 3 experiments which were made for the purpose of studying the relative replacing power of isodynamic amounts of different mate- rials; the intermediate experiment is not reported here. The usual preliminary period of 4 days duration began with breakfast February 10, 1900, and ended with supper February 13. The subject entered the calorimeter on the evening of February 13 and experiment No. 26 began at 7 a. m. February 14, continuing 3 days. Experiment No. 28 began at 7 a. m. February 20, and continued until 7 a. m. February 23. Diet.-The diet consisted of a basal ration furnishing about 99 grams of protein and 1,982 calories of energy per day. To this, in experiment No. 26, was added 63.5 grams of butter, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 508 calories of energy. In experiment No. 28 the material added consisted of 128 grams of cane sugar, furnishing 507 calories of energy per day. The protein and energy were thus prac- tically the same in both of the experiments. The kinds and quantities of food in the basal ration as served for each meal, the character and amount of the supplemental ration in the different experiments, and the quantity of drink consumed at different periods of the day in each experiment were as follows: TABLE 96.-Diet in metabolism -.xperiments Nos. 26 and 28. FOOD-BASAL RATION. Food materials. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. i Total. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Beef.... .. ............................ ............. 35 50 .......... 85 Butter.......................................................... 10 12 8 30 M ilk .... ...................................... ................. 300 400 300 1,000 Bread .......................................................... 50 100 50 200 Ginger snaps................................................ ........... 30 30 60 Parched cereal............................................. 25 ..........2 25 50 Sugar .......................... ........... .. ............. .... 15 .................... 15 FOOD-SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. Experiment No. 26 ......................................................... 63.5 grams butter per day. Experiment No. 28 .......................................................... 128 grams sugar per day. DRINK. Time. Water. Time. Water. Grams. Grams. Breakfast ............................... 100 9 p. m .................................. 300 10 a. m.................................. 200 Total for day..................... Sf d ........................................................ 8200 3 p. m ................................... 200 L 13007-No. 109-02- 6 82 Daily routine.-The general routine of the experimentwasas follow : TABLE 97.-Daily programme-Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. 6.50 a. m ....... Take pulse and temperature. 6.00 p. m...... Supper. 7.00 a.m ....... Rise, pass urine, weigh self, weigh 6.50 p.m ...... Take pulse and temperature. absorbers. 7.00 p. m ...... Pass urine, weigh self, weigh ab. 7.45 a. m ....... Breakfast, drink 100 grams water, sorbers. 10.00 a. m ...... Drink 200 grams water. 9.00 p. m...... Drink 300 grams water. 12.50 p.m ...... Take pulse and temperature. 10.20 p. m ..... Take pulse and temperature. 1.00 p. m ....... Pass urine. 10.30 p. m ..... Retire. 1.15 p. m ....... Dinner. 1.00 a.m ...... Pass urine. 3.00 p. m ....... Drink 200 grams water. The more important statistics in the diary kept by the subject dur- ing experiments Nos. 26 and 28 are summarized in Table 98. TABLE 98.-Summnary of the diary-Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. Time. 1900. Experiment No. 26. Feb 14, 7.00a. m... 8.36 a. m.... 10.27 a. m.... 12.27 p. m.... 12.33 p. m.... 12.53 p. m.... 1.00 p. m.... Weight of subject in under- clothes. Kgs. 64 .......... 2.27 p. mi.............. 3.47 p. m .... .......... 4.30 p. m .... .......... 5.30 p. m .... .......... 5.45 p. m .............. 6.17 p. m.... 64.88 8.13 p. m .... .......... 8.30 p. m .... .......... 9.29 p. m.... 10.15 p. m.... Feb. 15, 6.50 a. m.... 7.00 a. m.... 7.34 a. m.... 7.39 a. m.... 8.33 a. m.... 9.28 a. m.... 9.30 a. m.... 10.33 a. m.... 10.46 a. m.... 11.30 a. m.... 12.31 p. m.... 12.37 p. m.... 12.54 p. m.... 1.00 p. m.... 1.59 p. m.... 2.28 p. m.... 3.35 p. m.... 4.28 p. m.... .......... .......... .......... 64.18 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 4.30 p. m.... ......... Pulse I rate per Temper- min- ature. ute. OF. 68 97.8 78 98.3 67 98.1 64 i......... ........i 97.8 61 ......... ........ 97.9 77 98.5 72 I 67 I 64 1 64 64 69 ........ 78 82 80 71 70 68 68 75 81 77 76 98.5 98. 5 98.7 97.6 97.5 97.7 98. 1 98. 3 98.5 98.3 98.5 98. 1 98.4 98.2 98.2 98.5 98.2 98. 1 Time. 1890. E.rpt. No. e6-Cont'd. Feb. 15, 5.30 p. m.... 5.49 p. m.... 6.30 p. m.... 6.55 p. m.... 7.30 p. m.... 8.30 p. m.... 8.54 p.m.... Weight of subject in under- clothes. A98. .......... .......... .......... 64.87 .......... .......... 9.00 p. m .... .......... 9.30 p. m.... ....... Feb. 16, 9.35 p. m.... 9.51 p. m.... 10.15 p. m.... 10.20 p. m.... 6.55 a. m.... 7.00 a. m.... 8.32 a. m.... 8.40 a. m.... 9.30 a. m.... 9.37 a. m.... 10.31 a. m.... 11.26 a. m.... 11.30 a. m.... 12.27 p. m.... 12.30 p. m.... 12.58 p. m.... 1.00 p. m.... 2.01 p. m.... 2.30 p. m.... 3.35 p. m.... 4.05 p. m.... 4.27 p. m.... 4.30 p. m.... 5.30 p. m.... 5.43 p. m.... 6.32 p. m.... 6.42 p. m.... .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.01 .......... .......... .......... Pulse rate per min- ute. 69 69 68 75 67 70 67 70 71 82 79 76 72 70 71 80 79 81 79 75 80 Temper- ature. oF. 98.0 98.2 98.2 98.1 97.6 97.5 97.4 97.6 97.6 98.1' 98.8 98.2 98.82 .? 98.2 96.2 98.2 si 98.2 S8. 98.2 96. 98,7 I 1 I .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......a... II lI iI IIII iII II "i III i 'iII II III il II ""li 'i I "lII ll "'lII i '83 TABCE 98.-Summary of the diary-M3etabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28-Continued. Time. 1900. Experiment No. 26. Feb. 16, 7.00 p. m.... 7.34 p. m.... 7.40 p. m.... 7.50 p.m.... 8.26 p.m.... 8.30 p. m.... 9.31 p. m.... Weight Pulse of subject rate per in under-' min- clothes. ute. Kgs. 64.73 77 ..... ..... 75 .......... ........ .......... ...... .... 71' l'i. , Experiment No. 2S. i Feb. 20, 6.55 a. m............ 7.00 a. m.... 63.71 7.32 a. m .... I......... 7.35 n. m .... .......... 8.30 a. m.............. Feb. 21, 8.31 a. m.... 9.30 a. m.... 10.30 a. m.... 11.30 a. m.... 11.36 a. m.... 12.27 p. m.... 12.33 p. m... 12.57 p. m.... 12.59 p. m.... 1.52 p.m.... 1.57 p. m.... 3.34 p. m.n... 4.30 p. m.... 5.32 p. m.... 5.41 p. m.... 6.35 p. m.... 6.40 p. m.... 6.57 p. m.... 7.00 p.m.... 7.30 p. m.... 8.28 p. m.... 8.30 p. m.... 9.30 p. m.... 9.32 p. m.... 10.18 p. m.... 10.20 p. m.... 6.55 a. m.... 7.00 a. m.... 7.29 a. m.... 7.30 a. m.... 8.29 a.m.... 8.30 a. m.... 9.30 a. m.... 10.30 a. m.... 10.33 a. m.... 11.27 a. m.... 11.31 a. m.... 12.31 p. m.... 1.00 p. m .... Temper- ature. OF. 98.5 ......... 