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-~ -C -I II ---I --I ;-- r ~~ -la 1-' '~- C^^*^^- FCIB^~ A VOCABULARY OF THE DIALECTS OF MASHONALAND GEORGE FORTUNE COLLECTIOfN A VOCABULARY OF THE DIALECTS OF MASHONALAND IN THE NEW ORTHOGRAPHY BY THE REV. BERTRAM H. BARNES, C.R. LONDON THE SHELDON PRESS NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. 2 UNIV SITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES First published 1932 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN GRAMMATICAL TABLES FOR VOCABULARY OF SHONA DIALECTS TABLE I.- I. an Class. S. Class Prefixes. T., mu-; I.a, - A. Substantives (for illustration). I. munhu, persc I.a, BaBa, fath B. Possessive Concords: (a) Prefix (agr. with the thing possessed). wa- (b) Suffix (agr. with the possessor). -ke C. Adjectival Concords, ex. -kuru, big. See Table II. mukuru D. Relative Concords, used in forming Adj. from Vb. and N. 1. The -akanaka type of adj., good. wakanaka 2. The -noyera type of adj., holy. unoyera 3. The -nesimba type of adj., strong, unesimba 4. The -okudada type of adj., proud; (Ma. -ekudada). wokudada E. The Numeral -mzle, see Voc. for meanings. mumre F. Only, -oga or (in many parts) -ega. oga, woga All, -ose or (in many parts) -ese. wese G. 1. This, these, (near by); stands alone o' before or after uyu its n. 2. This, these, (near by); always follows its n. uno 3. That, those; generally follows its n. uyo 4. That, those, (out of sight, or referred to before); in Ze. uya (Ze. uye -ye for -ya. H. Absolute Pronoun-never used as adj. with n. Often used lye in combination with ndi-, e.g. ndiye, it is he. I. Interrogative Pronoun, which? -pi with prefix. upi? J. Pronoun Subject Concord in Verbs; seen simply in Pres., u-, a- Fut., and Neg. tenses; e.g. cinoumya, it will come. K. Pronoun Object Concord in vbs., e.g. I see him, ndinomn- -mu 1Ot(I. P. and I.a, va- vanhu vababa vua- -vo vakuru uakanaka vanoyera uanesimba vakudfafa vamije voga vese ava uano avo waya iuo uapi? vua- S. mu-, mg-, m muti, mgoyo, moyo tree, heart wa- -wo mukuru wakanaka unoyera unesimba wokucdafa mumije woga. wese uyu uno uyo uya iwo upi? u- mi-, mlj-, m- miti, mpoyo, moyo ya- -yo mikuru yakanaka inoyera inesimba yokudada imimje yoga yese iyi ino iyo iya iyo ipi? i- II S. ci- cinhu, thing ca- -co cikuru cakanaka cinoyera cinesimba cokudacda cimnie coga cese ici cino ico ciya ico cipi? ci- -ci- P. hi- Zinhu za- o Zikuru Zakanaka Zinoyera Zinesimba Zokudada Zimije Zoga zese izi Zino izo Ziya izo zipi 7 Zi- -_i- S. (i-) iombe, cow ya- -yo huru and se yakanaka inoyera inesimba yokudada imje yoga yese iyi ino iyo iya iyo ipi? i- PI. (dzi-) ijombe huru er adj. in Table I dzakanaka dzinoyera dzinesimba dzokudada dzimje dzoga dzese idzi dzino idzi dziya idzo dzipi? dzi- -dzi- S. (ri-) baiga, knife ra- rakanaka rinoyera rinesimba rokudada rimie roga rese iri rino iro riya iro r ipi? ri- -ri- P. ma- mapagga a- -WO makuru akanaka anoyera anesimba okudada mamqe oga ese aya, Ka. awa ano ayo, Ka. awo aya iwo api? a- -a- S. ka-, (S. Dial. gi-) kambudzi, small goat ka- -ko kakuru kakanaka kanoyera kanesimba kokudada kamije koga kese aka kano ako kaya iko kapi? ka- P. tu- tumbudzi twa- -two tukuru twakanaka tunoyera tunesimba twokudacfa tumije twoga twese utwu twuno utwo twuya itwo t upi? tu- -tu- VII. S. ru- rukoua, river ruvoko, arm rwa- -rwo rukuru rwakanaka runoyera runesimba rwokudada rumge rwoga rwese urwu rwuno urwo rwuya irwo rupi? ru- -ru- , VII. P.1. (dzi-) hova dza- -dzo huru and see Table II. dzakanaka dzinoyera dzinesimba dzokudada dzimije dzoga dzese idzi dzino idzo dziya idzo dzipi? dzi- VIII. S.I. u- mavoko -wo makuru akanaka anoyera anesimba okudada mamie oga ese aya, Ia. awa ano ayo, Ka. awo aya iwo mapi? a- usiku, night. hwa- -hwo hukuru hwakanaka hunoyera hunesimba hwokudada humije hwoga hwese uhwu huno uhwo huya ihwo hupi? hu- VIII. mu- (Ka.) I -ku- S.2. I -ousiku bga- -bgo iukuru bgakanaka vunoyera vunesimba bgokudacda -uumre vumpe bgoga bgese ubgu bguno ubgo bguya ibgo Vupi? "u- IX. ku- (a) Infinitive I (b) Locative (a) kuda, love (b) kumba, to the house kwa- -kwo kukuru kwakanaka kunoyera kunesimba kwokudada kumije kwoga kwese uku kuno uko kuya iko kupi? ku- muhari, in the po' ma-, (mla-) -mo mukuru makanaka munoyera munesimba mokudada mumje moga mese, mgese umu muno umo muya imo mupi? mu- -mu- pa- >asi, on the ground pa- -po pakuru pakanaka panoyera panesimba pamje poga pese apa pano apo paya ipo papi? pa- TABLE II.-ADJECTIVES -cena, white -duku, small -kobvu, thick -kukutu, hard -mbishi, unripe -nyoro, soft, etc. -pami, wide -penyu, living -pfupi, short -refu, long -sharu, old -tema, black -tete, thin tga, new -tguku, red -v'iri, two -tatu, three -na, four -shanu, five -tanhatu, six -nomge, seven -sere, eight -pfumbamije, nine -zhinji, many -shoma, few -ggani, how many? Concords of (ya,dza). (ra). cena jena nduku duku hobvu gobvu hukutu igukutu mbishi mbishi nyoro nyoro mhami Bami mhenyu Benyu pfupi pfupi ndefu refu sharu sharu nhema deema nhete fete. itqa idea tguku duku mbiri nhatu ina shanu nhanhatu nomije tsere pfumbamge zhinji shoma tgani? For other classes than (ya, dza) and (ra), these Adjectives follow Table I. Some less common Adjectives are to be found in the Vocabulary. TABLE III.-PERSONAL PRONOI AND CONCORDS S I 1Posses- \I Pers. Pron. 1 Sing. ini 1P1. Ze. ini mene Ka. ndimene Ma. ini mbune Ze. isu mene Ka. timene Ma. isu mbune Ze. iwe mene Ka. umene Ma. iwe mbune Ze. imi mene Ka. mumene Ma. imqi mbune Ze. iye mene oga, woga Ka. amene iega, wega SMa. iye mbune I Ze. ivo mene I voga Ka. vamene I vega Ma. i'uo mbune It s - ndini Alone. ndoga ndega toga tega woga wega moga mega -ko -inyu -ke -Vo ndiwe 1. ndimi 2. mu- -mu ma- -ku.. ndiye l( a 2. wa- 1. Ia- ndivo 2. va- When the Tense Formative begins with -a, the forms marked are used, e.g. nd-aka-tora, I took. + E.g. I saw you, either ndakamuuona, or in Zezuru ndakakuuonaii Reflexive Pron. for all persons and classes, -Zi-, e.g. I hurt myselli ndakaeikuadza. N.B.-In the Possessive suffixes -idu, -inyu, the -i- always coalesce with the a- of the prefix to make -e-, e.g. cigaro cedu (ca-icfn), our chair -idu ndisu 2 Sing. iwe 2 Pl. imi (imri) 3 Sing. iye 3 P1. ivo JNS Inset in Vb. *Subj. Obj. 1. ndi- -ndi 2. nda- 1. ti- -tli 2. ta- 1. u- -ku 12. wa- CONCORDS TABLE IV.-THE SIMPLEST TENSES Affirmative. Negative. ndinotora, I (habitually) take. handitori, I don't take. ndicatora, I shall take. handiri kutora, I am not taking. ndicazotora, handicatori (Ze. -a) I shall ndatora, I took (today). handicazotori (Ze. a-) not take. ndakatora, I took (before today). handina kutora I did handizakatora (Ma. -sa-) not take. handisati ndatora (Ka. -za-), I have not yet taken. For Subj. Concords for all classes and for Personal Pronouns see Tables I.J and III. For negatives see not in Vocab. TABLE V.-VERBAL DERIVATIVES The Verb stem may be modified by suffixes, forming derivatives of the original Verb. There is considerable variety m the formation of these derivatives, but the following suffixes have generally the meanings attached to them below. In the Vocabulary the common derivatives from any stem will generally be found under the simple verb. -wa, passive; e.g. -tora, take; -torwa, be taken; -da, love; -diwa, be loved. -ira, -era, applied form; e.g. -Bata, hold; -batira, hold for. Lika, -eka, neuter; e.g. -rasa, to lose; -rasika, be lost, get lost. -isa, -esa, causative; e.g. -famba, walk; -fambisa, cause to walk. -isa, -esa, intensive; e.g. -famba, walk; -fambisa, walk fast or far. -ana, reciprocal; e.g. -da, love; -dana, love one another. -ura, reversive; e.g. -funira, cover; -funura, uncover; -suJga, to tie; -sunuljgura, untie. PREFACE THIs little Vocabulary is an aid to the Unification of Shona Dialects under- taken at the desire of the Language Committee by one of their number. It aims at collating more or less the commoner words from the four or five chief dialects so as to help the speakers and students of one dialect to understand the words of the other dialects where they differ. Obviously it deals with only a small part of the full vocabulary of any one dialect and needs for its supplement the full dictionary on the same lines which it is hoped someone may eventually compile. It is, of course, written throughout in the new Orthography without which unification is impossible. It is promised by the publishers that they will keep the type standing for two years from the date of publication in England, and it is proposed to bind up a good number of copies with blank pages interleaved. The many corrections of what stands here and such extensions and additions as may be possible should be sent to the compiler as soon as may be, in order that before the type is dispersed a second edition may be printed with fewer mistakes. An attempt has been made to indicate in the Shona-English part of the Vocabulary the dialect from which come words that are suspected of being purely local. Where a word in that part has no indication of origin it may be assumed that it has been found to be known in at least two of the three principal dialects. Where the origin is indicated it is not to be assumed that the word is confined to that dialect, or that it is the only word for that meaning in that dialect, but that, so far as the available evidence goes, it has not been found in the other dialects. Many words may prove to be more widely known than the evidence suggests at this stage, and it is in this direction that a great deal of verification and correction should proceed before the second edition is printed. Every student of the dialects is invited to co-operate in this work of correction. Only general names have as a rule been given for such things as birds, beasts, trees, etc. Valuable lists of such words may be found in the existing Vocabularies-Mrs. Louw's Manual of Karanga," and in Fr. Biehler's " ChiSwma Vocabulary "-and students are recommended to compile their own lists locally. No names vary so much from district to district as such names as these, even in a so completely unified language as English of today. A number of Ndau words are included at the express desire of the Missions working in that area, but it is right to say that there is much more difference of vocabulary and usage between Ndau and the other dialects than there is between Karanga, Zezuru, and Manyika. Very few indications of Korekore words have been given, as there is no literature in that dialect, but it is PREFACE believed that a great deal may dome in from that area to enrich the unified language when students have given special attention to the large area in which Korekore or a kindred dialect is spoken. An Appendix on Relationship terms has been added because it is impossible to deal with such terms in a mere vocabulary. No one native term is exactly translatable by a corresponding English term because the scheme of relation- ships is entirely different. This appendix, written originally for this Vocabu- lary, appeared first of all in the journal Man, published by the Royal Anthro- pological Institute, and it is by their courtesy that it is now reproduced here unchanged except for the orthography. With regard to Grammar, it seemed premature to include in this little book anything that could pretend to be a Grammar of unified Shona, because the necessary work has not yet been done on which such a Grammar could be based. Accordingly, we have been content to include only such mere Tables of Grammatical Forms as are necessary for reference. It is hoped that the Tables given will be found convenient for the student. Dr. Doke, who had begun to "unify" the Grammar on the basis of Zezuru, very kindly pro- vided the conspectus of facts on which the Tables are based. The compiler wishes to thank him for this help, and also Mrs. Louw, Fr. Buck, C.R., of St. Augustine's, Penhalonga, and the Jesuit Fathers, all of whom gave full permission to make use of the books connected with their names. It is obvious that this book is no more in the main than a collation of the work of these pioneers, and that at this stage no such Vocabulary could have been attempted without the original work done by them. The compiler and the Language Committee wish to thank especially the Government of S. Rhodesia, who by a generous-subsidy have made it possible to publish this Vocabulary at a low price, in order to help the introduction of the new orthography. There is no need to explain here the new orthography, for which the Student may be referred to Dr. Doke's valuable Report on the Unification of Shona Dialects and his Comparative Study in Shona Phonetics; but below, there will be found a list of the new symbols and combinations with keywords and the forms which they supplant arranged as simply as possible. NEW SYMBOLS AND COMBINATIONS B as in Baba, father. Hitherto confused with b. d as in ndinoda. Hitherto confused with d. 13 as in gombe, cattle. Formerly represented by ng, n, ii, or italic n. g as in kuqika. Hitherto shown as sw, s, or s italic. v as in vanhu. Hitherto shown as v, V, v italic, b, or (in Ma.) w. Z as in Zino, now. Hitherto shown as zw, z, or z italic. c stands for ch. x, not used before, represents velarisation after p. Formerly k or h, e.g., pxere, child, for pkere, phere. PREFACE, my stands for mg, mw, or mW. Ex.: mgana, child, for mgana, mwana, mwana. bg stands for bg, bw, e.g., imbga, dog. rw stands for rgw, rw, e.g., rwendo, journey, for rgwendo. The value of the sounds for these and the other symbols will be found in the Vocabulary when each is introduced. See also under -dy- and -ty- for the value and meaning of these digraphs. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS adj. = adjective. adv.= adverb. aff. = affirmative. agr.=agreeing with, agreement. appl. = applied form, i.e., the form of the verb which ends in -era or -ira, and generally takes an object show- ing to or for whom or what an action is done. caus. = causative. cone. = concord. con. = conjunction. cont.= containing. cp.= compare. C.S.L.=Manual of ChiKaranga, by C. S. Louw. dem. = demonstrative. der.= derivative, derived from. dial.=dialect, used sometimes for a word not certainly belonging to either of the main dialects. dist.= distinguish, distinct. e.g.=for example. eq. = equal. esp. = especially. foll.= follows, following. for. = foreign. gen.= general, generally. int.= interjection, intransitive. interrog. = interrogative. intense. = intensive. Ka.= Karanga. K.K. =Kitchen Kaffir. Ko. = Korekore. lit. = literally. Ma. =Manyika. M.G.C.K.=Marconnhs, Grammar of Central Karanga. n. = noun. Nd. =Ndau. neg.= negative. num. = numeral. obj.= object. part. =participle, particle, participial. viii PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS pass. = passive. perh. = perhaps. pers. = person, personal. pl. = plural. poss.= possessive. prec. =precedes, preceding. prep. = preposition. prob. = probably. pron.= pronoun. prop.=proper. q.v.=quod vide, which see. rad.= radical. rel. = relative. sing. = singular. Swa. = Swahili. syn. = synonym. tr. = transitive. var. = variant. vb., vbl.=verb, verbal. Ze.= Zezuru. SHONA-ENGLISH A a (as in father). I. 1. Of nouns of (mu, va; -, va) class. Subj. cone. of 3rd pers. sing. of Cl. 1, la; ndinoda kuti ayende, I wish him to go; anoyenda, he goes. 2. In the forms often called par- ticipial'; ndamuvona acirwa, I saw him fighting. 3. In all but the first in a series of verbs connected by and '; pres., unovuya (anovuya), anovona, ano- kunda, he comes and he sees and conquers; past, wakaviuya, akavona, akakunda, he came and saw and conquered. 4. In rel. sent. whenever there is a connecting relative particle, nda- vona bayga ra (or iro) akarasa. 5. In negative sentences, muko- nana wakayenda, haacazodzoki-ge. 6. In some dialects of Zezuru and Lanyika a- is used as subj. cone. pf 3rd pers. sing. pres. of C1. 1 & la. See ex. under 3 above, unovuya or enovuya, he comes. II. Poss. cone. after pl. n. in mu-, nauoko avakomana, the young men's firms. This a- changes to e- before syll. contg. -i-, and to o- before ne contg. -u-; e.g., manheyya shiri, the bird's feathers; magodo ruooko, the bones of the arm. III. Tense formative in Ze.=let; tiende, let us go. Elsewhere, yga- iende. IV. Tense formative in all dialects indicating a past of today. Cp. -aka- or past of yesterday and longer ago. n some vbs. the -a- forms indicate n instantaneous pres.; e.g., nda- ota, I beseech, not, I besought. A oy being punished may cry, Nda- 1 pfidza,' I am sorry, I repent. Nda- teta, I beseech-at this instant. V. Formerly used in some dial. as the common neg. part. at the begin- ning of a vb., it is now found to be in all parts ha, where the h is rather a roughening of the vowel than an aspirate preceding it. -aka-, (1) tense formative indicat- ing a past of yesterday or earlier; ndakamuvona, I saw him (any time before today). Note that the ndi-, u-, ti-, mu- of the subj. cone. become nd-, w-, t-, or my- respectively, and the a of a- and va- coalesces with the following -a; wakavona, you (or he) saw; myakavona, you (pl.) saw; vakavona, they saw. (2) Dem. pr. agr. with s. noun of (ka, twa-) class, before or after its noun; this (near); aka kambudzi, this small goat. (3) -aka, vb. tr., Nd.; to build; see -vaka. ako, dem. pr. agr. with s. noun of (ka, twa-) class, gen. after its noun; that (there); kambudzi ako, that small goat (there). amal, n. See mai. -ambana, vb. int.; to fight, to quarrel; -a. naN., to fight with N. See -rwca. -ambuka, vb. tr.; to cross over (a river); caus., -ambusa, -ambukisa. See also -Bira; -namata, Ma. -ambura, vb. tr., Ka.; to dig (ground nuts, etc.). See also -cera; -panda, Ze., Ma. ambuya, n. See mbuya. ambuyamuderere (wa, va), n., Ze.; the mantis. See also mbuyambuya (ra, a). -amga, vb. tr., to suck; der., amrisa, to suckle; also -qilina; B -AMDISA -mia, Ka.; (s. a sweet) -geta, -mugunyira. -amiisa, -yamiisa, vb. tr.; to suckle (babe); also -mgisa, Ka. -amura, vb. int., Nd.; to yawn. See -shamura -andira, vb., to sit on (eggs); to incubate. ani? pl. vanaani, vanani? who? whom; unovonani? whom do you see? ndiani unovuya? who comes? unovuya nani? with whom does he come? vyo ndiani? who is that? iwe ndiwani? or iwe ndiweani? who are you? zita rakeo diani? what is your name? imba iyi ndeyani? whose house is this? aninani, Ka.; ariani, Ma., whoever (rel. and interrog.); aninani (ariani) unovuya, whoever comes (interrog. and rel.). -anika, vb. tr.; to put out to dry (in sun); var., -nika, -nanika, -ya- nika, -wanika. ano, dem. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (ma) class, these (near by) foll. its n.; mazuva ano, these days. apa, adv.; here (esp. accompanied by pointing). apo, adv.; there; conj., when. -ashira, vb. tr., Nd.; to receive, accept. See -gacira. asi, conj.; but; sometimes little stronger than 'and'; prep., except; all came except Tom, vose vakavuya asi Tom; Ka., asi? is that not so? -ata, vb. int., Nd.; to sleep; to lie down to sleep; to lie down. See -vata. ava, dem. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (va-) class; these; either fell. or prec. its noun; vanlh ava, these people; ava vakomana, these boys. avo, dem. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (ua-) class; those; gen. foll. its noun. aya (Ka. awa), dem. pr. agr. withl pl. n. of (ma) class; these; foil. or prec. its noun; e.g., aya (aica) ma- zuva, these days. See also Table I.G.4. ayo (Ka. awo), dem?. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (ma) class; those; gen. foll. its n.; nmakomo ayo, those hills. BGANYANZA B b, explosive labial, same sound as in Eng. but.' Hitherto it has been used also for the implosive labial now written 6, and also in some books (Wesleyan Mission) for the bilabial fricative, now written u; hence words formerly found under b may be found here under 6 or even v. In combination with other con- sonants (mb, bg, by) b is used and not 6; 6a6a, father, but 6ambo, father. baci (ra, pl. mab. a), n., for.; a coat. badara, vb. tr., for.; to pay. See -ripa; der. badaro (ra, a), a fine, a payment; -badarisa, to fine, cause to pay. bahari (ra, a), n., Swa.; the sea. See also nyanza (ya, dza) and guggwa (ra, a). bande (ra, p. mab. a), n., for.; a belt, band. banhire (ra, p. mab. a), n., Ze.; a skin belt with pouches for arrows. See also goBa. -bapatidza, -babatidza, vb. tr., for.; to baptize; der. rubabatidzo, ruba- patiso; pass. -babatidzwa, -bapa- tiswa, -bapatidzirwa; mubabatidzi, the Baptist. -bara, vb. tr., for.; to write; der. -bara cibaro, to pay tax; vacibaro (va-), indentured labourers; -barira, to enrol, write to or for; cibaro (ca, ea), tax; mubarisi (wa, va), Nd., tax-collector. bg- in Ka.=hw- in Ma., Ze. bga-, poss. formative after nouns in uu-, Ka.; nuci bga 6a6a, father's honey; changes to bge or bgo ace. to rule. See under a I. bgabga (bga,no pl.),n.,Ka.; beer (strong). See doro (ra, pl. mad. a). -bgadzira, vb. int.; to be on edge (of teeth); also -hwadzira, Ma.; -va neuziza, Ma. -bgaira, vb. int.; to wink, blink, twinkle; see also Boyira, Ma.; -cenya, Nd. bganyanza (bga), n.; a bier. Sce ucanja (;hwa), Ma. BGADGA bgagga (bga, no pl.), n., Ka.; active medicine used as charms for any purpose; anesthetic. See hwa- Iga (hwa), Ma. Sbgasha (bga, no pl.), n., Ka.; I... -.. See upami (hwa). -bgata, vb. int., K. (-hwata, Ma.); to squat (for concealment). See -sunzumara, squat on heels. bgato (bga, pl. bgato bga or ma- bgato a), it., Ka.; a canoe, dug-out. See also mgadia (wa, ya), Ma.; cikepe (ca, ea), for.; gwa, igwa (ra, a); ggarawa (ya, dza), Swa. bgato (bga), n., Ka.; bait (fishing). See hwambo, Ma., Nd. bge-, bgo-; forms taken by bga- before syll. contg. -i- and -u- respec- tively. See bga-. bge (ra, P. mab. a), n., Ka.; stone; see ibge; var. cibge (ca, ta). bgema (bga, no pl.), n., Ka.; scent, odour; also hwema (hwa). bgendedzo (bga), n., Ka.; a pre- tence; a bait. bgenje (bga), n., Ka.; a deep pond; also hwenje (hwa), Ze. bgenze, bgeze (bga), n., Ka.; the back between the shoulders. Cp. Ma., pahwaenze paygu, of carrying a child astride of neck. -bgereketa, vb. int., Ka.; to speak; der. bgereketisa, caus.; -bgereketera, app.; -bgereketiwa, pass. See reva, -taura. i -bgereggedza, Ka.; -wereggedza, Ma., vb. tr.; to add together; to mix. bgeue (bga), n., Ka.; side (of an animal). Sec rutivi (rwa). -bgibginya, vb. int.; to shine, glitter; glisten (esp. of ox in good c.,..il ;i..'i der. from rad. bgibgi. C', hwihwi and hwihwinya. -b:inya, ob. int.=-bgibginya; and s. -penvvl. bgingtira, vb. tr.; to shave clean; from. rad. -ti bgiggu. See -veura. r igira, vb. tr.; to eat by throwing d lo.od (meal, crumbs, etc.) into i'.. IIi; also -hwira. Sbgirazuva (bga), it., Ka.; a ray di .. i; a sunbeam; also maranzi (a, l ..ly), Ma.; museve (we zaon), m uzhwari (twa, ya), Nd. -BVA -bgiridza, vb. tr., Ka.; to return, give back. See -hwirira. -bgirira, vb. int., Ka.; to return, come or go back. See hwirira. bgiro (bga), n.,Ka.; agrave. See guva (ra, pl. mak. a). bgizana (ra, pl. mabg. a), Ka.; a lamb; also hwaiana (ya, dza), Ze.; nyenye (ya, dza), Ma.; kahwai (ka, twa), Nd. bgoni, nobgoni, adv.; on purpose, purposely; also namambune, nama- vune; or -ciziva with pers. cone. prefixed agr. with pers. referred to, wittingly; ndakayita ygoni, ndaka- yita namambune, I did it on pur- pose; ndakayita ndicizioa (lit., I did it, I knowing). bgowa, bgoa (bga-), n., Ka.; mushroom (gen.). See howa (hwa). bguno, dem. pr. agr. with sing. n. of (vu-) prefix; always foll. its n.; this (near); vuci bguno, this honey. -bgurudzura, vb., Ka.; to repeat, do over again (of an action); also -hwiridzira, Ma.; -pama, -pamidza, Ze. bguya, dem. pr. agr. with sing. n. of (vu) prefix; always foll. its n.; that (referred to, out of sight); vuci bguya, that honey (we spoke of). -bisa, vb. tr., Ze.; to take away, remove. See -bvisa. biza (ra, pl. mab. a), n.; a horse; biza mutari, occ. heard for a bicycle. bodyera (ra, pl. mab. a), n., for.; a bottle. See -dy for pronunciation. bokisi (ra, pl. mab. a), n., for.; a box. See cikwembe, Ze. bora (ra, pl. mab. a), n., for.; a ball, esp. a football; -tamba bora,to play football; also nabvu (ya, dza), Ze.; mbungo (ya, dza), Ma.; mupira (wa, ya), lit., rubber; homa (ya, dza); cimburumbga (ca, ta), Nd. butawu (ya, dza), n., for.; a button. See ndoro (ya, dza) and cp. konopo, a stud. -bva (1), vb. int.; to come from; to move away, come out; to start from, begin at; der. -bvisa, caus. to take away, remove; -bvira, appl.; wabvepi? where have you come from? kubva pakutayga, from the BVA beginning. See -bvira; notice idiom in foll.: Mhou inoneta, icibva ya6a- twa, the ostrich tires and then it goes and gets caught; anoiSaya, icibva yafa, he stabs it, it goes and dies-i.e., dies at once; also ibva wayenda, ibva wayita, get you gone, get about it, an angry command; nyora, ubve wayenda, write and then go. bva (2), conj., Ka.; but. -bvarura, vb. tr., Ka.; to tear; der. -bvaruka, to be torn. See -parura. bvene (ra, pl. mapf. a), n., Ma., Ko.; a baboon. See gudo (ra, pl. mak. a). bvi (ra, pl. mabvi a), n., Ka.; knee. See ibvi (ra, pl. mabv. a). -bvidza, vb. int., K.; to be able. See -bvira and -gona. -bvika, -bvikidza, vb. int.; to be possible. See -bvira; also -goneka, -kwanisa kuitika. -bvinza, vb. int., Ze.; to leak; syn. -vinza, Ka.; -donha, -dzudza, Ma.; -bvidza, Nd.; (slightly) -tsi- nina, Ma.; -sininika, Nd.; -sirina, Ka.; and cp. -cururika, Ma., Nd., and (of furrows) -fashuka, -tifasha. -bvira, vb. int.; to be possible; (as aux. to another vb.) to be or do ex- ceedingly; i1;;., r, it can't be done, it's not enough; ndabvira ku- neta, I am extremely tired. -bvisa, vb. tr.; to take away, re- move; -bv. pazamu, to wean. -bvovora, vb. tr.; to bore. See -bovora. -bvua, vb. tr., Nd.; to paddle (canoe). -bvubvumara, vb. int., Ze.; to sit huddled up (as a stranger sup- pliant awaiting notice); syn. -bvu- bvuwara, Ka.; -ti nzunzunzu, Ma. bvudzi (dza), n.; hair (of human head). See vudzi (ra, pl. rare, mav. a). -bvuka, vb. int., Ma.; to divine, guess. See -vuka; der. -bvukisira, to guess. -bvuma, vb. int.; to agree, assent, acknowledge; der. -bvumira, to trust; -bvumirana, to agree together; -bvumidza, to allow (one to do some- thing); -bvumisa, cause. to make one BVUTE admit or confess; rubvumo (rwa), confession. bvumbi (ya, dza), n.; puff-adder. See mvumbi (ya, dza). -bvumbuka, vb. int.; Ka., to be worn thin, be easily torn; Ma., to start up, jump up quickly; der. -bvumbukira, appl.; -bvumbutsa, caus. to startle. bvumirano (ya, dza), n.; an agree- ment. See -bvuma and citenderano (ca, ga). -bvunda, vb. int., Ma.; (1) to be- come mouldy, begin to go bad; see -uundunda; (2) to shake (int.) from fear or cold. -bvundura, vb. tr., Ma.; to stir up (as muddy water); der. -bvu- nduka, to be stirred up; -bvundutsa, to' put up buck; to startle; wake up. -bvunura, vb. int., Ma.; to castor shed the skin (as snakes do); der. bvunurwa (ra, pl. mabv. a), the cast- off skin. See -guvura, Ka. -bvunza, vb. tr.; to ask (a ques- tion); cp. -kumbira, to ask for, to beg; der. -bvunzira, to ask on behalf of; -bvunzisa, -bvunzisisa intense.) , to ask persistently; mubvunzo (wa, ya), Ma., Nd.; Ka., vunzo (ya, dza); Ze., cibvunzo (ca, ea), a ques- tion; -bvunzana, to consult together; syn. -vunza, Ka. -bvugganisa, vb. tr.; to meddle with, disorder, mix up. bvupa (ra, pl. mapf. a), n., Ze.; a bone. See pfupa (ra, a). -bvura, vb. tr.; to singe; remove hair (of pigs, etc.) by singeing; to roast mealies. -bvurudza, vb. tr.; to shake, shake out; imbga iri kudzibvurudza, the dog is shaking itself; syn. -bvuvu- dza, Ka. -bvuta, vb. tr.; to snatch; take by force; der. -bvutira, to rob (by vio- lence); -bvuta maziso, to dazzle the eyes; -bvutirana, to snatch from one another (caus. -bvutidzana); mu- bvuti (wa, va), n., robber; syn. -pamba, Nd. bvute (bvuri), (ra, pl. mabv. a); shade (regarded as shelter from sun, etc), perh. dist. from mubvuri, -BVUWA inumvuri, a shadow. See mumvuri i(wa, ya). -bvuwa, -bvua, vb. tr., Ma.; to fish (with net); der. -bvuira, to get fish into net; mubvui (wa, va), fish- erman. bvuwo (ra, pl. mabv. a), n.,-Ma.; the after-birth; syn. musari (wa, ea), Ka. -bzova, vb. int., Ma.; to roar, sing bass. See -dzova. bZ-; for words beginning so, try dZ-. -bZinya, vb. tr., Ma.; =dginya, to press, be tight. B, implosive labial, which is the common form of the labial in Ma- shonaland and is fairly easily dis- tinguished by ear from the familiar English b, which is explosive. Ex., -Bara, to bear, but bara, to write. The 6 does not occur in any com- binations with other consonants of this unified language, though it does so in Ndau. Ba, neg. Used for emphasis after a negative verb, with which it is en- clitic and brings the accent forward : handidi, I do not wish; handidi-6a, I don't at all wish. Is also added for emphasis to other negs. such as tai and kwete, but does not bring accent forward with them: kwdte 6a, tdi 6a, no, not at all. -Ba, vb. tr.; to steal; der. -Bira, to steal from; -Biwa, to be stolen (of the thing stolen); -Birwa, to be robbed (of the person stolen from); -Bisa, intense and caus.), to steal a great deal, to cause to steal. BaBa (wa, va), n.; father; father's brother or even father's sister; syn. bambo. Sec App. on Relationships. Pl. forms are vaBa6a, oadzi6a6a. -Babama, vb. int.: to flap the wings. Badza (ra, pl. map. a), n.; (1) a BADGA hoe; 6. reVombe, a plough. (2) 4 long strings of beads, so called be- cause equiv. in barter to a hoe. Bako (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a cave or cleft among rocks; a refuge or stronghold. Bakwa (ra, pl. map. a), n.; place for firewood, either (Ka.) a shelf in the hut or (Ma.) a woodpile outside. Bambo (wa, va), n., Ka., Ma.; father, etc. See BaBa. Banda (1), vb. int.; to pain, throb, smart, ache; (2) vb. tr.; to crush mealiess or anything hard on stone, etc.); (3) n. (ra, pl. map. a), Ka., one of the three stout poles that up- hold roof of hut. Bandadzi (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ma.; a slave, servant. Bandakadzi (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ma.; a female slave; a maidservant. Bandauko (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; (of beast) shoulder or fore-leg. See fudzi (ra, a). Bande (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ma., Nd.; bark, peel, scale (of fish); syn. gwande (ra, a), Ka.; gwati (ra, pl. makw. a), Ze. Bandu (ra, pl. map. a), n., Nd.; an enemy. See muveggi (wa, va) and cp. mhandu (ya, dza). Bani (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; wide, level land between hills; open, level veld; in Ma. = a narrow valley, but open veld= Bomho (ra, pl. map. a); syn. Bomho; and see saggo. Banza (ra, no pl.), n., Ma.; hope. See tariro (ya, dza). Banze (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ma.; the meeting-place of men in a village. See dare (ra, a); hence mubanze (wa, va), neighbour; ci6anze cedfu, our near neighbours, syn. womu- dare. Banzura, vb. tr.; to split, cut lengthways; syn. -Bandura, Ma.; -Sadzura, Nd.; der. Banzu (ra, a), a splinter; kabanzi (ka, twa), a small splinter. Bagga (ra, pl. map. a), ; knife; syn. mhei (ya, dza), Ze.; mesa (ya, dza), Ma.; munondo (wa, ya), Ka. N.B.: Mhegi and mesa are der. from Du. mes. BADGANO Baggano (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ma., Nd.; a plan, plot, scheme; syn. zano (ra, pl. mazano or mano a). Baggo (ra, pl. map. a), n.; Ma., horizontal crossbeam in house-roof; Ka., Ze., uprights of walls. -Baggura, vb. int., Ze.; to rise (of sun). See buda. Bape (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ka.; a sheet; flat piece; also band of cloth or beads worn on forehead by women. Bapiro (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a wing; var. papiro (ra, a). Bapu (ra, pl. map. a), n.; lung. -Bara, vb. tr.; to bear (offspring, fruit), to bud. See -Bereka and -pona, -gara (of children); der. -Barira, appl., to bear to; -Barisa, cause to breed (livestock); -barana, to bear together. Bara (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; a cart- ridge, bullet. See nyere (ya, dza). -barikabarika, vb. int.; to fly (of sparks); to send off sparks; syn. -pupuruka, -Barika. Barikira (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ze.; a spark. See sase (ra, a). -barura, vb. tr.; to tear. See -parura; der. Baruka, be torn. Basa (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; work; Ma., poles for a hut; i6asa raygu rekudzidza, it is my work, my duty, to learn; ane6asa, he is busy, is en- gaged. Basi, adv. (Ma. from Siva.); enough, only; munhu umye basi, one person only; ndavuya 6asi, I came empty-handed; ma6asi, naked; ndiri ma6asi, awo wari ma6asi, I am, they are, naked. bata (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; a duck; syn. sekwe (ra, a); shambira, Ze.; sambira, Ma. (ra, a). -Bata, vb. tr.; to seize, catch, hold; be firm, strong; -6. basa, -6ata, to work; -batira N., to work for N.; -6atira citenda, to catch a sickness; citenda ici cino6atira, this sickness is catching, is infectious; -Satisa, to cause to hold, to hold tight; -Satisisa, to make firm, to hold very tight; -Satana, to hold to- gether, int.; to be close together; to BEDGO hold one another; -6atana (ne), to be next to; -6atanidza, to join to- gether, cause to hold together; -6a- tidza, to light (a lamp, a fire); -6a- ta6ata, to feel with the hands, to work lazily; -6atsa, to help, catch; -6atsira, to help; -6ata kumeso, to flatter, deceive by lies; -6atwa, to be sized, arrested; cp. -bvuta, to seize by snatching, to snatch. -batanidza, vb. tr.; to join to- gether. -Batsira, -Batsa, vb. tr.; to help; der. muBatsiri- (wa, va), a helper; syn. -betsera; -detsa, -detsera, Nd.; -batisa, -Batira. -batwa, vb., pass. of -bata; to be taken, arrested; -6atwa ne dzugjgu, to be dizzy; -6. nedoro, nehwalwa (etc.), to be drunk; -6. nobuka, to faint; -6. nchope, be sleepy, fall asleep; -6. netqio, -6. nenhutu, nepfawi, to have a fit. -Baura, vb. tr., Nd.; to tear; der. -bauka, be torn. See -parura. -baya, vb. tr.; to stab, gore, pierce; to shoot (and hit); to slaughter (a beast); to sacrifice; der. -bayira, to fasten (with pin, etc.), stick into; to kill for; to sacrifice to. Bazi (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ze.; a branch. See nhawani (ya, dza). bece (ra, pl. ma6., a),n.; pudenda muliebria; syn. makoygo (a), matinje (a), mhece (ya, dza). Bedzi, adv.; only, by itself; syn. cete, Ma. basi. -beka, vb. int., Ma.; to belch; also -beya. See -dgova. Bembvu (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; a lunatic, madman; syn. mupeggo (wa, va); Beijgo (ra, pl. map. a). Bemhe (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; a donkey; also mubemhe (wa, ya), Ze. Bende (ra, pl. ma6., a), n., Ma. Nd.; a broken pot; nick (as in rim of pot); space between two teeth. Benyu, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra-, a-) class; alive. Sec -penyu. Benzi (ra, pl. mna6. a), n.; a fool, idiot; (almost) lunatic. Sec Bembvu (ra, a). bergo (ra, pl. map. a), in.; a luna- BERE tic; der. from -pegga. See bembvu (ra, a). Bere (ra, pl. map. a), n.; hyaena; also cipere (ca, Za), Ze.; syn. thika (ra, a), Nd.; magondo (wa, wa), Ka., Ma.; Boggo (ra, a), Nd. Bereka, vb. tr.; to bear (offspring, fruit); to carry on back (as women carry babies); der. mbereko (ya, dza), cotton or skin for carrying baby on back; cp. -zara, -pona, of bearing children. Berere (Ma., Nd.), berevere (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; verandah. Besa (ra, pl. ma6. a), n. ; Ma., a cold in the head; Ka., sickness; syn. Besha (ra, a), Nd.; and see dzibga, dzihwa (ra, a). -Besa (moto), vb.; to make and light a fire; syn. -vesa (moto) (to light f.) -Batidza (ioto). Besha (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Nd.; cold in the head. See Besa (ra, a). Besu (ra, pl. map. a), n.; tail (of bird or fish); syn. mupesu (wa, ya), Nd.; mupefu (wa, ya), Nd.; musuka (uwa, ya) and cisuka (ca, ta), both Nd.; and cp. muswe (wa, ya), tail of animals. Bete (ra, pl. map. a), n.; cock- roach. beto (ra, no pl.), n., Ma.; dew; syn. veta (ra), cdova (ra). -betsa, -betsera, vb. tr., Ka.; to help; der. mubetseri (wa, va). See -batsira. Bidi (ra, pl. ima. a), ?n., Ka.; magic; any unusual thing. See pipi (ra, a). -bidza, vb. tr.; to take over a river. See -bira. -bika, vb. tr.; to cook (in water), to boil; 6. doro, to brew beer; der. muBiki, a cook. Bikiro (ra, pl. ma6. a), 1n.; the cooking-place; a big snuff-box. Bimha (ra, pl. map. a), n.; reed- buck. -Bimidza, vb. tr.; to beat (with fist); der. from rad. bi; cp. -bititsa, Ma. ; -Bititisa, Ze. bindepinde (ra, pl. ima6. a), ir., Ka.; a stout rope; Zc., a row of people holding hands; -ita 6i)idc- BONDE pinde, to skip (with skipping rope). See tambo (ra, a). Bigga (ra, pl. ma6. a), ra., Ko.; a forest; also Ma., the king's en- closure in his own village. See dondo. bira (ra, pl. ma6. a), rn.; a big beer dance; a feast in connection with spirit worship; syn. cidyo (ca, )a); (with dance), mutambo (wa, ya) ; (after dance) guneri (ra, a), Nd.; (funeral) cenura (ca), Ma.; mutombo (wa, ya), Nd. -bira, vb. tr.; (1) to cross over (a river); der. -Bidza, to take across a river; syn. -ambuka, -namata, Ma.; (2) to steal from, app. form of -Ba, to steal; (3) vb. int., to set (of sun), Nd.; cp. -uira, and see -doka. -Biratu, vb., Nd.; to fast for at least one day. See -nyima. Biripiri (ra, no pl.), n.; measles; syn. gwirikwiti (ya, dza), Ze.; cikuku (ca), Ma. Birira (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., M.; a waterfall. See Bopomo (ra, a). Biriri (ra, pl. map. a), n., Nd.; bank (of stream). See hombekombe (ra, a). Biswa (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ze.; =mhaiga, a stage in beer-making. Biti (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ka.; (sweet) beer. See (foro. -bitirirwa (mumvura), vb. pass., Ka.; to be choked in water, to drown (int.) ; der. from-bitirisa (tr.), to choke. See -nyura. -Bititisa (Ze.), Bititsa (Ma.) vb. tr.; to beat (with fist); from rad. -ti bi, and cp. -bimidza. Biya (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ma.; a frying-pan. See haggiro (ya, dza), Ka. Biza (ra, pl. 1ma6. a), n., Ko.; cloth. See jira (ra, a). Bodo, interj.; no, not at all. See kwete, hai, tai, ga, haiwa (Nd.),- Ba. Bofu (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a blind person or animal; der. -pofumara, to be blind; -pofumadza, to make blind. Bomho (ra, pl. map. a), n.; grassy plain; treeless veld; syl. Bani (ra, a), and see saggo (ra, a). Bonde (ra, pl. map. a), in.; a mat -BONDOKOTA of split reeds; syn. (1) rukukwe (rwa), (2) rutsekete (rwa, pl. ts. dza), (3) rupasa (rwa, pl. masa a), (4) tsa- pata (ya, dza). -Bondokota, vb. int., Nd.; to sit cross-legged; to sit with legs under one (as women sit on floor); syn. -ita cisero, Ka. Bonje (ra, pl. maonje a), n., Nd.; abscess, boil, wound; syn. mota; and see cironda (ca, ea). Bogga (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; cat (wild). See maggowe (ya, dza). Boggo (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Nd.; hyena. See Bere (ra, a). -Boora, vb. tr.; to bore. See Bovora. Bope (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a quarrel, disturbance; Nd., a noise. -bopera, vb. tr., for.; to tie up; to inspan (oxen). bopomo (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a waterfall; syn., Bopopo (ra, a), Ka.; birira (ra, a), Ma.; ciirira (ca, ga), Nd. Bopopo (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ka.; waterfall. See Bopomo. -Bopota, vb. int.; to make a noise; syn. -iwauta, -iwaudza. Bopoto (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a noise, clamour; a disturbance; syn. ruzha (rwa); Bope (ra,. a); and see -bopota. Borosa (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ma.; a pocket. Bosho (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; bad marksmanship; a great danger (? narrow escape, from -posha, to miss). bota (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; gruel; thin porridge (for children). See sadza (ra, a). Bote (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; stout rope (Ka.) of unplaited bark (Ma.); said (Ze.) to be 'used in a super- stitious dance.' -Bovora, vb. tr.; to bore, pierce; syn. -bvovora; -Boora, -uurura, -dura, Ma., Nd.; der. -Bovoka, be pierced, bored. -Boyira, vb. int., Ma.; to wink, blink, twinkle. See -bgaira. -Boza, vb. tr.; to pick up (by chance); to find. See -Bozha, Ka. BUNHA -bozha, vb. tr., Ka.; to pick up (by chance), find. See -Boza. -Buda, vb. int.; to come out; be well; come up (of seeds); to rise (of sun, etc.); der. -budisa, to cause to come out; -Budiswa (or Ka. -Budisa), to have diarrhoea. Budzi (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a kind of marrow or pumpkin. See nhagga (ya, dza). Buka (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; a fit (Ze., fainting; Ka., convulsive). Buma (ra, pl. map. a),n.; a swarm (of bees); a bunch, cluster; syn. Bumbira (ra, pl. ma6. a), Nd. bumarutga (ra, no pl.), n.; early rains. See gukurahundi (ra), huku- rahundi (ya). -bumata, vb. int., Ka.; to close the mouth. See -bumira. Bumbira (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Nd.; a swarm or cluster (of bees, etc). See Buma (ra, a). Bumhe (ra, no pl.), Ze., Ma.; (1) beer (sweet). See doro (ra). (2) Ma., dew. See Beto (ra). -Bumira, vb., Ka.; to close the mouth; close lips; syn. -Bumata, Ka.; vumira, Ze.; -fumbira, Ma.; -fuggira, Nd. Bumu (ra, pl. map. a), n.; fore- lock; tuft left on top of head. See vudzi (ra). -bumudza, vb. int.; to rest; make a halt for rest on a journey; der. Bumudzo (ra, a), a resting-place; syn. -pumuza. Bundo (ra, pi. map. a), n.; (1) a weed; syn. tsora (ra, pl. mats. a), Ze.; citse (ca, ta), Ma.; shakura (ra), Nd.; (2) grassy land, veld. Bundu (ra, pi. map. a), n.; (1) Ka., a hump (on men); see nyu- rgwa (ya, dza) (of animals); nundu (ya, dza), Ma.; nutwa (ya, dza), Ze. (2) A lump (e.g., in porridge or on body); pimple; knot (in wood); Ka., clump of trees; der. cipundu (ca, ga), a small pimple. -bundukuta, vb. int.; to roll on ground (as mules do). See -vuru- kuta. bunha (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a young girl (up to about 12 years); BUNO der. kapunha (ha, twa), dimin. See musikana (wa, ya). Buno (ra, pl. map. a), n.; tomato; syn. guzuggu (ra, pl. mak. a), Ka.; gukuzumbu (ra, pl. mak. a), Nd. Bunumunu, bunyumunyu (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; a naked person. See mupunu (wa, va). Buggu (ra, pl. map. a), n.; (1) Nd., a forest. See dfondo (ra, a). (2) Ka., an eagle. (3) A mealie cob stripped of grain. See guri (ra, a). bungwa (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ma.; a salt-bearing reed from whose ashes a native salt is made. See mutomba (wa, ya); syn. mubuggwe (wa, ya), Nd.; mutgaggidze (wa, ya), Ka. Bupira (ra, pl. ma6. a), n.; (1) Ka., a swarm of insects; abundance of flying insects; cp. buma (ra, a); (2) a talkative person, Ka., Ze. -bura, vb. tr.; to take from the fire, to dish up (food); to take honey or eggs (from hive or nest); Ma., Nd., to remove bark from tree. Bura (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Ka.; sweet potato. See mbambaira (ya, dza). Buri (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ka.; a family. See mhuri (ya, dza), Ma., Ze.; also Ma., buri (ya, dza). (The 6u- is on a low tone.) Buri (ra, pl. ma6. a), n. (6u- on higher tone); a hole through some- thing (e.g., clothes or wood or iron); buri retsono, eye of a needle; and so a window (in hut). -Burika, vb. int.; to come out (from, mu); der. -Burikira, to sprout out, shoot (as trees); Ze., be well; to stand aside, get out of the way; -Burikidza, tr., to make way through; pierce through; -Burikirwa neshave, Ma., to be possessed by a spirit; -Buritsa, tr., to discharge, expel; -Buritsira, tr., to take out of the way; -Buritsisa, to purge violently; -Buritswa, to have diarrhea. -burikidza, -urikira. See-Burika. -burira, vb. tr., appl. form of -Bura, to take out (sadza) from pot; hence, to feed another, to bring up someone else's child. -Buritsa, vb. tr.; to take out, drive out; der. -Buritsira, -Buritswa, -buritsisa. See -Burika. -Buruka, vb. int.; to come down, descend; der. -Burusa, -Burutsa, caus.; -Burukira, app., to come down to. See -dzika. -Burukuta, vb. int.; to roll on ground (as mules). See -vurukuta. -Burutsa, vb. tr.; to cause to come down, to take down; var. -Burusa; syn. -turura. Bute (ra, pl. map. a), n.; mist; Ze.. 6. rewiza, a swarm of locusts. See mhute, mphute (ya, dza). buti (ra, gen. in pl. map. a), n.; a grain of pop-corn; syn. Nd., mabutiputi (a). Butiro (ra, pl. map. a), n.; cover- ing, wrapper; hence, thin skin inside eggshell, banana bud,a book-jacket, and in Ze. and Nd. the after-birth or placenta. (See also for this bvuwo, musari.) Butu (ra, gen. in pl. ma6. a), n.; bran (of grain stamped or milled). See guva (ra, a). Buve (ra, pl. map. a), n.; a poison- ous hairy spider; Ma. has buve (wa, pl. va6uve va). Buwa (ra, pl. ma6. a), n., Nd.; sleeping hut for unmarried boys (or for unmarried girls). See imba (ya, dzo). Buwe (ra, pl. map. a), n., Ma., Nd.; stone. See ibge (ra, a). C c-Sound as ch in cheap. Former- ly represented by ch, which does not now occur; words that formerly be- gan with ch will be looked for here under c, e.g., cigaro cake, his chair. ca. 1. Possess. cone. after sing. n. of (ca, Za) class: cigaro camambo, the king's seat; cigaro caygu, my chair. 2. Tense formative of future tense: ndicaoona, I shall see. OCACAA cacaca, rad. onomatopoeicc); -ti cacaca, to rain heavily; macacaca (a), n., heavy rain. See mvura (ya) and rain. -cacadza, vb. tr.; to melt down (fat), to render (fat). -cada-, vb. tr., Nd.; to marry (of the man). See -cata. cadzera (ca, ga), n.; glare, glow, as of veld fire at night. cai (ca. no pl.), n., for. ; salt. See munyu (wa, ya). -caira, vb. tr., for. (from Zulu -caya, to beat); to drive (used pri- marily of ox-waggon, may be ap- plied even to motors); to swim; der. mucairi, driver. cakata (ya, dza, or, in Nd., ra, pl. mac. a); a wild fruit; fruit of muca- kata tree. camembe (ca, ga), n., Ka.; the south; mhepo yecamembe, the South Wind. -camira, vb. int., Ma.; to be earn- est over; to do (something) keenly; udinocamira kuda, I want very much; unocamira ikuamiba, you are very keen on dancing. camo (ca, ea), n., Ka.; a refuge, resource. See cipotero (ca, Za). cana (ca, ea), n.; little child; Ze., a fat child; anecana, he is childish; -ita cana, to whimper, etc., like a small child. cando (ca, no pl.), n.; (1) cold; (2) cold season, dry season; ndinecando, I am cold; -necando, adj., cold; (3) hoar-frost; syn. mazaya (a), cero (ca). Cp. -tonhora; mphepho (ya, dza), Nd. canduru (ca, ea), n., Ma., Nd.; the gall-bladder; the gall; var. cinduru (ca, Za), Ze.; syn. nyogigo (ya, dza), Nd. cani (ca, ea), n. (prob. for.); sign left behind to mark the right road, gen. leaves or grass put down to close the wrong path. canja (ca, Za), n., dial.; hand. See canza (ca, Za); var. pl. mania (a), Ko. canza (ca, ea), n. ; hand (as dist. from ruoko, arm); syn. canja (ca, ga), dial.; nyara (ya, dza), Nd. -CEKA caggaira (ca), n., Ka.; awe, absent- mindedness; the pancreas; -batwa nec.; to be perplexed. Cp. -karga- idza, to perplex, confuse. caggamire, n.; an honorific greet- ing to a chief. Cp. cirombowe, Ma., Nd. cao (ca, ea), n., Ze.; palm (of hand). caoo (ca, ta), n.; temple (of head). See cavovo (ca, ea); syn. shaya (ya, dza), Ma. -capa, vb. tr.; to paddle (canoe). capuggu (ca, ta), n.; a large hawk; eagle; sacred bird of most native tribes. See gondo (ra, a). capupu (ca, ta), n.; a witness. Cp. viacapupu, evidence; and upu- puri, evidence. cara (ca, ea), n., dial.; finger, toe. See munwe. -cata, vb. tr. (Nd., cada); to marry (of the man); der. -catiswa, -catwa, to m. (of the woman); -catisa, to give in marriage (of parent); to marry (of officiant). cauouo (ca, Za) (var. caoo), n.; the temple (of head); syn. shaya (ya, dza), Ma.; combe (ca, ga) ? in Ka. (C.S.L.) combe=bone above the eye. ce-, poss. cone. ca- (q.v.) as modi- fied by a foil. syll. contg. -i-, as cinhn ceshiri, the bird's thing. N.B.: In Ma. ce- is used before all nouns except proper names and nouns of (mu, va) or (-, va) classes; as cinhu cedare, a thing of iron, but cigaro caThomas, cigaro ca6a6a, Thomas's chair, father's chair; ce- (kupfcka, etc.), a thing to (wear, etc.). -cecetedza, vb. tr.; to make level, even; to smooth off; der. -cecetera, to be even; Ka., -ita cecetere, to make level. ceci (ya, dza), n., for. ; church (the building). See kereke. N.B.: The final vowel in foreign words like this is very lightly whispered as a rule. cedza (ca, S. only), n.; a signal, first dawn. See ciratidzo (ca, ea). cefu (ya, no pl.), n., for.; poison. -ceka, vb. tr.; to cut; to saw; to reap (with knife or sickle); to cas- CEKUTI trate (animals); Nd., to have diar- rhoea; der. -cekera, e.g., -cekera nho- imba, to vaccinate for smallpox; -cekera nmushoyga, to make a cut (or cuts) for rubbing in any medicine; -ceka napakati (M., ygepakati), to cut in half; -cekaceka, to cut up small, mince; -cekanya, to mince. cekuti, M. (for cokuti), indef. pron.; such and such, and so on; wakati cckuti cckuti, he said such and such. See cokuti, and cp. nyakuti. -cema, vb. int.; to weep, lament, repine; to utter proper cry (of bird, beast, etc.); der. -cemera, to cry for, desire; -cemesa, -cemedza, to cause to cry; syn. -rira. -cembera, vb. int.; to be aged, esp. of women; to be past child-bear- ing; der. cembere (ya, dza), an old woman. cembere (ya, dza), n.; an old woman. Sec cembera. -cembere, adj.; old; for proper prefixes see Table I.c, and note jcmbere for nouns of (ya, dza) and (ra) classes. -cena (1) adj.; white, clean, clear, pure; white (of hair, but see imvi); for prop. adj. cone. see Tables I.c and II. (cena, jena); e.g., imba cena, white house or houses; pfumo jena, a white spear; cilnh cicena, a white thing. (2) Vb., to be white. etc.; hence adj. -akaccna, mncc-ka wakachena, white cloth; der. -cenesa, to whiten; -cenesa myoyo, to please, gladden; adv. pacena, openly, pub- licly; cipo capacena, a free gift. -cenama, vb. int.; to show the teeth, grin, grimace. Cp. -nyenama. -cenesa, vb. tr.; to whiten; -c. mijyoo, to gladden, please; -c. ma- zwi, to explain, make meaning clear; der. from -cena. -cenjera, vb. int. and tr.; to be- ware, beware of; be wise, artful; der. cenjedza, to deceive; to warn; put one on guard; syn. -inuka. cenura (ca, za), n., Ma.; a funeral feast (at end of mourning period). See bira. -cenura, vb. tr.; to cleanse; to CETE clear, find not guilty; Ze., to chip; der. -cenuruka, be pale, faded. -cenya, vb. int., Nd.; to wink, blink, twinkle. See -bgaira. cenze (ca, ta), n., Ma.; a mane. See zenze (ra, a) and hwenze. -cerigedza, vb. tr.; to deceive, cheat. See -nyeggera and cp. -cenjera, be artful, etc. -ceggera, vb. tr.; to deceive; cheat. See -nyerigera and cp. -cenjera. -ceggeta, vb. tr.; to keep (goods, people, feastdays, laws); to pro serve, take care of; der. -cengetera, to keep for; -ceggetedza, intense to keep very carefully; -ceirgeteka, be kept, saved; muceggeti (wa, va), keeper, guardian; ceygeta knita, be sure to do, take care to do; egn. kotsa, M., to keep (in store), lay by. ceggo (ca, ga), n., Ze.; the wall of room or house. See cidziro (ca, ta). ceglgu (Ze., ca, ga; Ka., ya, dza), i,.; roan antelope. Cp. Nd. mpara- para (ya, dza). cepfu (ya), n., for.; poison; var. zefu (ia). -cera, vb. tr.; (1) to accuse; Zc., betray; to be prejudiced against (and to act accordingly). Cp. Ma., -tsera. (2) To dig a hole, to dig up (pota- toes, ground nuts, etc.); to quarry, :o mine; to draw (water); to gather (fruit or vegetables); der. -cerera, e.g., -cerera pasi, to bury. -cerecedza, vb. tr., Ma., Nd.; to remember, bring to mind; to think. See -raggarira. -cerekedza, vb. tr., Ka.; to look well at, examine. cero (ca, S.only), n.; (1) Ma., hoar-frost. See mazaya. (2) Cero (ra), i. (or adv.), Nd., the day after tomorrow. cese (ca, ea), n.; edge of spear- blade; the one half of spear-blade to right or left of central ridge; syn. nzeve, zheve, urodzi, rutivi. -ceta, vb. tr.; to tell tales of, to slander. Secc -cera. cete, adv. ; only; alone; freq. with num., e.g., rimpe cete, only one; syn. Bedzi; Basi, Ma. -CEUDZA -ceudza, vb. tr., Ze.; to circum- cise. See -dziggisa, Ka. -ceuka, -cevuka, vb. int.; to look back, look round. See -tarira. -ceza, vb. tr. and int., Ma.; to beckon, make a sign, give a warn- ing; der. -cezera, to beckon to; -c. neziso, to wink, wink at; ndamiu- ceza kuti Ucanerwa' (' ndicaku- nera '), I warned him that he would be beaten (that I would beat him). ci-. 1. Subj. or obj. concord of 3rd pers. for sing. n. of (ca, ga) class; ex. cigaro cinovuya, the chair is coming; ndakacivona, I saw it. 2. Adj. cone. agr. with sing. n. of (ca, ga) class, used also with nu- meral -mye; ex. cinhu cimye citema, one black thing. 