9S7 98. 3 97.8 97.8 72 ... ..... .98 4 91 ........ .s J 9 98.7 ... 84 9S. 4 ... ;51 98.2 ... 70 ......... ... ........ 98.1 ... ...... 9 1 ... ........ ...... ... S ......... ... ........ : 98.3 ... 1 98.2 ... 79 9. .1 .. 71 ......... ... ........ 9"; .......... 77 ........ .......... ..... 98. 1 ......... 78 ......... 64.32 ......... 98.1 .......... 8 97.8 .......... 1 72 ......... ........ ........ 97. 7 .......... 67 ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 63.83 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........ 97.3 67 ......... ........ 97.2 73 ......... 98.1 ........ 98. 1 87 ......... ........ 98.1 ........ 98.3 101 98.3 87 ......... ........ 98.4 78......... ........ 97.9 77 98.1 73 ......... Time. SWeight of subject in under- clothes. 1900. E.rpt. No. ,8S-Cont'd. A.7,. Feb. 21. 1.54 p. m..... ......... 2.01 p. m ..... .......... 2.27 p. m ............... 2.34 p. i ..... .......... 3.52 p. in..... .......... 3.54 p. m ............... 4.35 p. m .... ........... 4.52 p. m ..... .......... 5.2S p. in............... 6.32 p. n ............... 1.59 p. m ............... 7. 10 p. m .... 64.63, 7.31 p. mi ................ 7.41 p. in............... 8.27 pl. m ............... 8.30 p. m ............... 9.27 p. m ..... .......... 9..52 p. in............... Feb. 22. 6.55 a. mi ..... .......... 7.00 a. m .... 63. 5 7.36 a. mn ..... .......... 7.40 a. nm ..... .......... S.2S in..... ......... S.33 a. in..... .......... 9.27 a. m ............... 9.30 a. in..... .......... 10.29 n. m .... .......... 10.30 a. min.... .......... 11.36 a. mi .... .......... 12.27 p. m .... .......... 12.30 p. m............... 12.55 p. m.............. 12.58 p. m .... .......... 2.07 p. m.... .......... 2.15 p. m..... .......... 2.30 p. m ..... .......... 2.50 p. m.....'.......... 3.30 p. m..... .......... 4.29 p. m..... .......... 5.30 p. m..... .......... 5.37 p. m............... 6.30 p. m............. 6.57 p. m..... 64.77 7.27 p. m..... .......... 7.31 p. m..... .......... 8.32 p. m..... ......... 8.42 p. m..... .......... 9.27 p. m..... .......... 9.30 p. m..... ........ 10.20 p. m.... .......... Feb. 23, 6.55 a. m..... ......... 7.00 a.m..... 64.05 Pulse rate per Temper- min- ature. ute. ZF. SO ......... ........ 9S8.2 93 ......... ........ 98.5 $q ......... ........ 9 .2 76 ......... 79 9. 2 75 98.5 77 ......... 79 98.2 S1 97.7 ........ 97.9 79 ......... ........ 97.7 73 ......... ... ... 97.6 69 ......... ........ 9 .1 A ......... ........ 97.9 93 ......... ........ 95.3 95 ......... ........ 9S.2 87 ......... ........ 95. 4 82 9. 0 74 ........ 70 I..... 83 84 84 78 73 73 76 74 72 66 70 76 98.2 98.6 2 98. 98. 4 98. 4 98.2 98. 2 98.4 98.1 97.7 97.5 97.3 97.1 98.1 98. 1 ' = ..... .. .............. : : 84 Detailed data of income and outgo.-The quantities of nutrients iBr the basal ration which were used for the experiments and the quantities in the supplemental ration in the two experiments are shown in Table 99. The elimination of matter and energy in the feces was determined. in each experiment and the results are recorded in Table 100. TABLE 99.- Weight, composition, and heal of combustion of foods--Metabolism experiment Nos. 26 and 28. Food materials. Beef ................ Butter .............. Milk, skimmed ...... Bread .............. Ginger snaps......... Parched cereal....... Sugar ............... Total basal ration.. I EXPERIMENT NO. 26. Butter (supplemen- ..1 Mt ratio) ......... Total ration, 1 day. EXPERIMENT NO. 28. Total basal ration.... Sugar (supplemen- tal ration) ......... Total ration, 1 day. Weight Water. per day. i Grams. 85.0 30.0 1,000.0 200.0 60.0 50.0 15.0 SGramis. 53.1 3.0 900.0 S78.6 S 2.5 S 2.8 1,440.0 1,040.0 63.5 6.3 1,503.5 1,046.3 Pro- tein. Grams. 28.7 .5 42.0 17.8 3.7 5.9 98. 6 1.0 99.6 Fat. Carbo- hy- drates. Nitro- gen. Car- bon. Hydro- gen. Heat of conm- bus- tion. I I I I - Grams. 2.4 25.8 3.0 3.2 5.0 .9 ........ 40.3 94.8 Grams. 47.0 97.8 47.9 39.5 15.0 247.2 54.5 ........ 247.2 Grams. 4.60 .08 6.70 2.84 .60 .94 15.76 Grams. 16.62 19.51 46.30 55.52 26.59 21.10 6.31 191.95 41.29 15.92 238.24 Grams. 2.30 3.01 6.30 7.98 3.97 2.97 .97 27.50 6.36 33.86 Crio- 187 240 462 561 266 207 59 1,982 508 2,490 1,440.0 1,040.0 98.6 40.3 247.2 15.76 191.95 27.50 1,982 128.0 ........ ............... 128.0 ........ 53.88 8.29 507 i 1,568.0 40.3 375.2 15.76 245.83 35.79 2,489 TABLE 100.- Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of feces-Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. Lab- ; Carbo- ora- Weight Water. Pro- Fat. hyarbo- tory offices. tein. Fate No. drates. Eo. 6 Experiment No. 26. rams. Gra ms. Grams. Grams. Grams. Gas 3183 Total, 3 days..... 236. 5 171.0 20.6 8.5 20.1 Average, 1 day... 78.8 57.0 6.9 2.8 6.7 Experiment No. 28. . 3185 Total, 3 days..... 219.9 155.2 23.3 12.1 16.1 SAverage, 1 day... 73.3 51.7 7.8 4.0 5.3 Nitro- gen. Grams. 3.26 1,09 3.74 1.25 Car- bon. Grams. 28.33 9.44 29.93 9.98 Hydro- gen. Grams. 3.41 1.14 4.02 1.34 Heat of combus- tion. 317 106 135 112 The usual statistics of outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in the urine are given in Tables 101 and 102. The urine was collected in the usual periods for twenty-four hours following the close of experiment No. 28. The elimination of nitrogen in these periods was 3.48, 5.25, 4.74, and 2.96 grams, respectively, or a total of 16.43 grams. Lab- ora- tory No. 3176 3177 3179 3180 3181 3168 3177 1,040.0i 98.6 I I 1 85 TABLE 101.-Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine-1Metabolism experiments Aos. 26 and 28. Period. Date. 1900. Feb. 14-15 15-16 16-17 Feb. 20-21 21-22 22-23 Experiment No. 26. 7 a.m.to 1 p.m .................................... 1 p.m .to 7 p.m ................................. 7 p.m .to 1 a.m ................................. 1 a. m to 7 a. m ................................... Total ..................................... Total by composite........................ 7 a.m. to1 p.m ................................ 1 p.m .to 7 p.m ................................. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ................................. 1 a.m.to 7 a.m ......... ..... .................. .. Total ............ .... ...... ................ Total by composite....................... 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ................................. 1 p.m to7 p.m .................................. 7 p.m to 1 a. m .................................. 1 a. m. to 7 a.m n.................................. Total.................................. Total by composite........................ Total, 3 days, by periods................... Total by composite............. .......... Experiment No. 2S. 7 a.m to 1 p.m ................................. 1 p.m.to7 p. m .............................. 7 p.m .to 1 a.m .................................. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m ......... ................. ... ..... Total ............................ ...... Total by composite...................... 7a.m.to 1 p.m .................................... 1 p.m.to 7 p. m........ ...................... 7 p.m.to 1 a. m ......... .................... ..... 1 a.m. to 7 a.m ......... .................... ..... Total ...................................... .. Total by composite........................ 7 a.m. to 1 p.m ......... .................... ..... 1 p.m.to 7 p.m ................................ 7 p.m. to 1 a.m ................................. 1 a.m to 7 a.m .................................. Total ..................................... Total by composite........................ Total, 3 days, by periods................... Total by composite .................... 327.3 207.1 256.2 1,169.8 1,169.8 340. 7 267.7 276.8 407.0 1,292.2 1,292.2 302.8 258.5 234. 7 406. 5 1.021 1.39 1.0255 1.82 1.018 1.30 1.020 1.37 1.018 1.09 1.024 1.60 1.020 1.41 1.011 .82 1.017 1.19 1.0185 1.11 1.023 1.58 1.022 1.62 1.012 .84 4. 55 -3.77 3.33 15.90 16.03 3.71 4.28 3.90 3.34 15.23 15.38 3.36 4.06 3.80 3.41 1,202.5 ................... 14.65 1,202.5 1.018 1.23 14.79 3,664.5 3,664.5 Total, 9 days,b by composite ................ 11,998.8 ....01.. .. .........19. .......... .......... 1.019 1.19 45.78 46.20 138.84 *Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. Amount Specific Nitrogen content. of urine, gravity. Grains. Per cent. Grams. 326.7 1.0225 1.31 4.28 297.6 1.0245 1.57 4.67 264.8 1.0225 1.54 4.0 327.4 1.017 1.10 3.60 1,216.5 .......... .......... 16.63 1,216.5 1.021 1.38 16.7 451.4 1.017 1 .83 3.75 356.7 1.021 1.23 4.39 274.3 1.021 1.35 3.70 443.7 I1.0115 .73 1 3.24 1,526.1 ................ ... 15.0 1,526.1 1.0175 .99 1.11 381.6 1.0185 i .91 3.47 400.2 1.0185 1.04 4.16 266.2 1.020 1.35 3.59 292.4 1.017 1.10 3.22 1,340.4 .......... .......... 14.44 1,340.4 1.0185 1.09 14.61 4,083.0 .................... 46.15 4,083.0 .................... 46.00 379.2 1.0185 1.12 4.25 1 .0185i 4.55 86 Heat of am- Amount bstion. Date. Period. of urine. Carbon. Hydrogen. Water. Per Tot. gram. " 1900. Experiment No.26. Grams. P.ct. Grams. P. cl. Grams. P.et. Gram. Calorie. Calories Feb.14-15 7a.m.to7a.m... 1,216.5 ...... 11.93 ...... 2.87 ....... 1,157.3 0.108 1t5 15-16 7a.rm.to7a.mn... 1,526.1 ...... 10.82 ..... 2.61 ....... 1,472.4 .082 15 fi-17 7 n m t 7 a m 1 e34 4 10 36fi 2 50 n1 9 101 1 9 Feb. 20-21 21-22 22-23 Total, 3 days.. I Experiment No. 28. 7 a.m. to 7 a. m... 7 a.m. to 7 a. m... 7 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total, 3days.. 4,083.0 ...... 33.11 ...... 7.98 ...--. 3,918.7 ........ 385 1,169.8 ...... 11.40 ...... 2.75 ....... 1,113.2 .102 119 1,292.2 ...... 10.92 ...... 2.63 ....... 1,238.0 .108 13 1,202.5 ...... 10.51 ...... 2.53 ....... 1,150.3 .110 1e 2 3,664.5...... 32.83 ...... 7.91....... 3,501.5 ........ 84 Total,9daysa. 11,998.8 0.83 99.59 0.20 24.00 95.88 11,504.5 .095 1,141 a This period includes the 6 days of experiments Nos. 26 and 28 and 3 days of an intervening experi- ment not reported here. A 87 Tables 103-105 show the quantities of carbon dioxid and water found in the ventilating air current in these two experiments. TABLE 103.-Comparison of residual amounts of carbon dio.id and water in the chamber at the beginning and end qf each period, and the corresponding gain or loss-Metabolism experinmeins Nos. 26 and 28. End of period. S Carbon Total amount in chamber. dioxid. Gain I -r or loss ( - over preceding period. Total amount 01 vapo r remaining in cham- ber. Water. Total Gain (-) ao or loss (-i gained gained I- preceding or Io..t -- periedi. during the period. a 1 I - Experiment No. ?6. 7a. m ............... ........... 1 p.m ........................ 7 p. .......................... la.m ........................ 7a.m .......................... Total.................... 1 p.m .................. ........ 7 p.m ........................... Sa.m .......................... 7 a.m... .................. Total...................... 1 p.m .......................... 7 p.m ......................... 1a.m .......................... 7 a.m .......................... Total.................... Experiinct No. 2S. ............ 3.1 ............ 2.7 2.7 34.4 9.1 37.4 3. 3.. 34. 0.4 36.9 0.5 0.5 24.1 --10.7 34. 2.1 2.1 22.6 1.5 32.3 2.5 --2.5 ............ 2.7 ........... 1.3 1.3 30.S 8.2 35.9 3.6 3.6 39.5 ..2.9 2.9 21.5 -18.0 :3.4 4.4 4.4 23.0 1.5 31.4 3.0 3.0 ............ + 0.4 ............ 0.9 0.9 Feb. 20 20 20 21 7a.m .......................... 26.4 1 p.m ......................... 35.2 7 p. m .......................... 37.2 1 a. m .......................... 24.1 + 8.8 + 2.0 -13.1 32.9 39.9 40.1 34.8 7.0 -r 0.2 - 5.3 + 7.0 - 0.2 - 5.3 21 7a.m .......................... 24.1 I 0 30.8 4.0 4.0 Total............ ......... ....... .. 2.3 .......... 2.1 2.1 21 1 p.m ............................. 38.0 +13.9 40.3 + 9.5 + 9.5 21 7 p.m ......................... 19.0 -19.0 30.2 -10.1 -10.1 22 la.m ....................... 26.4 + 7.4 36.1 5.9 + 5.9 22 7a.m .......................... 28.9 + 2.5 35.5 0.6 0.6 Total............................... + 4.8 ............ + 4.7 + 4.7 22 1 p.m ............................ 36.7 + 7.8 38.8 + 3.3 + 3.3 22 7p.m .............................. 39.7 + 3.0: 39.3 + 0.5 + 0.5 23 1 a.m ......................... 26.0 -13.7 36.5 2.8 2.8 23 7a.m .......................... 28.7 + 2.7 33.4 3.1 3.1 Total........... ................ ...... 0.2 ............ 2.1 2.1 *The differences in weight of the absorbers were so small as to be within the limit of error of the weighing apparatus. There was no drip. Date. 1900. Feb. 14 14 14 15 15 Grra ins. -22. "2 32.3 35.7 22. .', G rant. . 10. 1 3.4 -12.9 2.5 36.3 36.9 3S.4 35.5 33.6 A-1 C 31.3Q Gra-inu. 0.6 1.5 2.9 1.9 tIranT .. 0.6 1.5 2.9 1.9 88 i. TABLE 104.-Record of carbon dioxide in ventilating air current-Metabolism re er Nos. 26 and 28. Period. Experiment No. 26. 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .... 1 p.m.to7 p.m .... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .... 1 a.m. to 7 a.m .... Total ........ 7a.m. to 1 p.m .... 1 p.m. to7 p.m .... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .... 1 a. m. to 7 a.m ... Total ........ 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .... 1 p.m. to7 p.m .... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .... 1 a.m. to 7 a.m .... Total ........ Total, 3 days. Experiment No. 28. 