3. Tense formative in vbs. (a) pre- fixed to imperatives to make them more instant; ex. cienda, go at once. (b) With indicatives to form par- ticiples or to give idea of continuing action; ex. vakatiza ndiciri kunuya, they ran away while I was still coming; ndakamutora acirwara, I took him, he being ill. 4. Prefixed to numerals to make them ordinal; ex. music wecina, the fourth day. 5. Noun prefix of sing. conso- nantal noun stem for (ca, ga) class; e.g. for stem -nhu, ci-nhu, a thing; but mu-nhu, a person. 6. Prefix meaning 'in themanner of,' e.g., Ci Ngezi, English (language, etc.). clara (ca, va), n., Nd.; men's regular meeting-place in village; any meeting-place; a church; an assem- bly; congregation. See dare (ra, pl. mad. a) and kereke; var. Ka., ci- vara (ca, Za), Ma., ciware (ca, ea), for the village meeting-place. ci . o. Many nouns of this formation may be found under the verb stems from which they are formed, thus: -dziva, to hinder, stop; der. cidziviro, a stopper, cork. Nouns of this formation are commonly names for the instrument or the effect of the action indicated by the CIBARWE verb, and the meaning can generally be guessed from the verb. ciasha (ca, ea), n., Nd.; wicker fish-trap; see duvu (ra, a). cibaro (ca, Za), n., for.; tax; agree- ment for indentured labour; -bara ci- baro, to pay tax; vacibaro, inden- tured labourers. cibvumba (ca, ea), Ma. civumba, n.; a grave; Ka., a carcass; see guva (ra, P. mak. a). cibvunzo (ca, ga), n., Ze.; a ques- tion; der. from -bvunza, to ask; Ka., vunzo (civunzo); Ma., mubvunzo. ciBairo (ca, ca), n., Ka.; reward, wages; syn. mubairo (wa, ya); tuso (ra, a), Ma. ciBarwe (ca, sometimes pl. ga), n.; maize. Variants are maBarwe (a) pl. only; ciBave (ca, rarely pl.), Ze.; gwere (ra, commonly pl. mag. a), Ma.; Bonore (ra, pl. mab. a), Nd.; cibere (ca, ga), dial. N.B.-To grow mealies, after pre- paring ground, take hoe (Badza) and make hole (gomba), put in two or more grains (tsagga, Ma. magwere or mbeu dza mag.) and cover with earth (-fusira). All this is called -kavira (Ka.), -dyara (Ze.), -Zara (Ma.). When the seedling, tsuri (Ze., Ma.), nuggo (Ka., Ze.) comes up (-mera, -Buda) and the weeds (tsora, Bundo, Ma. citse) follow, you wee:1 (-sakura), and repeat at in- tervals two or three times. Then the male flowers (Ze. mupugga we ci- Barwe, mucekecera, Ka. ijgara, Ma. igarara) appear (-tumbuka, -Buda), and next the young cob (Ma. ciqo, Ka. hupi, Ze. guri, hara) appears (-Buda, Ze. -furura) and the silky tassels of female styles (ndebvu, rurevu) are fertilized, the cob becomes big (-kura), and the grains (Ka., shagga; Ze., Ma., tsaiga; Ma., magwere) are formed under the leaflike wrappings (Ka., makanda; Ma., mazani; Ze., mashiza, mateko). Whcn these are ripe (-ibva), they! are left to dry (-oma), and then, either (a) (Ka., Ze.) leaving the stalks (Ka., Ze., Ma., magunje; Ma. also mazhonje) standing, or (b) (Ma., Ze., and some- CIfATO times Ka.) cutting them, you pluck (-kowa, -godogora, -koroora) by hand the cobs (Ka., mahupi; M., mimhu; Ze., maguri) and collect them (-wo- rera; Ma., -jorera) into baskets (Ka., Ze., Ma., mateigu; Ze., Ma., tswa- nda) for storage in the store-huts (matsapi). When they are quite dry you take out (-Buritsa), strip off (-furura) the leaf wrappings (maka- nda, etc.), and then shell the mealies by hand (-menya; Ka., -cokonyora; Ze., -tsokonyora, -tokonora; Ma., -punuggura), or by rubbing on rock (Ze., Ka., -kwiza), or (Ma.) by beat- ing a sackful with sticks (-ponda); then put the bare grain into bins (matura) made in the village grain store (hozi), or into pots (matenhe, s. denhe) for the house. ciBato (ca, ga), n.; handle (gen.); tongs; der. from -bata, hold; cp. mupini (ca, ya). cibayo (ca, ea), n.; (1) a stabbing pain, esp. pleurisy; a stitch; (2) a stabbing instrument, a fork. cibere (ca, ea), n., dial.; mealies, maize. See cibarwe. cibibi (ca, Za), n.; a cripple or de- formed person. See cirema (ca, ea). ciBimvu (ca, ea), n., Ze.; a part; see cimhedu. cibutwa (ca, ea), n., Ma.; half a sack (of grain or meal). cidina (ca, ea), n., for.; a brick; syn. citena (ca, ta), Ze. cidya (ca, ra), n. ; the thigh; syn. citumbi (ca, ea), Ka.; nthunji (ya, dza), Nd.; for pronunciation see -dy-. cidyo (ca, ea), n.; (either sing. or pl.) food; syn. Zokudya; a feast, see Bira (ra, a). For pronunciation see dy-. cidza (ca, ea), n., Ma.; a beetle for beating floor or. earth round a post; a foundation, site prepared for building. Cp. cikwauro (ca, ea), a smaller piece of wood with one flat side, used for beating earthen floors (-kwaura umba), gen. done by kneel- ing women. cidzere (ca, ea), n., Ma., Nd.; a small ant-hill made by a small CIDUU variety of white ants. See civuru (ca, ga); citsope (ca, ea). cidzidziso (ca, ga), n.; teaching; a lesson (taught). See cidzidzo (ca, za). cidzidzo (ca, ga), n.; a lesson; something learnt or to be learnt. See cidzidziso (ca, ta); syn. dzidzo (ya, dza), Ka.; cifundo (ca, ga), Ze. cidzimamuriro (ca, Za), n.; a fire- fly that alternately shines and is dark. cidzimu (ca, Za), n., Ze.; sore on lips (after fever); sore lips; ex. ndine zidzimu, my lips are sore. See cironda (ca, ea). cidziro (ca, pl. madz. a), n.; (1) the wall (of a hut of poles and mud); syn. dziro (ra, pl. madz. a); (of stone) jiigo (ra, a); rugiggo (rwa, pl. mag. a); (of room) ceiggo (ca, Za), Ze.; ukuri (hwa), Ma. (2) C. is also used of coloured earth used in decorating pots. cidziviro (ca, ga), n.; a stopper (for bottle, etc.); syn. cidzivo (ca, ga); Ma., mudziwo (wa, ya); Ka., dziviro (ya, dza); Nd., citsiyo (ca, ea). cidziuo (ca, ga), n.; stopper, cork. See cidziviro. cidakwa (ca, Za), n.; a drunkard. See mukariri (wedoro) (wa, va). cidandari (ca, ga), n.; a musical instrument, a one-stringed bow. cidao, cidawo (ca, Za), n.; a family name which boys inherit from their father and retain through life. A girl at marriage takes the cidao of her husband. See mutupo (wa, ya); both mutupo and cidao are in- variable names and are generally kept for honorific or ceremonial use. cictima (ca), n., Nd.; darkness. See rima (ra). cidimbu (ca, ea), n.; a piece (of anything). See cimhedu (ca, ea), -dimbura, and ciBimvu (ca, ea), Ze. cido (ca, ga), n., Ka.; a forge. See cisindi (ca, ea). ciduhumiro (ca, ea), n., Nd.; a lid, cover. See cikwidibidzo (ca, za). ciduu (ca, ea), n.; a wicker fish- trap. See dfuu. CIEDZO ciedzo (ca, ea), n.; (1) Nd., a fish- hook; a fishing line; see cira'uro (ca, )a); (2) a measure; sUn. cienza- niso, ciyero, cipimo (all ca, ga). cienzaniso (ca, ca), in.; a measure, a comparison. See -enzanisa. cifananidzo (ca, ga), n.; a picture, a likeness; der. from -fanana, to be like; -fananidza, to make like; syn. mufananidzo (wa, ya). cifefe (ca, ea), v.; a shot-gun; Ze., a cartridge, or shot. See pfuti. cifemo (ca, ca), n.; breath; -va necifemo, to be out of breath. cifeve (ca, ea), n., for.; a harlot, prostitute. cifua, cifuva (ca, ga), n.; (1) a cold in the chest; (2) Ka., conscience. See also cipfuva. cifukidzo (ca, ea), n.; a covering. See -fuka. cifundo (ca, ea), n.; a knot; a joint; Ze., a lesson; see -funda and nhelgo (ya, dza); cifundo ceruva, a bud (of flower). cifuniro (ca, ga), n.; a lid, cover; syn. cikwidibiro (ca, ca), ciduhu- miro (ca, ea). cigadzo (ca, ga), n.; a stand (for setting anything on); c. cekandycra, a candlestick; syn. (of candlestick) citimiko cemnjenje (ca, ea), Ka.; cigadziko cecibani (ca, ca), Nd. cigama (ca), n.; a rough half (of any measure); esp. in phrases like musudze unecigaina cemvura, the bucket is half-full of water; ndipe- vo cigama cemvura mnukomici, or yisa cigamlia cemivra mukomici, give me half a cup of water. Cp. -ita gamiha or gama, to fill half-full; and cigamha. cigamha (ca, ea), n., Ze.; aprop; der. cigamiso (ca, Za) Ze., a buffer; cigamha cemvura, a (cup, etc.) half- full of water. Cp. cigama. cigaro (ca, ca), n.; a seat; a chair; a saddle; from -gara. cigayo (ca, za), n.; a mill; used of any machine worked by turning a handle, as mincer, separator, etc.; der. from -gaya. cigero (ca, ea), n., (?for.); scis- sors; a pair of scissors. See -gera. CIKEPE cigidi (ca, ca), n.; gun (muzzle- loader). See pfuti (ya, dza). cigondiso (ca, ca), n., Nd.; a pro- mise, pledge. See citsidzo (ca, ga). ciguaburo (ca, ca), n.; a stumb- ling-block; syn. cikuhuniso (ca, ga); cipumhuniso (ca, ca), Nd. See -kuhuna. cigumisirwa (ca, ea), n. ; the last; in Ma. esp. of the last-born child, see rugotwe (riwa), Ka. cigunwe (ca, ea), n. ; registration certificate; see gunwe, the thumb or toe; syn. paso (ya, dza), for., and citupa (ca, ca), for. cigutsa (ca, ca), n.; stump (of tree); syn. citsa (ca, a) ; Ka., citsika or citsiga (ca, ca); Nd., citsiki ( ca, ca). ciguvare (ca, ca), n., Ze.; door- sill, threshold. See cikumbaridzo (ca, ca). cihuri (ca, ca), n.; door-stop, cross- bar for fastening door; bolt; syn. cipflgo (ca, ca); cokupfigisa (ca, ea). cihwagga, cihwapgwa (ca, ea),n.; parrot, parakeet; syn. ciwegga, cihwegga (ca, ea); gwere, gwagga (ra, a); nyandoro (wa, va). cihwiriri (ca, ca), n.; Nd., a top; Ma., a piece of gourd pierced in two holes and spun on a string. ciimbo (ca, ga), n.; a song. See rwiyo (rca, dza). ciirira (ca, ga), n., Nd.; a water- fall. See bopomo (ra, a). cijana (ca, ea), n., Ma. ; a turn (at work). See jana. cikadzi, adv.; in the manner of women; kunfunda tambo kioecikadzi, to tie a granny knc.l: 1,.I .',.i huni i cikadzi, to cut ..... 1I1.. : woman. cikakamira (ca, za), n.; a horn (musical); a bugle; syn. gwamanda (ra, a), wamanda (ya, dza). cikara (ca, ea), n.; animal (car- nivore), wild beast. Cp. mhuka (ya, dza), general; and cipfuo (ca, ca), domestic and farm. cikepe (ca, ea), n., for.; a canoe (from Du. ? skep, a ship); syn. bgato (bga); mladia (wa, ya); gwa, CIKO igwa (ra, a); qgarawa (ya, dza), Sica. ciko, conj., Ma.; since; ciko ndapi- nda, ndanyaarar, ever since I came in I have been quiet; ciko ndaka- barwa, handisakambooona- shumba ever since I was born I have never seen a lion; syn. ciIguri, cipo, both used in same way; ciggo, Ze., is followed by ca, as ciygo cha nda- pinda, since I came in; Ka., kubvira zdicipinda, since I came in. cikohono (ca, ta), n., Ze., Ma.; (of gun) the hammer. See cikovono (ca, ga), kovono (ya, dza). cikokoviro (ca, ga), Nd.; a whist- ling sound (made through the hands); -ite cikokoviro, to make this sound; Ma., cikowiro (ca, ga). cikomba (ca, ga), n.; a suitor, lover (in Ma. even the lover of a married woman or a girl promised to another); Ka., a bridegroom; Ze., an accepted suitor. cikomborero (ca, ga), n.; a bless- ing; a piece of good luck; syn. ropafadzo (ya, dza). cikonhi (ca, ea), n.; a door, a wooden gate. See gonhi (ra, a). cikore (ca, ga), n., Nd., Ma. (and ciggore); a bunch, cluster of fruit. See cimotso (ca, ga). cikoro (ca, ga), n., for.; a school. Cp. citoro= store. cikosoro (ca, ca), n.; a cough; syn. gotsorwa (ra, a), Nd.; cikoso- rwa (ca, ca), Ma. cikovono (ca, ga), in., Ka.; (of gun), the hammer. See cikohono, Mla., Ze.; muridzo (iwa, ya), Ze.; ruhuggiso, Ze., Ma.; rukugxgiso, Ka.; cikuijgo, Ma. cikuhuniso (ca, ca), n.; a stumb- ling-block. See cigumburo (ca, gu) and -kuhuna. cikuku (ca), n., Ma.; measles. See biripiri (ra). cikumbaridzo (ca, ea), n.; door- sill; threshold; syn. ciguvare (ca, ea), Ze.; dimba (ra, a), Nd. cikumo (ca, ga), n.; a weevil; borer; syn. cipfuno (ca, ga), Ka.; citseketso (ca, Za), Nd.; Ka., an in- strument for stripping bark off trees. -CIMBIDZA cikundu (ca), n., Ma.; the mange; Ka., rukundu. And see gwembe (ra). cikunwe (ca, ca), n.; little finger or toe. See gunwe (ra); Ka., ciku- iwahuiwane (ca, ea). cikusggo (ca, ca), n., Ma.; (of gun), hammer. See cikovono (ca, za). cikurukuta (ca), n., Nd.; the mange. See gwembe (ra). cikuvu (ca, ca), n., Ma.; the navel cord; syn. rukuvute (rwa, pl. huvute dza). cikuva (ca, ca), n., Ma.; raised platform in house for standing pots on. cikuwa, adv.; in phr. -ridza ciku- wa, to laugh (or shout) in unison. cikwama (ca, ga), n.; a purse, leather pouch. cikwaggari, cikwaggani (ca, 7a), n.; a boundary mark; a signpost; a metal token given as receipt for tax (dog, cycle, car, etc.). cikwauro (ca, ca), n.; a wooden beetle for stamping floor. See cirovo and cidza (ca, ca). cikwembe (ca, ta), n., Ze.; a box, case. See bokisi (ra, a). cikwepa (ca, ca), n.; a pipe (for tobacco). See ndudu (ya, dza). cikwerete (ca, ga), n., ?for.; a loan; a thing lent; a debt; -pa ci- kwerete, to lend; -tsika c. or-ripac., to repay. See -kwereta and agava (ya, dza). cikwidfibidzo, cikwidibiro (ca, ta), i.; a lid, cover; sin. cifuniro (ca, ga), ciduhumiro (ca, ca); var. hwi- dibidzo (ya, dza); c. ccziso, eyelid. cikwizho (ca, ca), n.; a grater; from -kwizha. cimano (ca, ga), n.; tongs; pin- cers; any kind of clip for holding things (-mana); syn. mano (a), mbato (dza), cimbato (ca, Za). cimata (ca), n.; stammering, a stutter. See -kakamira, Ka. -cimbidza, vb. int.; tomakehaste, do quickly; cimbidza kuiuya, make haste to come; cimbidza hurry up I (whatever is being done); syn.