7 a.m. to 1 p. m .... 1 p.m.to7 p.m .... 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .... 1 a. m. to 7 a. m .... Total ........ 1900. Feb. 14-15 15-16 16-17 Feb. 20-21 21-22 22-23 7 p.m 1 a.n 7 a. n 1 p. 7 p. la. i. to 1 a. m.... . to 7 a.m .... Total ........ . to 1 p.m .... i. to7 p.m ....I . to 1 a. m .... .to 7a. m .... Total ........ Total, 3 days. (a) Ventila- tion (number of liters of air). Liters. 28,762 28,762 30,316 28,762 116,602 27,985 29,5411 30,316 30,316 Carbon dioxide. In incoming air. (b) (c) Per Total, liter, axb. Mnr_ Grams_ .--. 0.529 .568 .568 .555 15.2 16.3 17.2 16.0 (d) In out- going air. Grams. 212. 1 215.9 204.1 144.2 (e) Total excess in out- going air, d-c. Grams. 196.9 199.6 186.9 128.2 (f) Correc- tion for amount remain- ing in chamber. Grams. +10.1 + 3.4 -12.9 +2.5 - I I I I I 64.7 776.3 ''''-I .556 .561 .550 .555 15.6 16.6 16.7 16.8 220. 0 226. 7 204.0 145.2 711.6 204.4 210. 1 187.3 128.4 (g) Cor- rected amount exhaled by sub- ject, e+f. Grams. 207.0 203.0 174.0 130.7 + 3.1 714.7 + 9.1 I 213.5 + .4 210.5 -10.7 176.6 - 1.5 126.9 (A) Total weight of car- bon ex- haled, gxA. I Gram . 56.5 55.4 S 47.4 35.6 194.9 58.2 57.4 48.2 34. 6 118,158 ...... 65.7 795.9 730.2 2.7 727.5 198.4 ___________ _______ ~~~~~~I ____ ____ ____ ____ 29,540 .582 17.2 209.2 30,316 .571 17.3 225.4 29,540 .551 16.3 202.6 30,316 .559 16.9 144.8 119,712 ...... 67.7 i 782.0 354,472 ...... 198.1 2,354.2 -- -- '-- II 27,985 .572 16.0 240.0 27,208 .576 15.7 231.6 28,762 .578 16.6 214.1 28,762 .557 16.0 154.6 112,717 ..... 64.3 840.3 26,430 .640 16.9 229. 6 27,208 .637 17.3 235.5 28,762 .597 17.2 227.6 26,430 .612 16.2 150.6 108,830 ...... 67.6 843.3 26,430 .614 16.2 231.0 27,208 .609 16.6 225.0 28,762 .560 16.1 220.2 28,762 .609 17.5 154.4 111,162 ...... 66.4 830.6 332,709 ...... 198.3 2,514.2 192.0 + 8.2 200.2 208.1 + 8.7 216.8 186.3 -18.0 168.3 127.9 + 1.5 129.4 714.3 + .4 714.7 2,156.1 224.0 215.9 197.5 138.6 + .8 2,156.9 + 8.8 232.8 + 2.0 217.9 -13.1 184.4 0 138.6 776.0 2.3 773.7 212.7 1 +13.9 226.6 218.2 -19. 0 199.2 210.4 + 7.4 217.8 134.4 + 2.5 136.9 775.7 + 4.8 780.5 214.8 + 7.8 222.6 208.4 + 3.0 211.4 204. i -13.7 190.4 136.9 + 2.7 139.6 764.2 .2 764.0 2,315.9 + 2.3 2,318.2 54. 6 59. 1 45.9 35.8 194.9 588.2 63.5 59.4 50.3 37.8 211.0 61.8 54.3 59.4 37.3 212.8 60.7 57.6 51.9 38.1 208.8 632.1 Date. 7a.m. to 1 p. m 1 p.m. to7 p.m *I t [ --- 89 TABLE 105.-Record of water in ventilating air current-Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. Date. 1900. Feb. 14-15 15-16 16-17 Feb. 20-21 [ 21-22 22-23 Period. Experiment No.26 7 a.m. to 1 p.m 1 p.m. to7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m 1 a.m. to 7 a.m Total.......... 7 a.m. to 1 1 p.m. to 7 7 p.m. to 1 1 a.m. to 7 p.m p. m a. m a. m Total ......... 7 a. m. to 1 p. m . 1 p. m. to 7 p. m 7 p. m. to 1 a. m. 1 a. m. to 7 a. m . Total......... Total, 3 days... Experiment No.28. 7a.m. to 1 1 p. m. to 7 7 p.m. to 1 1 a.m. to 7 p.m p. m a. nm a.m Total ......... 7 a.m. to 1 1 p. m. to 7 7 p.m. to 1 1 a.m. to 7 p. m p. m a. m a. m Total.......... 7 a.m. to 1 1 p. m. to 7 7 p.m. to 1 1 a.m. to 7 p. m p. m. a. m. a.m . Total.......... Total, 3 days... (a) l'" o Lilcrs. 28,762 28,762 30,316 28,762 116,602 27,985 29,541 30,316 30,316 Water in in- coming air. (b) (c) x I.. - Mg. 0.816 .852 .828 .833 . 867 .890 .860 .828 Water in outgoing air. (rd) rr . SEv -c c Grams. Grams. 23.5 197.3 24.5 196.1 25.1 184.6 24.0 171.3 97.1 749.3 24.3 179.7 26.3 195.0 26.1 185.5 25.1 174.1 (e) 40.8 179.6 47.6 42.2 49.0 40.8 179.6 42.7 43.0 47.6 42.1 (f) + Gramis. 244.9 238.3 233.6 212.1 928.9 222.4 238.0 233.1 216.2 (g) (h) (i) Grams. G~ras. Grams. 208.5 2.9 205. E- Grams. Gramis. Gramis. 221.L + 0.6 222.0 213.8 + 1.5 215.3 20. O 2.1 205.6 188.1 2.9 186.2 831.8 2.7 29. 1 198.1 + 3. 20.9 211.7 .5 211.2 207.0 2.1 204.9 191.1 2.5 18.6 118,158 ...... 101.8 734.3 175.4 909.7 807.9 1.3 806.6 29,540 .828 24.5 182.3 44.7 227.0 202.5 + 3.6 206.1 30,316 .820 24.9 188.8 43.0 231.8 206.9 + 2.9 209.8 29,540 .824 24.3 184.9 45.2 230.1 205.8 4.4 201.4 30,316 .795 24.1 168.9 40.4 209.3 185.2 3.0 182.2 119,712 ...... 97.8 724.9 173.3 898.2 800.4 .9 799.5 354,472 ...... 296.7 ,2,208.5 528.3 2,736.8 2,440.1 4.9 2,435.2 27,985 .836 23.4 204.6 43.7 248.3 224.9 + 7.0 231.9 27,208 ..845 23.0 203.6 37.6 241.2 218.2 + .2 218.4 28,762 .850 24.4 191.4 43.1 234.5 210.1 5.3 204.8 28,762 .836 24.0 170.2 39.3 209.5 185.5 4.0 181.5 112,717 ...... 94.8 769.8 163.7 933.5 838.7 2.1 836.6 26,430 .848 22.4 186.4 38.9 225.3 202.9 + 9.5 212.4 27,208 .806 21.9 201.4 38.2 239.6 217.7 -10.1 207.6 28,762 .867 24.9 187.9 43.9 231.8 206.9 + 5.9 212.8 26,430 .796 21.0 166.7 35.9 202.6 181.6 .6 181.0 108,830 ...... 90.2 742.4 156.9 899.3 809.1 + 4.7 813.8 26,430 .899 23.8 185.2 39.2 224.4 200.6 + 3.3 203.9 27,208 .890 24.2 194.8 37.4 232.2 208.0 + .5 208.5 28,762 .917 26.4 183.7 43.9 227.6 201.2 2.8 198.4 28,762 .816 23.5 167.0 39.4 206.4 182.9 3.1 179.8 111,162 ...... 97.9 730.7 159.9 890.6 792.7 2.1 790.6 332709I 82. 2 242 9 80.5 ,72 .4 2,4 0. 2744.0 !-I--_ 332,709 ...... 282.9 2,242.9 480.5 2,723.4 2,440.5 2,441.0 9 0 ... ..... The heat carried away, by the water current and the latent heat of vaporization of water in experiments Nos. 26 and 28 are shown in Table 106. TABLE 106.-Summary of calorimetric measurements-Metabolism experiments Nos. N6 and 28. (a) (b6 Heat Change measured of te perature in termsof calo- of C2- rimeter. Experiment No. 26. ,-,n,,n 1900. Feb. 14-15 15-16 16-17 Feb. 20-21 21-22 22-23 525.5 453. 2 350.9 254.5 Degree. -0.2 -.1 .1 + .5 (e) Capacity correc- tion of calo- rimeter, b x 60. Calories. -1.2 .6 .6 +3.0 (d) Correc- tion due to tem- perature of food and dishes. Calories. 2.1 3.9 +7.7 0 (e) Water vapo- rized equals total amount exhaled less amount con- densed in chamber. Grams. 222.0 215.3 205.6 186.2 (f) Heat used in vapori- zation of water, ex0.592. Calories. 131.4 127.5 121.7 110.2 (g) Total heat deter- mined, a+c+ d+f. Calories. 653.6 576.2 479.7 367.7 1,584.1 + .1 + .6 + 1.7 829.1 490.8 2,077.2 S 522. 8 0 0 + .2 201.9 119.5 642.5 S 465.5 .1 .6 3.8 211.2 125.0 586.1 388.2 + .1 + .6 + 6.1 204.9 121.3 516.2 241.8 + .3 +1.8 G 188.6 111.7 355.3 1,618.3 + .3 +1.8 + 2.5 806.6 477.5 2,100.1- 510.7 0 0 + 3.1 206.1 122.0 635.8 468.9 0 0 .7 209.8 124.2 592.4 371.4 + .1 + .6 + 9.6 201.4 119.2 500.8 241.3 0 0 0 182.2 107.9 349.2 1,592.3 + .1 +0.6 +12.C 799.5 473.3 2.078.2 4,794.7 :.......... +3.0 +16.2 2,435.2 1,441.6 6,255.5 526.0 0 0 .3 231.9 137.3 663.0 472.5 0 0 .8 218.4 129.3 601.0 361.9 .3 -1.8 + 3.9 204.8 121.2. 485.2 239.1 + .3 +1.8 .......... 181.5 107.4 348.1 I1,599.5 0 0 + 2.8 836.6 495.2 2,097.5 501.0 0 0 + 2.1 212.4 125.7 628.8 441.5 0 0 3.6 207.6 122.9 560.8 393.6 + .2 +1.2 + 4.1 212.8 126.0 524.9 253.6 0 0 .......... 181.0 107.2 360.8 1,589.7 + .2 +1.2 + 2.6 813.8 481.8 2,075.3 507.7 0 0 + 1.0 203.9 120.7 629.4 456.2 0 0 7.0 208.5 123.4 572.6 378.6 + .1 +0.6 + 8.2 198.4 117.5 504.9 251.7 0 0 .......... 179.8 106.4 358.1 7a.m. to 1 p.m .. 1 p. m. to 7 p.m .. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total........ 7a.m. to 1 p. m .. 1 p. m. to 7 p.m .. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total........ 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .. 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total........ Total, days. Experiment No. 28. 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .. 1 p.m. to 7 p. m .. 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total........ 7 a.m. to 1 p.m .. 1 p.m. to7 p.m .. 7 p.m. to 1 a. m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a.m... Total........ 7a.m. to 1 p.m .. 1 p.m. to 7 p. m.. 7 p.m. to 1 a.m .. 1 a.m. to 7 a. m .. Total....... +0.6 + 2.2 790.6 468.0 Total.3days.- 4,783.4 .......... +1.8 + 7.6 2,441.0 1,445.0 2,065.0 6,237.8 Period. Date. 1,594.2 . .... .... ... .. ... .... .. .. I i b i I Balance of income and outgo of matter and energy.-Tables 107-110 summarize the income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and energy in this series of experiments. TABLE 107.-Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon-Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. Nitrogen. Date. In food. I I 1900. Experiment No. 26. Feb. 14-15,7 a.m. to 7 a. m.. 15-16,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. Total, 3 days........ Average, 1 day ..... Experiment a o. 28. Feb. 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 21-22,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. 22-23,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.. Total, 3 days........ Average, 1 day..... Grams. 15.9 15.9 15.9 (b) In feces. ( c' ((d) Gain (+) In or loss urine. (-), t( - (b+c). Grams. Grams. 1.1 16.6 1.1 15.1 1.1 14.4 47.7 3.3 46.1 15.9 1.1 15.4 ~I ;,- 15.8 1.2 15.7 1.3 15.8 1.2 47.3 3.7 15.8 1.2 15.9 15.2 14.7 45.8 15.3 Grams. -1.8 -0.3 +0.4 -1.7 -0.6 -1.3 -0.8 -0.1 -2.2 -0.7 Carbon. (e) In food. (f) (g) In In feces. urine. I __ (h) I-k) In Gain re-pir- (+) atory or loss prod- (-), ucts. e-ff+ g+h). Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 233.2 9.4 11.9 194.9 +17.0 233.2 9.5 10.8 198.4 +14.5 233.2 9.4 10.4 194.9I +18.5 699.6 28.3 33.1 588.2 +50.0 233.2 9.4 11.0 196.1 +16.7 245.8 245.8 245.8 737.4 245.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 11.4 10.9 10.5 32.8 10.9 211.0 212.8 208.3 632.1 210.7 +13.4 +12.1 +17.0 +42.5 +14.2 TABLE 108.-Income and outgo of water and hydrogen-Metabolism experiments Xos. 26 and 28. Water. (a) (b) (c) (dc) I () (f). Date. I nrespi- Apparent In food. In drink. In feces. In urine. I atory I -(,d+ products. -' *d+ 1900. Experiment No. 26. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Feb. 14-15,7 a. m. to 7 a. m............... 1,046.3 800 57.0 1,157.3 829.1 -197.1 15-16,7 a.m. to 7 a................ 1,046.3 800 57.0 1,472.4 806.6 -489.7 16-17,7 a. m.to 7 a.m............... 1,046.3 800 57.0 1,289.0 799.5 -299.2 Total,3 days ................... 3,138.9 2,400 171.0 3,918.7 2,435.2 -986.0 Average, day................... 1,046.3 800 57.0 1,306.2 811.7 -328.6 Experiment No. 28. Feb.20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a.m............. 1,040.0 800 51.7 1,113.2 836.6 -161.5 21-22,7 a.m. to 7 a.m............... 1,040.0 800 51.8 1,238.0 813.8 -263.6 22-23,7 a. m.to 7 a.m............... 1,040.0 800 51.7 1,150.3 790.6 -152.6 Total,3 days ..................... 3,120.0 2,400 155.2 3,501.5 2,441.0 -577.7 Average, 1 day ................. 1,040.0 800 51.7 1,167.2 813.7 -192.6 ' I j Cabn i 92 TABLE 108.-Income and outgo of water and hydrogen-Metabolism experiments Wo.s . and 28-Continued. Hydrogen. (g) (h) (i) (1) (W) (s) Date. Apparent Loss from O In food. In feces. In urine, gain, (g- water, f gain(+) (h+i). -9. (-),l 1900. Experiment No. 26. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Feb.14-15,7 a.m. to 7 a.m............... 33.9 1.1 2.9 +29.9 21.9 + 8.0- 15-16,7 a.m. to 7 a.m................. 33.8 1.2 2.6 +30.0 54.4 -24.4 16-17,7 a.m.to7 a.m ................ 33.9 1.1 2.5 +30.3 33.2 .9 Total, 3 days .................. .... 101.6 3.4 8.0 +90.2 -109.5 -19.3 Average. day .................. 33.9 1.1 2.7 +30.1 36.5 6.4 Experiment No. 28. Feb.20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a. m................ 35.8 1.3 2.8 +31.7 17.9 +13.8 21-22,7 a.m.to 7 a.m................ 35.8 1.4 2.6 +31.8 29.3 + 2.5 22-23,7 a.m. to 7 a. m................ 35.8 1.3 2.5 +32.0 17.0 +15.0 Total,3 days ..................... 107.4 4.0 7.9 +95.5 64.2 +31.8 Average, 1 day ................... 35.8 1.3 2.7 +31.8 21.4 +10.4 TABLE 109.-Gain or loss of protein (NX 6.95), fat, and water-Metabolism experiments Aos. 26 and 28. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Carbon Carbon Nitrogni Protein Total in pro- in fat, Fat Date, gained gained carbon tein etc., gained (+)or (+)or gained gained gained (+)or lost (- lost (-), (+) or (+) or (+) or lost (-), lost(- a x6.25. lost (-). lost (-), lost (-), e-10.761. b x0.53. c--d. 1900. Experiment No. 26. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Feb. 14-15,7 a. m. to 7a. m................ -1.8 -11.2 +17.0 -5.9 +22.9 +30.1 15-16,7 a.m. to 7 a.m............... .3 1.9 +14.5 -1.0 +15.5 +20.4 16-17,7 a.m. to7 a.m............... + .4 + 2.5 +18.5 +1.3 +17.2 +22.6 Total,3days....................... -1.7 -10.6 +50.0 -5.6 +55.6 +73.1 Average, 1 day..................... .6 3.5 +16.7 -1.8 +18.5 +24.4 Experiment No. 28. Feb. 20-21,7 a.m. to 7 a. m............... -1.3 8.1 +13.4 -4.3 +17.7 +23.3 21-22,7 a.m.to 7a.m................ .8 5.0 +12.1 -2.7 +14.8 +19.4 22-23,7a.m. to7a. m................ .1 .6 +17.0 .3 +17.3 +22.7 Total,3days......................... -2.2 -13.7 +42.5 -7.3 +49.8 +65.4 Average, 1day................... .7 4.5 +14.2 -2.4 +16.6 +21.8 TaBLE 109.-Gain or loss of protein (SX6.25), fat, and water-Metabolism experiment, Nos. 26 and 28-Continued. Date. 1900. Experiment 'o. 36. Feb. 14-15,7 a.m. to 7 a.m ............... 15-16.7 a.m. to 7 a.m................ 16-17,7 a. m. to 7 a. m................ Total. days ........................ Average, 1 day ..................... Experiment No. Z6. Feb. 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. 21-22,7 a.m. to 7 a.m............... 22-23,7 a. m. to 7 a. m.............. Total,3 days...................... Average, 1 day .................... (9) (h) (i) (k) Total Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen doga in protein in fat in water, hydrogen gained () gained l )etc.. gained gained ( +) gained (+) gained (+) or lost orned(+) or lost(-). orlost(-), )r O lst or lost .. ... I. S ox U.U. ~J\U. 11. Graims Gra m. Grams. 8.0 -0. +3.6 -24.4 .1 +2.4 2.9 + .2 +2.7 -19.3 .7 +8.7 6.4 .2 +2.9 +13 .6 +2.7 + 2.5 .3 +2.3 +15.0 ............ +2.7 +31.3 .9 +7.7 +10.4 .3 +2.5 g-(h+i). (1) Water gained (+) or lost (-), kx9. Grains. Grams. + 5.2 + 46.8 -26.7 -240.3 5.8 52.2 -27.3 i -245.7 9..1 81.9 +11.7 +105.3 + .5 + 4.5 +12.3 +110.7 +24.5 +220.5 + 8.2 + 73.5 TABLE 110.-Income and outgo of energy-Metabolism experiments Nos. 26 and 28. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Esti- Esti- Esti- mated mated mated Heat Heat St heat of heat of energy deter- deter- Heat Heat Heat cm c of ma- mined mined of om- ea com-f fusion bu- trial Heat greater greater Date bu ofcom- ofcom bustio Heat (+)r (+) or tion of bus- bus- of pro- tion of die deter- i less() le) fod tion of tion of tein fat in te mined. ean .i the than than eaten. feces. urine, gained gained body, esti- esti- l+)or (+)os a-(b+ mated, mated, c+d g-f. h-f. -)*" (-)' -el. 1900. WrimeWt No. 6. Calo- Cilo- Czlo- Calo- Calo- Odo- Calo- Calo- rries. ries. ries. ries. ries. ries. ris. ries. Per. ct. Feb.14-15,7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 2,490 106 1 125 -64 +287 2,036 2.077 + 41 +2.0 15-16,7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 2,490 106 125 -11 +195 2,075 2,100 + 25 +1.2 16-17,7 a.m.to7a.m... 2,490 106 135 +14 +216 2,019 2,078 + 59 +2.9 Total,3 days.......... 7,470 318 385 -61 +698 6,130 6,255 +125....... Average,l day........ 2,490 106 128 -20 +233 2,043 2085 + 42 +2.0 Experiment No. 82. Feb. 20-21,7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 2,489 112 119 -47 +222 2.083 2,097 + 14 + .7 21-22,7 a.m. to 7a.m... 2,489 112 133 -29 +185 2,088 2,075 13 .6 22-23,7 a. m. to 7 a. m... 2,489 112 132 3 +217 2,031 2,065 + 34 +1.7 Total, 3 days.......... 7,467 336 384 -79 +624 6,202 6,237 + 35 ........ Average, 1 day........ 2,489 112 128 -26 +208 2,067 2,079 + 12 + .6 .iiiii ii h ..: ...... .. 94 METABOLISM EXPERIMENTS NOS. 29 AND 31. Subject.-J. F. S., the same person as in experiments Nos. 25, 28 and 28. His weight, with underclothing, was about 64.5 kilograms (142 pourids). Occupation during experiment.--Worked 8 hours a day upon a sta- tionary bicycle arranged as an ergometer, as described on page 20. The voltage of the electric current generated was measured, and the average number of pedal revolutions per minute observed. The cur- rent generated was passed through resistance within the chamber and thus transformed into heat, which was measured with the heat given off by the subject. The actual amount of work done each day was found by determining the watts required to drive the bicycle ergometer at the rate maintained by the subject during the experiment. Duration.-Experiments Nos. 29 and 31 were the first and third of a series of 3, each of 3 days' duration. The intervening experiment is not reported here. The usual preliminary period continued 4 days, beginning with breakfast March 12, 1900. On the evening of the fourth day, March 15, the subject entered the calorimeter. Experi- ment No. 29 began at 7 a. m. March 16, and ended at 7 a. m. March 19. Experiment No. 31 began at 7 a. m. March 22, and ended at 7 a. m. March 25. Diet.-The aim of this series of experiments was to study the rela- tive replacing power of isodynamic quantities of different materials when the subject was at active exercise. There was, as usual, a basal ration supplemented by different materials. This basal ration was the same in both experiments, with the exception of slight differences due to variations in the composition of the milk consumed. It furnished approximately 100 grams of protein and 2,980 calories of energy per day. To this ration was added 128 grams of cane sugar per day, fur- nishing 507 calories of energy in experiment No. 29, and 63.5 grams of butter per day, furnishing 1 gram of protein and 511 calories of energy, in experiment No. 31. The kinds and quantities of food served at each meal and the quantities of drink at different periods of the day were as follows: TABLE 111.-Diet in metabolism experiments Nos. 99 and 31. FOOD-BASAL RATION. Food materials. Breakfast. Dinner. Supper. Total. ______________________________ ____ ___ I ___ __ Grams. Grams. Grms. Beef ......................................... ........ ......... ....... 58 .......... Butter .............. .......... ............................... 12 23 12 Milk, whole ................................................... 300 300 300 Bread.......................................................... 75 150 75 Gingersnaps.............................................. 25 25 25 Parched cereal .............................................. 37.5 .......... 37.5 Sugar ........................................................ 12.5 .......... 12.5 Grams. 58 47 900 300 75 75 25 I 95 FOOD-SUPPLEMENTAL RATION. Experiment No. 29, March 16-18.-One hundred and twenty-eight grams of cane sugar daily in the form of loaf sugar, taken with and between meals. This amount also supplemented the basal ration during the preliminary experiment March 12-15. Erperiment No. 31, March 2?-!,.--The additional energy during this experiment was furnished by 63.5 grams butter. DRINK. I' I Time. WVater. Time. Water. Grais. Grams. Breakfast ............................ 150 9.00 p. n ............................... 200 10.15 a. m ............................... 200 10.20 p. m ......... ...................... 150 Dinner.................................. 200 Total for da ................... 1250 4.00 p. m .............................. 200 Supper .................................. 50 Daily routine.-The general plan of the series of experiments is indicated in the following schedule: TABLE 112.-Daily programni e-Mlt abolism experiments No.s. '9, and 31. 6.50 a. m ...... 7.00 a. m ...... 7.30 a. m...... .15 a.m ......' 9.15 a. m ...... 10.30 a. m ......' 12.30 p. m...... 12.50 p. m...... 1.00 p.m ...... 1.25 p. m...... 2.00 p.m ...... Take pulse and temperature..... Pass urine, weigh self, collect drip, and weigh absorbers. Breakfast,drink 150grams water. Begin work. Stop work,drink 200grams water. I Begin work. Stop work. Take pulse and temperature. Pass urine, collect drip, and weigh absorbers. Dinner, drink 200 grams water. Begin work. 4.00 p.m ..... 4.15 p. m ..... 6.15 p. n ..... 6.20 p. m ..... 6.50 p. m ..... 7.00 p. m ..... 9.00 p.m ..... 10.00 p. m ..... 10.10 p.m ..... 10.20 p.m ..... 10.30 p. m.... 1.00 a. m ..... Stop %work, drink 200 grams water. Begin work. Stop work, change underclothing. Supper, drink 150 grams water. Take pulse and temperature. Pass urine, weigh self, collect drip, and weigh absorbers. Drink 200 grams water. Take pulse and temperature. Arrange bed. Drink 150 grams water. Retire. Pass urine. Table 113 gives a condensed summary of the more important statis- tics in the diary kept by the subject. 96 TABLE 113.-Summary of the diary--Metabolim experiments Nos. 29 and ,31. Time. 1900. Preliminary obser- ration. Mar. 15,9.40 a. m .... 11 a. m...... 12m ........ 12.55 p. m... 12.58 p. m... 7 p. m ...... 8 p.m ...... 9 p. m...... Experiment No 29. Mar. 16, 7 a. m ...... 9 a. m...... 10 a. m..... 11 a. m..... 12 m ....... 1 p. m...... 3 p. m...... 4 p. m...... 5 p. m...... 6 p. m...... 7p. m...... 9p. m...... Mar. 17, 7 a. m ...... 9 a. m ...... 10a. m ..... 11 a.m ..... 12 -n ....... 1 p. m...... 3p. m...... 4 p. m...... 5p. m...... 6 p. m...... 7 p. m...... 8.08 p. m .. 8.12 p. m .. 9 p. m...... 10 p. m..... 10.10 p. m .. Mar. 18, 7 a. m...... 9 a. m...... 10 a. m..... 11 a. m..... 12 m ....... 1 p. m...... 3 p. m...... 4 p. m...... 5 p. m...... 6p. m...... 7 p. m...... 8.15 p. m... 8.23 p. m ... 9.15 p. m.. Weightof subject in under- clothes. Kgs. .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.51 .......... .......... 63.85 64.78 64.76 65.12 64.76 .... ...... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.78 64.76 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 65.12 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.96 .......... Pulse rate per minute. 106 112 111 86 92 87 71 90 85 87 90 79 101 108 102 88 83 82 66 92 96 94 94 74 93 98 93 94 77 76 75 69 65 88 93 91 92 69 91 95 95 93 79 74 77 Temper- ature. op. ........... ........... ........... ........... 97.8 .----------- 99.0 98.4 97.6 ........... ........... ........... 98.5 ........... ........... ........... ........... 98.2 97.4 ........... ........... 98.4 ........... ........... 97.9 ........... 97.6 97.4 ........... 96.9 97.3 ........... ........... ........... 98.0 ........... ........... 97.8 ........... 97.4 97.2 Time. 1900. Experiment No. 29- Continued. Mar. 18, 10.20 p. m... 10.25 p. m... Experiment No. 31. Mar. 22, 6.55 a. m.... 7 a. m ...... 9 a. m ...... 10 a. m ..... 11 a. m ..... 12 m ........ 1 p. m ....... 3 p. m ...... 4 p. m ...... 5 p. m .... 6p. m ..... 6.55 p. m.... 7p. m ...... 8 p. m ...... 9 p. m ...... 10.12 p. m... Mar. 23, 6.55 a. m.... 7 a. m ...... 9 a. m ...... 10 a. m .... 11 a. m .... 12m ........ 3 p. m ...... 4 p. m ...... 5 p. m ..... 6p. m ...... 7 p. m ...... 8p. m ...... 9 p. m ...... 10.10 p. m... Mar. 24, 6.55 a. m.... 9 a. m ...... 10 a. m .... 11 a. m ..... 12m ....... 12.55 p. m... 1 p. m ..... 3p.m ..... 4 p. m ...... 5 p. m ...... 6 p. m ...... 7 p. m ...... 8 p. m ...... 9 p. m ...... 9.04 p. m.... 10.05 p. m... 10.10 p. m... Mar. 25, 6.55 a. m .... Weightof Pulse subject in under- irate per clothes. minute. K s. .......... .......... 64.09 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.55 .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.24 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.68 .......... .......... .......... 64.38 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 64.90 .......... .......... .......... .......... )- --.- ----I 64.49 66 65 93 87 90 87 67 99 93 97 93 71 76 70 67 68 100 92 89 89 97 94 89 90 74 75 68 66 65 89 95 86 88 68 98 98 91 90 76 73 71 66 68 ....... 96.4 1 ........ 97.6 .......... 97.6 .......... 97.5 97.0 96.5 97.6 97.4 96.5 97., 96.57 .......... 97. 97.4 97.9 .. -- 97 Amount of work done.-The total number of miles registered by the cyclometer on the different days of this series of experiments and the heat equivalent of the work done each day are shown in Table 114. It is altogether improbable that the amount of work done could have been as large as would be required to propel a bicycle, under ordinary conditions, the distance indicated by the cyclometer. TABLE 114.-Record of work done-Metaholism eP.terimentfQ N s. 29 and 31. (r) ( beatt e ad ie. Cyclometer Number Actual H Dae and ime. reading. of miles. duration Rate. equivalent, of work. a\b\ of work0.2378. 1900. Experiment No. 29. .conIs. aits. Caloris. M ar. 16. z.15 a. m ........................ 666.0 ............ ......... ............ ............ 16. 10.15a. m ........................ 6t17.5 21.5 7.200 42.0 72 16, 12.30 p. m ........................ 70 .4 20.9 7.20A 39.7 t' 16. 4.00 p.m ........................ 729. 21.4 7.200 89.5 68 16. 6.15p.m ........................ 751.1 21.3 6.9 I l 37.7 62 Total ........................................ S5. 1 28. 560 .. ......... 270 Mar. 17. 10.15a.m ....................... 772.: 21.2 6.960 35.5 59 17, 12.30 p.m......................... 95.9 23.6 7.200 37.0 63 17, 4.60 p.m ........................ 13.. 1 17.2 4.980 42.4 50 17, 6.15 p.m............... ....... 37.9 24.S 7.200 39.0 67 Total ........................ .... ............ 6. 26.3 0 ............ 239 Mar. 1, 10.15 a. m ........................ 61. 23.9 7.200 36.5 62 18. 12.30 p.m................. ...... .sS5.0 23.2 7. 0 35.7 61 18, 4.00 p.m............... ....... 906..921. 7.200 37.4 64 18, 6.15p. m ....................... 930.4 2:3.5 7.20. 40.0 69 Total ................. ....................... 92.5 2,. k0) ............ 256 Total, 3 days ................................... 264. 4 700 ............ 765 Experiments i ,. 31. Mar. 22, 10.15a. m ...................... 1.1,9,4.4 21.2 7.200 37.4 64 22. 12.30 p.m........................ 1,218.0 23.6 7.200 3.7 66 22 4.00 p.m.................. ........ 1.240.9 22.9 7.200 39.0 67 22, 6.1p.m................... ....... 1.262.9 22.0 7.200 37.0 63 Total ............................. ............ .9.7 : 28. K ............; 260 Mar. 23. 10.15 a.m........................ 1.289.7 26.8 7,200 37.2 64 23. 12.30 p.m............................ 1,306.8 17.1 7,200 37.0 63 23. 4.00 p.m ....................... 1,329.9 23.1 7,200 37.4 6-1 23. 6.15 p.m...................... 1.351.4 21.5 7,200 34.4 59 Total ........................................... 88.5 28,800 ......... 50 Mar. 24, 10.15a. m ....................... 1,375.8 24.4 7.200 37.0 63 24. 12.30 p.m ....................... 1,400.7 24.9 7.200 35.7 61 24, 4.00 p.m....................... ... 1,423.7 23.0 6,240 35.7 53 24, 6.15 p.m .......................: 1,447.4 i 23.7 7, 200 34.9 60 Total .......................................... 96.0 27,840 ............ 237 Total, 3 days................. ........7....4.2 85 440 ............ 747 13007-No. 109-02- 7 ... ... .::.-. ..i. 98 Detailed data of income and outgo.-The quantities of nutrients in the basal and supplemental rations during this series of experi- ments are shown in Table 115. The outgo of matter and energy. in the feces during the successive experiments is shown in Table 116. Tables 117 and 118 show the amount and composition of the urine in experiments Nos. 29 and 31. TABLE 115.--Weight, composition, and heat of combustion of foods-Metabolism experi- ments Nos. 29 and 31. Food materials. Beef ................ Butter .. ............ Bread............... Ginger snaps......... Parched cereal....... Sugar................ Basal ration, exclu- sive of milk ........ EXPERIMENT NO. 29. Milk, whole.......... Grams.. 58 47 300 75 75 25 580 900 Weight Water. Pro- per day. tein. Grams. Grams. 35.0 20.7 4.3 .6 109.5 28.2 3.1 4.7 8.1 9.0 155.0 63.2 760.5 36.9 Total basal ration.. 1,480 915.5 100.1 I .na f c Oar ( uiilnrl .- Carbo- Fat. Ca Nitro- drates. gen. Grams. Gras. 'Grams ras. 1.7 .......- 3.32 40.6 ....... .09 6.0 152.4 4.50 6.2 59.9 75 1.1 60.4 1.44 ........ 25.0 ........ 55.6 50.4 106.0 297.7 45.0 342.7 10.10 5.94 16.04 Car- bon. Grams. 12.12 30.60 87.42 33.24 32.04 10.52 205.94 73.80 279.74 m ental ration) .... 128 ........ ........ ........ 128.0 ........ 53.89 Total ration. I day. 1,60S 915.5 100.1 106.0 470.7 16.04 333.63 EXPERIMENT NO. 31. Basal ration, exclu- sive of milk........ 580 155.0 63.2 55.6 297.7 10.10 205.94 Milk, whole.......... 900 760.5 36.9 50.4 45.0 5.85 74.25 Total basal ration.. 1,480 915.5 100.1 106.0 342.7 15.95 280.19 Butter (supplement- al ration) .......... 63.5 5.8 .8 54.8 ........ .13 41.34 Total ration. 1 day. 1,543.5 921.3 100.9 160.8 342.7 16.08 321.53 Hydro- gen. Grams. 1.73 S4.91 12.90 4.96 4.72 1.62 30.84 11.34 42.18 Heat of com- bus- tion. Calo- ries. 135 378 879 338 315 99 TABLE 116.-.We'ight, composition, and heal of combustion of feces-Metabolism experi- mentL Vos. 29 and 31. Lab-' ora- I tory No. Weight of feces. Water. Expe.rimnent No. 29. Grains. Grams. 3195 Total, 3 days..... 177.0 123.7 Average, 1 day...' 59.0 41.2 E.rpcrimcnt 'Yo.S1. 3197 Total, 3 days..... 160.1 108.1 Average, 1 day... 53.4 36.0 Pro- tein. Grunms. 15.9 5.3 15.2 3. 1 Carbo- Nitro- Car- Hdro- Heat of Fat. i hy- gen. bon. en. cobus- drates. gen. bon. gen. tion. Grams. Grams. Granms. Grams. Grams. Calories. 9.0 18.2 2.55 25.01 3.6 1 279 3.0 6.1 .85 8.34 1.2 93 8.2 18.1 2.43 24.32 3.4 272 2.7 6.0 .81 8.11 1.1 91 Lab- ora- tory No. 3186 3187 3192 3181 3193 3189 3191 3187 8.29 I 507 50.47 30.84 11.34 42.18 2,139 845 2,984 6.63 511 48.81 3,496 99 TABLE 117.-Amount, specific grarity, and nitrogen of urine, by 6-hour periods-Metab- olism experiments .os. 29 and 31. Amount 'Specific Date. Period. Amount e Nitrogen content. of urine, gravity. 1900. mExperiment No. 9. Gras. Peret. Gram. Mar. 16-17 7 a.m.to l p.m ................................. 169.5 1.032 2.14 3.63 1 p.m.to7 p.m ................................ 215.7 1.032 1.99 4.2' 7 p.m.to 1 a. m .................................. 171.2 1.035 2.39 4.09 1 a.m.to 7 a.m ................................ 138.5 1.034 2.33 3.23 Total................................... 694.9 .................... 15.24 Total by composite....................... 694.9 1.034 2.21 15.36 17-18 7 a.m.to 1 p.m ................................ 189.2 1.031 2.05 3.88 1 p.m.to7 p. m ................................ 252.6 1.031 1.83 4.62 7 p.m. to la.m ................................ 183.6 1.033 2.26 4.15 1 a.m to 7 a. m .................................. 151.8 1.032 2.28 3.46 Total ..................................... 777.2 .................... 16.11 Total by composite....................... 777.2 1.031 2.06 16.01 18-19 7 a.m to 1 p. i .................................. 227.5 1.029 i 1.75 3.9" 1 p.m. to 7 p.m .................................. 342.0 1.029 1.44 4.92 7 p. m.to 1 a. m ................................. 182.1 1.032 2.15 3.91 1 a.m. to 7 a. m ................................ 139.2 1.032 2.27 3.16 Total ..................................... 890.8 .......... .......... 15.97 Total by composite....................... 890.8 1.030 1.80 16.03 Total 3 days, by periods .................. 2,362.9 i.................. 47.32 Total by composite....................... 2,362.9 ..................... 47.40 Experiment No. 31. Mar. 22-23 7 a. m.to 1 p.m ................................. 252.3 1.027 1.62 4.09 1 p.m.to 7 p.m ................................. 247.3 1.030 1.83 4.53 S7 p.m. to a.m ................................. 172.3 1.033 2.39 4.12 .1 a.m to7 a.m .................................. 140.4 1.031 2.36 3.31 Total ....................................... 812.3 ......... .... 16.05 Total by composite........................1 812.3 1.030 1.99 16.16 23-24 7 a.m.to 1 p.m ................................. 213.2 1.029 1.84 3.92 1 p.m. to 7 p. m ................................. 267.0 1.028 1.62 4.33 7 p.m.to 1 a.m ................................. 173.3 1.031 2.22 3.85 1 a.m.to 7 a.m .................................' 137.0 1.032 2.29 3.14 Total ............................ ......... 790 5 ........... ..15.24 Total by composite ....................... 790.5 1.030 1.91 15.10 24-25 7 a.m.to 1 p. m ................................ 240.3 1.028 1.55 3.72 1 p.m.to7p.m ................................ 293.5 1.028 1.40 4.11 7 p.m. to a.m ................................. 188.0 1.033 2.04 3.84 i1 a.m.to7 a.m ................................. 158.2 1.032 2.12 3.35 Total ..................................... 880.0 .................. 15.02 Total by composite ....................... 880.0 1.030 1.72 15.14 Total 3 days, by periods ................... 2,482.8 ................... 46.31 Total by composite....................... 2,482.8 ....................' 46.40 Total 9 days by composite ................ 8,006.2 .......... 1.78 142.50 SIncluding 3 days of an experiment not here reported. i 100 TABLE 118.-Daily elimination of carbon, hydrogen, water, and energy in urineM-isab- olism experiments Nos. 29 and 81. Date. 1900. Mar. 16-17 17-18 18-19 22-23 23-24 24-25 Period. Experiment No. 29. 7 a.m. to 7 a. m..... 7 a.m. to 7 a. m..... 7 a.m. to 7 a. m..... Total.......... Experiment No. SI. 7a.m. to7 a.m..... 7a.m. to 7 a. m..... 7a.m. to 7 a. m..... Total........ Total,9 days Amount of urine. Grams. 694.9 777.2 890.8 Carbon. P. ct. o...... Grams. 10.78 11.39 11.29 Hydrogen. P. e. Grams. P. ct. 2.86 ...... 3.03 ...... 3.00 ...... Water. Grams. 641.0 720.3 834.3 Heat of com- bustion. Per Total gram. Caorie. Cazores. 0.193 184 .173 184 .150 134 2,362.9 ...... 33.46 ...... 8.89 ...... 2,195'.6 ........ 402 812.3 ...... 11.35 ...... 3.01 ...... 755.6 .162 182 790.5 ...... 10.78 ...... 2.86 ...... 736.6 .163 129 880.0 ...... 10.62 ...... 2.82 ...... 826.9 .145 128 2,482.8 ...... 32.75 ...... 8.69 ...... 2,319.1 ........ 389 8,006.2 1.28 102.49 0.34 27.22 93.6 7,493. 8 1,211 a Including 3 days of an experiment not here reported. The quantities of carbon dioxid and water in the ventilating air cur- rent are given in detail for experiments Nos. 29 and 31, in Tables 119- 121, which follow. Table 122 shows the amount of heat given off dur- ing the successive 6-hour periods of the two experiments. |
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