-kuru- midza; cimbidzika, Ka.; -kasira, CIMBUDGUMBUDGU Ka., Nd.; der. -cimbidzira, be be- forehand (in doing), make haste (for a purpose); -cimbidzisa, make others hurry. cimbuggumbuggu (ca, ea), n., Nd.; a dumb person. See mbeveve (ya, dza). camera (ca, ea), in.; (1) yeast or leaven; meal prepared in course of beer-making; see doro (ra); syn. mumera (wa, ya); (2) a shoot or sprout. cimhedu (ca, va), n.; a part or piece (broken off something); Ze., a chapter; a crumb; syn. mhedu (ya, dza); cibimvu (ca, ea), Ze.; cidimbu (ca, ea); rupande (rwa, pl. map. a); gaggo (ra, a); deme (ra, a). cimhete (ca, ga), n.; a ring. See mhete (ya, dza). cimhiko (ca, ga), n., Ka.; a bunch (of fruit). See cimotso (ca, ea). cimiro (ca, Za), n.; height, age; cp. zero (ra); a thing for standing on; a stop, full stop (punctuation); a pause. cimJe, num. or indef. pron.; one, or some, other, in agr. with sing. n. of (ca, Za) class. See -mge. cimotsi, ord. num., Ka.; first, as imba yecimotsi, the first house; ci- motsi ce Sondo, Monday, the first day of the week; syn. ciposhi, Ze.; cipotsi, Ma.; ciposi, Nd. cimotso (ca, Za), n.,; a bunch of fruit; syn. cimhiko (ca, ea), Ka.; sumbu (ra, a), Ka.; cikore, ciggore (ca, ga), Nd., Ma.; buma (ra, a), of fruit or of bees swarming; citsoko (ca, ga), Ma., of grapes, or single part of banana bunch; ggoma (ya, dza), Ma., of the complete banana bunch. cimumumu (ca, ga), n., Ma.; a dumb person, stutterer. See mbe- veve (ya, dza); Ze., mumumu (ra, a), a dumb person. cimutanhatu (ca), n.; the Pleiades. See star. cinamo (ca, ea), n., Ma.; a patch of cloth; syn. cinemo (ca, ga), Ka.; citembge (ca, ea), Nd. cinaniso (ca, ea), n.; a wonder, marvel; syn. cishamiso (ca, ea). CIDGEZI cindore (ca, Za), n., Ka.; an ear- ring; see mhete (ya, dza) for ring; the r in this word is practically an 1. cinembo (ca, ea), n., Ze.; a chapter. cinemo (ca, ea), n., Ka.; a patch of cloth; syn. cinamo (ca, ea), Ma.; ciremo (ca, ea), Ze.; citembge (ca, ga), Nd.; in Ma. cinemo=vanity, from -nema, to be vain, to wear smart clothes. cinhambo (ca), n.; a short time or distance. See nhambo (ya). cinhoyi (ca, va), n., Ma.; a mote (in eye); a splinter. cinhu (ca, Za), n.; a thing. Cp. munhu (wa, va), person. See ciro (ca, ga). -cinjika, vb. tr.; to lay one thing across another; to cross; der. -cinji- kisa, caus.; -cinjikana, to be across one another; mucinjiko (wa, ya), cinjikano (ca, ea), a cross. cino (1), dem. pron. agr. with sing. nouns of (ca, Za) class, always placed after the noun; this (near); cigaro cino, this chair (here). cino (2) (ca), n., Ka.; manner, way. cinu (ca, ga), n.; (1) a small cala- bash (for oil or fat); (2) Ka., a sharp pain; a stitch. -cinya, vb. int., Ka.; to sin, do wrong; der. -cinyira, to sin against, to wrong. cinyai (1), adv., Ka.; slowly, soft- ly, gradually. See -nyatsa. (2) n. Nd.; soot. See cilai (ca). cinyamupupuri (ca, Za), n.; a whirlwind; syn. cipupuri (ca, ea), Ma., Nd. cinyaridi (ca, ga), n., Ka.; a scor- pion. See rize (ra, a); karize (ka, twa). cinyuka (ca, ga), n., Nd.; a spring (of water); syn. cisipiti (ca, ea); citubu (ca, Za). ciijai (ca, no pl.), n.; soot. See cinyai (ca), Nd. -ciggamidza, vb. tr.; to meet (a guest); syn. -ciggura. ciggezi (ca), n.; the English lan- guage, ways, etc.; Vgezi, from ' English' through Port. ingereza.' CIDGIDZIRA ciggidzira, vb. tr.; to pour water over fingers before eating; to catch (falling water in buckets); to hold out the hollowed hand to catch water. ciggo (ca), conj., Ze.; since; ciygo ca ndaka6arwa, since I was born. See ciko. -ciggudzira, vb. tr.; to meet, wel- come (guest); to overtake (esp. by taking a short cut). -ciggura, vb. tr.; to meet (a guest). See -ciggudzira and -ciggamidza. cilgguri, coni., Ma.; since. See ciko. ciggwa (ca, ga), n.; bread; syn. (of mealie meal) cipapata (ca, ga); cipondamgoyo (ca, ga); voroto (bga), Ka., for. cigono (ca, ga), n., Ka.; the tsetse fly; a gadfly; syn. meswi (ya, dza), Ze., gunura (ra, a), Ma. cipani (ca, ea), n.; (1) a span (' cipani') of oxen; (2) a suit of clothes. cipagga (ca, ea), n.; blade (of spear-head, arrow-head); syn. cipasa (ca, za). cipaggo (ca, ta), n., Ma.; shelf for wood inside hut or on verandah. Cp. Bakwa (ra, a). cipapata (ca, ga), n.; dough of mealie meal; unleavened cake hastily baked. See ciggwa (ca, ga). cipari (ca, za); n., Ma.; a proverb or saying; a riddle. Ex. of proverb, Ico waona batisisa, mudzimu haupi kayiri, lit., what you see, hold fast; the spirit doesn't give twice. Ex. of riddle, Gona ratqa, wasara muno- ?gora, the medicine horn is burnt, its stirring stick remains; Ans. Nzira or twizi, the path or the river. Syn. shumo (ra, a), Ka.; tsumo (ya, dza), Z.; musande (wa, ya), Nd.; cirabge (ca, ea), Ka. cipasa (ca, ea), n.; blade (of spear- head, arrow-head); syn. cipagga (ca, ea). cipefu (ca, ea), n., Ka., or cipedu; a crumb; piece broken off; syn. cimhedu (ca, ea); fufu (ra, a); muvuruvuru (wa, ya), Ma. cipembere (ca, ea), n.; rhinoceros. See nhema (ya, dza). CIPOTERO cipere (ca, ea), n., Ze.; hyena. See Bere (ra, a). cipfigo (ca, ea), n.; a fastening, bolt; crossbar to fasten door. See cihuri (ca, Za). cipfundo (ca, ga), n.; (1) a knot; a joint (of the body); (2) Ma., a native plant whose fibrous root is used for brushing clean the grinding stones; syn. cifundo (ca, Za), Ka. cipfuno (ca, Za), n., Ka.; weevil; borer. See cikumo (ca, ga). cipfuo (ca, ga), n. (Ma., cipfuyo); animal (domestic or farm). Cp. mhuka (ya, dza), animal in gen.; cikara (ca, Za), carnivore, beast of prey. cipfuva (ca, ea), n.; chest; chest complaint such as pneumonia. More commonly used of chest complaints than of the chest. See also diti (ra, a), Ma., Nd.; dundundu (ra, a), Ma., Ze. cipikiri (ca, Za), n.; a nail (iron). See mbambo (ya, dza), hoko (ya, dza), for peg. cipiko (ca, ga), n.; an oath; see -pika; syn. mhiko (ya, dza). Used also of the mutupo name, by which one swears. cipimo (ca, ga), n.; a measure. See -pima. -cipiri, ordinal num., used with poss. prefix; second; musi wecipiri, Tuesday, i.e., the second day (of the week); kwecipiri, secondly. cipiripiri (ca), n.; pepper; chillies; the plant is mupiripiri (wa, ya), the fruit cipiripiri or mhiripiri (ya, dza). cipiso (ca, ea), n.; a flat-iron, branding-iron; syn. simbi yokucisa, flat-iron. cipo (ca, Za), n.; a gift, present; cp. tuso, cituso; cipo capacena, a free gift, a gift made publicly. cipondamgoyo (ca, ea), n.; un- leavened bread of any flour and hast- ily baked (as on a journey). See cipapata (ca, ea). -ciposhi, ord. num., Ze.; first; musi weciposhi, the first day (of week), Monday; syn. -cimotsi, Ka.; -cipotsi, Ma.; -ciposi, Ma., Nd. cipotero (ca, ea), n., Ze.; a refuge; -OIPOTSI syn. Bako (ra, a), a cave; nare (ya, dza), Ka.; citiziro (ca, ga); camo (ca, ga), Ka. -cipotsi, Ma., -ciposi, Ma., Nd., ord. num.; first. See -ciposi. cipjairo (ca, ea), n. ; a brush. See citgairo (ca, ea). cipukuto (ca, ga), n.; a duster, towel. cipumhuniso (ca, ea), n., Nd.; stumbling-block. See cigumburo (ca, ga). cipupuri (ca, ga), n., Ma., Nd.; a whirlwind; syn. cinyamupupuri (ca, 7a). cirabge (ca, ga), n., Ka.; a riddle. See cipari (ca, ea). ciradza (ca, ta), n.; (1) a drunk- ard; syn. mukariri wedoro (wa, va); muraradzi (wa, va). (2) A strong person (or animal), as ndico ciradza cokurima, that one is best at hoeing. ciraidzo (ca, ga), n.; advice, an order; syn. zano (ra, a). ciraiggano (ca, ea), n.; an agree- ment; syn. citenderano (ca, ca). ciraggo (ca, za), n.; (1) Ka., Ze., punishment; (2) Ma., a little (esp. of help in work or eating), e.g., -ita cirarjgo, to give a little help; ciraygo caqika, that'll do, that's enough. cirariro (ca, ga), n.; supper, even- ing meal; syn. cirayiro (ca, ea), Ka. See -rarira. ciratidzo (ca, ea), n.; sign; mark; signal; beacon; syn. civoniso (ca, Za); ciziviso (ca, Za); cedza (ca); mucerekedzo (wa, ya). ciraviro (ca, za), n., Ka.; a pro- mise. See citsidzo (ca, ga). ciravuro, cirauro (ca, Za), n.; fish- hook (from -ravura, to fish); syn. ciredzo (ca, Ca), Ka.; ciedzo (ca, ga), Nd. ciraya (ca, ea), n., Ze.; blunt end of spear (used for digging); syn. cireya (ca, ga), Ka.; suso (ra, a), Ma. cirayiro (ca, ea), n., Ka.; supper; syn. cirariro (ca, ga); and see -ra- yira. cirebvu (ca, Za), n.; chin. ciredzo (ca, Za), n.; a fish-hook; syn. ciravuro. CIRO cirema (ca, ea), n.; a cripple, de- formed person; syn. rema (ra, a); ciBiBi (ca, na). ciremba (ca, ga), n.; a doctor, healer; the feather head-dress worn by a chief on ceremonial occasions; the mantis. ciremera (ca), n., Ma.; authority. N.B.: ciremera means authority of right or office; simba, strength, is often used inexactly for authority. ciremJaremja (ca, ea), n.; the bat; var. muremlaremga (wa, pl. vamur. va); cinyamuremqaremia (ca, ca); camuremijaremija (ca, za). ciremo (ca, ea), n., Ze.; a patch of cloth. See cinamo (ca, ca). cirevo (ca, ga), n.; a law, decree. order; a word, a saying; der. from -reva, to say; cp. Ma. uncmarevo mazhinji, you have a lot to say; syn. murairo (wa, ya); murao (wa, ya), Ka., Nd.; mutemo (5wa, ya), Ma.; cisuijgo (ca, ga), Ma.; cironzo (ca, ea), Nd.; (of chief) nhemo (ya, dza), Ka.; kuceygeta c., to keep the law; -darika c., -pindirira c., to transgress, go beyond the law; -putsa c., -vuna c., -tyora c., to break law. cireya (ca, va), n., Ka.; blunt end of spear (used for digging); syn. ciraya (ca, ea), Ze.; suso (ra, a), Ma. -cirika, -ciruka, vb. int. and tr.; to jump, leap, jump over. cirikadzi (Ka., ya, dza; or Ze., ca, .a), n.; a widow; var. shirikadzi (ya, dza). cirimi (ca), n.; a lisp, a difficulty in pronouncing certain sounds; ane- cirimi, he lisps. cirimo (ca, ta), n.; dry season; hoeing season; spring. cirindo (ca, ca), n.; a watch-hut in fields. cirigigiriro (ca, ea), n.; a looking- glass; der. from -rigigirira. Cp. ndijgiriro (ya, dza). ciro (ca, Za), n.; a thing. In Ma. c. is the regular word for 'thing'; in other parts it is used mostly in negative sentences, e.g., handina ciro, I have nothing. CIRODZO cirodzo, cirodzero (ca, za), n.; grind-stone or other tool for sharp- ening. cirodzeso (ca, ga), n., Ka.; a file. cirombo (ca, ea), n.; (1) Ma., wild beast, beast of prey=cikara; (2) a spirit, a variety of shave; (3) Ma. idiom, cirombo cemukomana, a great big fellow. cirombowe, Ma., Nd.; an honorific greeting, but less so than cagga- mire, which see. cironda (ca, .a), n.; a sore, wound; var. ronda (ra, a); syn. bonje, uonje (ra, pi. maonje), Nd.; cidzimu (of sores on lips after fever), Ze.; utepa (Ze.?). cirondo (ca, ga), n.; an excava- tion; c. cedaga, an earth-pit; c. cematombo, a quarry. cironzo (ca, ca), n., Nd.; a com- mand, order; from -ronza, to tell. See cirevo (ca, ea). ciroigo (ca, ea), n.; an earthen- ware pot, a water jar. ciropa (ca, .a), n.; the liver; syn. citaka (ca, ga), Ze. ciroro (ca), n.; kitchen Kaffir. ciroto (ca, ea), n.; a dream; var. ndoto (ya, dza); syn. kurota (kwa); murotso (wa, ya), Ka.; hope (ya, dza). N.B.: murotso is said to be used of what is seen in dreaming. cirovo (ca, ga), n.; a floor-beater; wooden beetle for stamping earth down to make a hard floor; syn. cikwauro, cidza (ca, Za). cirumiko (ca, ga), n.; horn used for cupping; var. murumiko (wa, ya). cirundu (ca, ea), n., Nd.; island. See citsuwa (ca, ga). ciruggurira, Ka. cirugguriro (ca), n.; indigestion, heartburn. ciruo (ca, Za), n., Ka.; (1) tax. Cp. mupeto (wa, ya); (2) peak of roof. See cisuvi (ca, ea). cirwere (ca, ga), n., Ze.; sickness. See denda (ra, a). -cisa, vb. tr.; to iron (clothes). See -pisa. cisambara (ca, ga), n., Ma.; brass wire work (on stick handles, etc.). cisepedzo (ca, ea), n., Nd.; a splinter. See rubanzu (rwa, a). CISUSU cisero (ca, ga), n.; a sieve; a shallow basket used for sifting flour; syn. musero (wa, ya); rusero (rwa, dza). ciseuo (ca, ea), n.; relish of any" kind eaten with porridge. See uu- savi (bga); murivo (wa, ya). cishaishi (ca, ga), n., Nd.; sin, offence. See rutadzo (rwa, a). cishamiso (ca, ga), n.; a wonder, a marvel; a miracle; syn. cinaniso (ca, ea); shamiso (ya, dza); nenji (ra, a), and see -shura; katyamadzo (ya, dza), Ka. cisholgo (ca, ga), n.; an orna- ment. cishuvo (ca, ca), n.; a yearning, a strong desire; var. cisuvo (ca, Ca). cisi (ca, ga), n., Ma.; a holiday, special day on which no work is done; prob. a great day. Cp. musi (wa, ya). cisikwa (ca, ea), n.; a created thing, a creature; from -sika. cisime (ca, Za), n., Nd.; a well. See tsime (ra, a). cisimiro (ca, ea), n.; a garment; pl. clothing, clothes. cisindi (ca, ea), n.; a blacksmith's forge; syn. cido (ca, ga), Ka. cisipiti (ca, ea), n.; a spring (of water); syn. citubu (ca, ga); cinyuka (ca, ga), Nd.; tsime (ra, a). cisisinindo (ca, ta), n., Nd.; heel; see citsitsinho (ca, ga); var. cisisi- nho (ca, ea), Nd. cisomo (ca, ea), n.; the core of a boil (mota). cisorokadzi (ca, ea), n., Nd.; adze, ? adze handle. See mbezo (ya, dza). cisote (ca, ea), n., Ka.; a bundle, sheaf (of grass, etc.); syn. musu- mbu (wa, ya). cisuggiro (ca, ea), n.; a fastening, a place to fasten (things, oxen) to; from -sunga, tie. cisuggo (ca, ga), n.; something that binds, a bond; hence, a law, command; from -sugga, tie. See cirevo (ca, ea). cisuxgwa (ca, Za), n., Nd.; slave. See muranda (wa, va). cisusu (ca, ga), n.; the larger in- CISUSUNTHO testine; Ma., the crop of a bird. Cp. susu (ra, a), stomach of animal. cisusuntho (ca, ta), 1n., Nd.; a basket-strainer (for beer, etc.); syn. ciino (ca, ga). cisuvi (ca, ta), n.; peak of roof; ridge of roof; syn. ciruvo (ca, ta), Ka. cisuvo (ca, ta), n. ; a yearning, a strong desire; e.g., ndinecisuvo ceku- kuvona, I long to see you. Syn. ci- shuuo (ca, ta), Ka. ciswa (ca, ta), n., Ka., Ze.; a bundle, sheaf (of grass, etc). See musumbu (wa, ya). cigino (ca, ga), n., Ka. Ze.; a basket used for straining (beer, etc.); syn. tsuiguro (ya, dza); cisusunho (ca, ga), Nd. cio (ca, Za), n.; (1) Ma.; the young mealie cob on its first appear- ance; syn. hara (ra, a), Ze.; (2) a razor. ciguguro (ca, ta), n.; breakfast; from -qugura, to breakfast. cita (ca, ga), n., Ma.; a group; o congregation, society; a flock (of birds). Cp. nzaiga (ya, dza) and auggano (bga), gujgano (ra, a). citaa (ca, ta), n., Nd.; a fishing net. See rutava (rwa, pi. nhava dza). citadzo (ca, za), n.; a fault, offence; sin; from -tadza. citaka (ca, ga), n., Ze. ; the liver; syn. ciropa (ca, ~a). citambarariro (ca, ea), n.; a foot- stool, leg rest, place for stretching out the legs; see citsiko (ca, ga) and -ta- mbarara; syn. citandavariro (ca, ga). citambo (ca, ga), n. ; a game (gen. name); note also citambo cemunhlui, a fine or pretty person. citarisiro (ca), n., Ze.; hope. See tariro (ya, dza). citema (ca, ta), n.; lit. a black thing, used in Ma. for sin; cp. ci- tadzo, civi. citembge (ca, ta), n., Nd., Ma.; a patch of cloth. See cinamo (ca, ta). citena (ca, ea), n., Ze.; a brick; syn. cidina (ca, ga). citenda (ca, ta), vn.; sickness; syn. denda (ro, a). citende (ca, ea), in.; heel. See citsitsinho (ca, ea). CITSIKO citenderano (ca, ta), n.; an agree- ment; syn. ciraggano (ca, ta); bvu- mirano (ya, dza). citeggu (ca, ta),n.,Ma.; a basket. See deggu (ra, a). citesi (ca, ga), n., Nd.; a slave. See muranda (wa, va). citeyo (ca, ga), n.; a trap, snare; from -teya. citima (ca, ea), n., for. (Eng. steamer); any locomotive engine, esp. a railway engine or train; c. camunjanji, railway train; c. capa- nyanza, steamship; cakudeyga, c. cakubururuka, an air steamer, flying machine; var. citimira (ca, ta). citiziro (ca, ta), n.; a refuge; a place to run to for refuge. See cipo- tero (ca, ea). citorogga, (ca), n., Nd.; pepper (esp. red p.); var. Ma., toroiga, the pepper; mutorogga, the chilli plant. See mhiripiri (ya, dza). citoto (ca, ta), n.; a kind of beetle (inedible). See cituta-matuzi, nyeee. citsa (ca, ea), n.; stump (of tree); syn. cigutsa (ca, ea); citsa ceimyoto. a firebrand; kacitsa (ka, twa), an ember. citsaka Ma., citsake Nd. (ca, ga). n.; a bird's nest. See dendere (ra, a). citsama (ca, Za), n.; a group. handful (of people or things). See tsama (ya, dza). citsawuko (ca, ea), 1.; a part, used in Ma. spec. for a chapter; from -tsawura. to separate, set aside. citse (ca, Za), n., Ma.; a weed. tares (N.T.) See Bundo (ra, a). citsetseko (ca, ea), n., Nd.; a boring insect; ?weevil. See cikumo (ca, ea). citsidzo (ca, ea), n., Ma.; a pro- mise; syn. cirauiro (ca, ta); cigo- ndiso (ca, ea); and cp. cipiko (ca, ta). citsika Ka., citsiki Nd. (ca, Za), in.; a stump (of tree). See cigutsa (ca, ea). citsiko (ca, ga), n.; the step or tread of ladder or staircase; a foot- stool, see citambarariro (ca, ta); from -tsika. CITSITSINHO citsitsinho (ca, Za), n. (Nd., cisi- sinho, cisisinindo); the heel; syn. nhende (ya, dza), Ma.; citende (ca, ea), dial. citsiyo (ca, ea), n., Nd.; a stopper, cork; syn. cidziuiro (ca, Za). citsoko (ca, ga), n., Ma.; one row or section of a bunch of bananas; any small bundle or bunch (firewood, mealies, etc.). See cirotso (ca, ea). citsope (ca, ga), n., Ma.; small, dome-like ant-hills, whose earth is specially good for floors. See civuru (ca, ea), Ka.; curu (ca, ga). citsuwa (ca, ga), n. (var. pi. tsuwca dza); island; syn. ciwi (ca, ga), Ka.; cirundu, cituru (ca, Za), Nd. citsuvi (ca, ea), n.; peak of roof, roof ridge; syn. chisuvi (ca, ga). citumba (ca, ga), n.; temporary hut in gardens; sUn. dumba (ra, a), Ze. citumbi (ca, Za), n.; Ka., the thigh; Ma., the calf. See cidya (ca, ea) and tsafu (ya, dza). cituna (ca, ga), n.; a corpse, dead body; syn. mutumbu (wa, ya). citgairo (ca, ga), n.; a brush (for sweeping), a broom; a beer skimmer; syn. mutgairo (wa, ya) and cipfundo (ca, ea); var. cipgairo, Ma. citubu (ca, ga), vn.; a spring (of water); syn. cisipiti (ca, ea); cinyuka (ca, ea); time (ra, a). citupa (ca, ta), in., for.; a native pass; a registration certificate. cituru (ca, ta), n., Nd.; island; s!n. citsuwa (ca, Za). cituso (ca, ga), n.: a reward; a present : syn. tuso (ra, a): cipo (ca, ea). cituta-matuei (ca, ga), ; a kind of beetle (not eaten). Sec citoto (ca, Ma). ciushi Nd., ciutsi Ma. (ca, ca), n.; smoke. See utsi (hwa). civumba (ca, ea), n., Ma., Nd.; a grave. See guva (ra, a). civa (ca, ea), n.; a snake, one of the cobras. Sec under snake for other names of snakes. -civa, vb. tr.; to covet, lust after; der. vuciva (bga), ruciva (rwa), de- sire, lust, covetousness. civara (ca, Za), n., Ka. (Nd., clara); (1) meeting-place of men in village, see dare (ra, a); (2) dim. of oara (ra, a), a spot. See uara. ciuazhe (ca, ga), n.; kind of snake. See snake for other kinds. civeve (ca), n.; cramp; paralysis; pins and needles.' civi (ca, ea), n. (commonly in pi. eivi); sin, transgression. See cita- dzo (ca, ea). civoniso (ca, ca), n.; a sign, mark, signal. See ciratidzo (ca, ca). civunu (ca, Za), n., var. ciunu; loins; waist. ciluru (ca, Ca), n., Ka.; small ant-hill, made by a smaller variety of white ant. Cp. citsope (ca, ta), Ma., and see churu (ca, ga). ciwenga (ca, ca), n.; parrot. See cihwagga (ca, ca). ciwi (ca, ga), n., Ka.; island. See citsuwa (ca, ea). ciwunde (ca, ca), n.; a desert, a wilderness. See renje (ra, a). ciwururo (ca, va), n., Ka., var. ciweruro, Ma., a skimmer (for milk, etc.). Cp. citgairo (ca, ga). ciya, dem. pr. agr. with. sing. nouns of (ca, la) class, always fol- lows its noun; that (referred to be- fore) gen. of things out of sight; ex. cigaro ciya, that chair (we were talk- ing of). ciyereso (ca, ca), n., Ze.; a bal- ance, scales (for weighing); from -yera, Ze., to weigh. ciziso (ca, ea), n.; a prominent bone of joint, esp. c. cegumbo, ankle; c. ccrn ioko, wrist; c. cebvi, knee- cap. See ziso (ra, a). ciziviso (ca, a),n.; a sign ; mark; signal; used in Ma. N.T. for con- science. Sec ciratidzo (ca, ma). cizororera, cizororo (ca, ea), n. ; a halt, a resting-place (on journey). Sec -zorora. cigaro (ca, Za), n., var. cicariro; womb. See nhumbu (ya, dza). co-, poss. cone. ca- (which see) as modified by a following syllable contg. u; ex. cigaro comunihu uyu, this person's chair; co-(kupfeka, etc.), a thing to (wear, etc.). -COCONYA -coconya, vb.; to peck (of chicks breaking out); syn. -dzohona, Ma. -cokonyora, vb. tr., Ka.; to shell mealies by hand; syn. Ze., -tsoko- nyora, -tokonora; Ma., -punujgura. Cp. Ze., Ka., -kwiza, to get grains off cobs by rubbing on a rock. cokuti (Ma., cekuti); such and such; and so on; gen. reduplicated, e.g., wakataura cokuti cokuti, he said such and such. cokwadi (ca), n.; the truth; cer- tainty; used as adv.=of course; -ziva cokwadi, to be certain. Cp. idi, Zokwadi. conya, vb. int., Ka.; to pullfaces (perh. in contempt). Cp. -tsunya. cora, vb. int., Ze.; to beckon, make a sign; der. -corera, to beckon to. See -ninaira, -ceza. coto (ca, ea),n.; fireplace,hearth; furnace; yisa pacoto, keep warm (of food, etc.). cowa, coa (ca), n., Nd.; mush- room (gen.). See howa (ya, dza). coya (ca), n.; hair (pubic). See vudzi (ra). -cukuca, vb.; to rinse the mouth; c. mazino, to clean the teeth. See -sukurudza. cuma (ca, pl. rare, za), n.; a bead or beads; Ma., -nera c., or -rima c., to make marriage payments or lobola. Cp. Nyanja, cuma=wealth, property of any kind, esp. beads as most port- able. cumbu (ca, ga), n.; lead (the metal); syn. mutobvu (wa, ya). curu (ca, ta), n.; large ant-hill of white ants. Cp. civuru (ca, ea), Ka.; citsope (ca, ga), Ma.; cidzere (ca, ea), Ma., Nd. -cururika, vb. int.; to spill over, overflow; see -bvinza; der. -curu- ridza, to pour water over hands be- fore eating. -DZAAMA D d-as in Eng. deaf. Many words formerly entered under d will be found here under d, which is far more commonly used than d, but is not found in combination with any other consonant; e.g., doro, beer, but -dzoka, to return, and ndoro, an ornament. dende (ra, mad. a), n., Ze.; a shrew, a field rat with long snout. See gonzo (ra, a). diabolose, diabore (wa, va), n., for.; the devil; a demon (possessing a person). See mjeya (wa, ya) and shave (ra, a). dibu (ra, pl. mad. a), n.; a trap (with branch and noose). doropa (ra, pl. mad. a), n. (Du., dorp); town, gen. used of European towns. See musha for native towns. dy-. This combination of two letters has been chosen to represent the sound heard in the verb -dya, to eat. There are four or five different sounds for this word in different dia- lects, and there have been as many as fifteen different ways of writing these sounds. It is desired that the one written form -dy should be used in every case and that speakers of different dialects should continue each to give this digraph the sound that it stands for in his own dialect. Thus sounds hitherto represented by -djga, -ldya, and -dhla, etc., will continue to be made in their respec- tive areas, but all alike will be re- presented in writing by -dya. -dya, vb. tr., for pronunciation sec dy-; to eat; -dya maria, to cost; to be expensive; der. -dyiwa, pass. to be eaten, to be eatable; -dyisa, to feed (as a mother feeds her child or an invalid); cidyo (ca, ga), food; Zokudya, food, eatables; rudyi (rwa), the right hand (i.e., the eating hand). -dyara, vb. tr.; to sow (gen.); var. -dtara, Ka.; -Zara, Ma.; der. mu- dyari (wa, va), sower; syn. -kusa, -kusha, -kushanya, -miza, -mgaya. -dzaama, vb. int.; to take shelter (as from rain). See -dzamba. -DZADZAMBIDZA -dzadzambidza, vb., Ka.; to try. Sec -edza. -dzaka, vb. int., Ka., Nd.; to come down, descend; see -dzika; der. -dzakira, app.; -dzakisa, -dzasa, cals., to lower, let down, take down. -dzama, vb. int., Ma., Nd.; to be deep; der. -dzamisa, to deepen, make deep; pakadzama, a deep place, or, it is deep here; -dzamika miti, to set up poles firmly; syn. -dzika, Ka. -dzamba, vb. int.; to take shelter (from rain, etc.); -dzambira zuva, to lie in the sun; syn. -dzaama, Nd.; -vanda; and cp. -potera. -dzamura, vb. tr.; to take a hand- ful. See -tsamura. dzara (ra, a), n.; a toe. See gunwe (ra, a). -dzeggedzeka, vb. int., Ze.; to stagger; syn. -pepereka, -mevuka, Ka.; -dzuggunyika, Ma.; -tendedze- ka, Nd. dzibga (ra, a), n.; nasal mucus; Ka., a cold in the head; var. dzihwa (ra, a); -fura dz., -pfura dz., -mina madz., to blow the nose. -dzidza, vb. tr.; to learn; der. -dzidzira, appl., to learn for, etc.; -dzidzisa, to teach; cidzidzo (ca, ea), dzidzo (ya, dza), a thing learnt, a lesson; cidzidziso (ca, ea), teaching; mudzidzi (wa, va), a pupil; mudzi- dzisi (wa, va), a teacher. -dzidziuka, vb. int., Ze.; to rise again (from the dead). See -muka. -dzika, (1) vb. int.; to come down, descend; be deep; der. -dzikira, appl., to come down to; -dzikisa, cans., to bring or let down; syn. -dzira, Ka.; -dzaka, Ka., Nd.; -bu- ruka, Ka., Ze.; (2) to set up (poles); (met.) to plant, establish, found. Cp. -sima, to plant; -dzamika. -dzikatira, vb. iit.; to stand in the light; ndadzikatirwa ndi N., I hid behind N. dziko (ra, a), n., Ka.; foot, hoof (of cattle). See tsoka (ya, dza). -dzima, vb. tr. and int.; to put out (a light, a fire); to go out (of light, etc.). dzimai (wa, pl. vadzimai va), n.; Nd., woman; Ka., Ma., Ze., the pl. DZIPA-UAFI is used honorifically of women in most dialects. -dzimara, vb., Ze., -dzimarara; to finish by; used idiomatically to ren- der until, till, thus: adzimara agika, till he come; ridzamarara zuva rino, till this day; ikadzamarara ikave- yguva ino, till this time; sevenzai kudzimara ndiuye, work till I come. -dzimba, vb. int., Ko.; to ache; to hurt; to pain. See -rwadza. dzimbahwe (ra, pi. madz. a), n.; grave of chief or great man. See guua (ra, a). -dzimi)aira, vb. int., Ze.; to take a nap; be sleepy, nod. See -vata. -dzimurira, vb. tr.; to burn a 'fire-guard' round house or village for protection against bush-fires. Cp. -uauira. dzinara, conf. Ma.; till, until. See dakara, and cp. -dzimara. dzinde (ra, a), n., Ka.; stalk (of grain); stubble; stump (of plant or tree). dzino, dem. pr. agr. with pl. noun of (ya, dza) class, always after its noun; these (near); e.g., yombe dzino, these cattle (here). dzinza (ra, pl. madz. a), n., Ma.; a family, breed, stock. See mhuri (ya, dza). -dziega, vb. tr.; to drive away, chase; to dismiss (worker, etc.); der. -dziggira, -dziggirira, to chase after; syn. -tanda and its der.; -ti- zisa, -tizirira, -rumbirira. -dziggisa, vb. tr., Ka.; to circim. cise; syn. -ceudza, Ze.; -ceka, Ma.; der. vudziggiso (bga), circumcision; dzigga (ra, pl. madz. a), a circum- cised person, one in a circumcision school. dzirgidzi (ra, a), n.; a hornet, wasp. dzio (ra, pl. madz. a), n., Nd., Ma.; a quarrel; -ita madzio, to quarrel, be quarrelsome. See nharo (ya, dza). -dzipa, vb. tr.; to choke, strangle; der. -dzipxa, to choke (int.), to be choked. dzipa-vaft (ra, pl. madz. a), n., Ka.; the death-rattle. -DZIPURA -dzipura, vb. tr., Ma.; to weed by hand. See -sakura. dzira (ra, a), n.; a sinew, tendon. See runda (ra, a). -dzira, vb. int.; (1) Ka., to come down, descend; der. -dzisa, -dzirisa, to lower, let down. (2) Zc., to smear or plaster floor or walls in house. Cp. -dzura, -dzurura. dziro (ra, pl. madz. a), n.; a wall (properly, of poles). See cidziro (ca, ea). dziso (ra, pl. madz. a); the eye. See ziso (ra, a). dziua (ra, a), n.; a pool, lake; syn. gagga (ra, a), Ka., Nd.; gahwi (ra, a), Ma., a puddle, pool onrocks; gawa (ra, a), Ka.; divino (ra, a), Ka., pool in river; guvi (ra, a), Ka. =gahwi; nyanza (ya, dza), Ko. -dziva, vb. tr.; to hinder, prevent; keep off (by putting something in the way; der. -dzividza, -dzivisa, tr. to hinder; -dzivira, to put a stopper to. to cork; -dziaira nzira, to stand in way, block way; -dzioira huro, to stick in the throat; -dzivirira, to defend, shield from; to stand in (someone's) light; to keep off (a blow, rain, light, etc.) from; -dzivi- rirwa, to be constipated; -dzivura, reversive, to open, unstop; -dzivurira mvura, to irrigate (by opening sluices). dziviro (ya, dza), n.; a stopper, cork. See cidziviro (ca, ga). -dzivura, vb. tr.; to open, unstop (bottle, etc.); to open (ears); der. -dziuurira, to irrigate (by opening water-furrows). dziya, dem. pr. agr. with pl. noun of (ya, dza) class, always after its noun; those (out of sight, referred to), e.g., yombe dziya, those cattle (we saw just now). dziya (ra, a), n., Ma. (cp. ziya, Ka.); heat or sweat; pamadziya, in the hot weather. -dziya, vb. int.; to be warm; der. -dziyisa, to make warm; -dziya moto, to warm oneself at fire; -dziya mushana, Ka., to warm oneself in the sun; syn. -gota. -dzohona (Ma., -dzomha), vb. tr.; -DZURUDZUTA to peck, peck at, esp. of breaking eggs by a tap from without or with- in; syn. (of chicks) -coconya, Ka.; (of hen), -ruma. -dzoka, -dzokera, vb. int.; to come or go back; to return. See -dzora; ndadzoka Harare, I have come back from Salisbury, wadzokera Harare, he has returned to Salis- bury; dzokcra kumshla, go back to your home; der. -dzokesa, -dzosa, -dzosera, caus., to return, to send back. -dzondora, vb. int. (or -dz. maziso); to stare; der. -dzondorera, to stare at; syn. -yeva, Zc.; -Zoora, Nd. -dzoggonyera, vb. tr.; to interfere with; to ruffle; to spoil (e.g., some- one else's work). -dzora, vb. tr.; to send back; cause to return; der. -dzoka, -dzo- kera, int., to come back, return; -dzokesa, -dzosa, -dzosera, -dzorera, to give back. dzoro (ra, pl. madz. a), n.; a turn (at work, etc.); -ita madzoro, to take turns. See jana (ra, a) and -ravana. dzoro (ra, pl. matsoro a), n., Ma.; the wild banana tree. See tsoro, shazhu (ra, a), Ka. -dzoua, vb. Ka (cp. Ma. -bzova); to roar, to sing with loud bass voice; (of a river) to go down. -dzudza, vb. int., Ma.; to leak. Sec -bvinza. dzumburudza, vb. tr.; to rinse; syn. -sukurudza. -dzuna, vb. tr., Ma.; to castrate; syn. -ceka. dzuggu (ra), n.; giddiness (from faint or drink): -ita dz., -na nedz., to be giddy. See tio (ya, dza). -dzuggunyika, vb. int., Ma.; to stagger. See -dzeggedzeka. -dzuigura, vb. tr.; to make giddy, cause to be giddy; der. -dzuggurwa, pass., to be giddy; -dzuggudza tr. (Ma.), to shake (things or people). Cp. -zuiguza and dzuggu (ra). -dzura, vb. tr. ; (1) Ze., to weed (by hand); syn. Ka., -dzurira; Ma., -dzi- pura; (2) Ma., to smear floor (with cow-dung). -dzurudzuta, vb. tr.; Ka., -dz. -DZURURA minoyo, to cause to feel sick, to nau- seate; Ma., to smooth over (plaster- ing). -dzurura, -dzura, vb. tr.; to smear floor; plaster walls. Cp. -dzira, Ze. drai (ra), n., for.; salt. See mu- nyu (wa). -dtara, vb. tr., Ka.; to sow; dcr. mudgari (wa, va); see -dyara. dZaua (ra, a), n., Ze.; a scar. See vagga (ra, a). -dginya, vb. tr.; to press, be tight; der. -ddinyirira, to squeeze; -dZinyi- rirana, to crowd together; var. Ma., -beinya. See -ina. deinyu (ya, dza, or ra, a), i., Ka.; lizard; syn. mukotyo (wa, ya), Ma.; gondyo (ra, pl. mak. a), Nd. deipu, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; black. See -gipu. d@iti (ra, pl. madz. a), n.; one of the Matabele people, a Mundevere; var. mudgiti (wa, va). -deoka, vb. int., Nd.; to belch. See -drova. -droua, vb. int.; to belch; syn. -beka, Ma.; dzoka, Nd. deuku, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; red. See -tAuku. -druta, -drutura, vb. tr.; to sip; syn. -ipura, Ka. -drura, vb. tr., Ze.; to pound. See -twa. D C--the implosivc d, now tirst dis tinguished with a separate letter. It is the common d-sound of Mashona- land, but does not occur in combina- tion with other consonants; e.g., -dada, to be proud; but danda, a log. -da, vb. tr.; to love; to like; to want; to be about to; der. -disa, to love very much, to want greatly; rudo (rwa), love; will; -diwa, -ci- kanwa, to be loved; mudikanwa, mudikani, mudiwa (wa, va), a be- -DAKWA loved person, a darling; sy/n. -vilgga, to wish for; in Ka., kuda is used adv. for perhaps, e.g., kuda anovuya, perhaps he will come; idiom, zicida, if all is well; maybe. daca (ra, pl. mataca, a), n., Ka.; frog; toad; syn. daft (ra, a). -dada, vb. int.; to be impudent, vain; to be disrespectful; to 'put on side,' be affected; der.-dadira, appl., uwith obj.; and see -dadira, to abuse. -dadamira, vb. int.; to stand on tiptoe; syn. -sasavira. -dadira, vb. tr.; to abuse, revile, insult (Ka.); syn. -tuka, -nyomba, Ze.; and cp. -tadzira, to do wrong to. daft (ra, pl. matafi a), n., Ma., Ka.; a frog; syn. dawa (ra, a), Ma.; datya (ra, a), Ze.; zura (ra, a), Ze.; jedye (ra, a), Nd.; mutanje (wa, ya), Nd. -dai (-dayi), vb. int.; to be like 'this,' to be so'; syn. -daro, -dero; ita kudai, do like this; kudai tinoita, even as we do. dai (dano, deno), conj.; if (when introducing a condition impossible or not expected to be fulfilled. Ex. Nd., dai waia pano, mukoma waVgig iyga asafa, if you had been here, my brother would not have died; Ka., deno wayga uri pano, hangadzi ya- ygqu haizati yaifa; Ma., dai wayga uri pano, haneadzi yaygu iVgadai isakafa; dai, dano, deno may be used to introduce a (generally un- likely) wish, e.g., dai (or kcudai) ndina mapapiro. would that I had wings I -daidza (-dayidza), rb. tr.: to call. Sec -davidza. -daira (-dayira). eb. int., Ma.; to answer a call. See also -cfavira. -dakara, vb. int., Nd.: to Ibe glad. See -fara. dakara, conj. and prep., Ma.; till, until; as prep., as far as; e.g., da- kara avoye, till he come; dakara kwa Mutari, as far as Umtali; da- kara pamusi uno, till this day. dako (ra, pl. matako a), n.; gen. in pl. buttocks. -dakwa, -dakiwa, vb. int.; to be drunk, to get drunk. DAMA dama (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; (1) a word; (in pl.) news. See izwi (ra, a) and shoko (ra, a); (2) the cheek; cheekbone; cp. rushaya (rwa, pl. shaya dza); pl. matama (a), some- times= buttocks, see matako (a). dambaza (ra, no pl.), n.; young locusts (in hopping stage). See wiza (ya, dza). dambudzo (ra, mat. or mad. a), n.; trouble; distress. -dana, vb. tr.; to call, summon. See -davidza. danda (ra, pl. mat. a),n.; abeam, log. Cp. mutanda (wa, ya). dandadzi (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; spider's web; syn. mutandiro (wa, ya), Ka.; mamburi edandemutande, Ma. See mamburi (a). dandemutande (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; spider (a common name, perhaps generic); in Ka. used also of the spider's web; syn. Buve (ra, map. a); nyarutanda (wa, va), Ma. danho (ra, gen. in pl. matanho a-), n.; a bridge (esp. of trees); a ladder (gen. pl.); a step (of ladder or stair- way); syn. mudanho (wa, ya), Nd.; zambuko (ra, pl. maz. a). -danidzira, vb. tr.; to call (sum- mon). See -davidza. daniko (ra, P. mat. a), n.; the step (of ladder or stairway). See danho (ra, a) and citsiko (ca, ta). dano, deno, conj.; if, introducing impossible condition. See dai. dagga (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a cattle kraal; a herd, flock; used, by natives, of the so-called slave pits.' daggwani, adv., Ma.; perhaps. See pamie. daggwe (ra, pl. mat. or mad. a), n.; first-born child. dapi (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; water- rat. See gonzo (ra, a). daggwaza (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a deserted hut. See imba (ya, dza). dara (ra, a), n.; a shelf (high and wide) in hut; a platform or tower in the fields for watchers of the crops; hence table; also, bier. dare (ra, pl. mad. or mat. a), n.; (1) village meeting-place out of doors, DEDERA with fire and shelter from wind, where men meet; syn. Banze (ra, a); womudare, neighbours. (2) Ka., sleeping hut of unmarried boys. See imba (ya, dza). dare (ra, pl. mat. a), n., var. sing. utare (hwa); iron; pl. matare= scraps of iron, but pl. madare=large pieces or things of iron; see simbi (ya, no pl.); dare jena, silver; dare deuku, copper; dare rendarira, brass; dare rakadururwa, cast iron; dare rakanuiswa, steel. -darika, vb.; to step over (a boundary); to transgress, break (a law); to jump over, pass over. -daro, vb. int. (var. -dero); to be like that,' to be or do 'so'; nda- kadaro, I'm just so, I'm no better; eakadaro, thus, so. datya (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Ze. (for pronunciation see ty-); a frog. See daft (ra, a). davi (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Ka.; a branch (of tree). See nhawani (ya, dza), Ma. -davidza (-daidza), vb. tr.; to call; Ka., to answer; see answer; syn. -danidzira; -dana; -shevedza; (to name) -tumidza zita, -idza; (call out) -kuwa or -ridza huwi,' -ridza here; -koka; -mutsa (arouse). -da'ira, vb. int.; to believe; to answer a call; der. -davirika, be trusted, be faithful; -davirira, to answer for; -Zidavirira, to answer for oneself; Ma., -dawira, to believe; -daira, to answer a call. -davuka, vb. int.; to fly up from the ground, rebound; to spurt out (of water or fire); der. -davusa, to cause to fly up. dawa (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Ma.; a frog. See dafi (ra, a). -dawusa, vb. tr., Ka.; to spread out in sun. See -nanika. debge (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Ka.; a hide (raw). See dehwe (ra, a). dede (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Nd., Ma.; baboon. See gudo (ra, a). -dedera, vb. int.; to shake (as with fear or cold); syn. -bvunda, -gwenda; der. -dederesa, cause to shake, to terrify. DEHWE dehwe (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a hide (raw); syn. debge (ra, a), Ka.; nehwe (ra, a), a dressed hide; ga- nda (ra, a); dovo (ra, a), Nd. deketa (ra, a), n., Ka.; a bog, swamp. See matope (a). deko (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; husk; shell or pod; the leaflike wrappings of mealie cob. dema, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; black; any dark colour. See -tema. deme (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; piece of broken gourd. See cimhedu (ca, ea) and gaggo (ra, a). demo (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; an axe or chopper; syn. sanu, shanu (ra, a), Ka.; dimuro (ra, a), Ze.; and rutso (rwa), hubga (ya, dza), varieties of axe. denda (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; sick- ness; var. nhenda (ya, dza), citenda (ca, za); syn. kurwara (kwa); uurwere (bga), Ka.; cirwere (ca, za), Ze.; hosha (ya, dza). dende (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; cala- bash; kind of pumpkin. See nhagga (ya, dza). dendere (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; (1) Ma., a rough basket for carrying fowls; syn. Nd., sekete (ra, a); (2) Ka., nest. denhe (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; (1) a pot for grain or flour. See hari (ya, dza); (2) Ka., Ma.; an otter. See mbiti (ya, dza). (Tone: 1, middle; 2, low.) denhere (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; bush country; veld (uninhabited); forest. See saggo (ra, a). deno, dano, conj.; if (introducing impossible condition). See dai. denutsa, vb. int., Ko.; to rest. degga (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; the sky; heaven; a roof ; kudeyga, above; Nyadeyga, Wedeyga, Wakumatepga, names used for God. See gore (ra, a) for Nd. -deggenyisa, vb. tr., Ka.; to move, shake; var. -deggenesa; der. -degge- nyika, int., to move, shake; syn. -tsukunyisa, Ze.; -seggura, -tenhe- dza, Ma.; -tarausa, Nd. -dfeggeza, -deggezera, vb. tr.; to -DIMURA balance (as a load, etc., on the head). deggu (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a large basket; syn. citeggu (ca, Za), Ma. dera, adv., Nd.; north; ndakabva dera, I came from the North. -dero, vb. See -daro. -derudza, vb. int., Ka.; to have diarrhoea; syn. -panza. dete, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; thin. See -tete. -detsa, vb. tr., Nd.; to help; der. -detsera, appl.; mudetseri (wa, ta), helper. See -batsira. dika (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Ka.; wooden beetle for floor beating. See cirovo. -dikanwa, vb. pass. of -da; to be wanted; to be loved. See -da. dika-tika; -ita dika-tika, to halve, make half-full. See gamha, ziamga. -diki, adj.; small, tiny. For proper Adj. concords see Tables I.c and II.; and note that for sing. and pl. nouns of (ya, dza) class -diki become ndiki; for sing. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes diki; e.g., cinhu cidiki, a tiny thing; imba ndiki, small house or houses; 6ayga diki, a small knife. dikita (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; sweat; syn. ziya (ra, a); pfundira (ya, dza). dikiti (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a kind of pumpkin or cattle melon. See uhagga (ya, dza). dima (ra, pl. mad. a), n., Ma., Nd.; (1) sweet potato. See mba- mbaira (ya, dza); (2) S. only, dark- ness. See rima (ra). dimba (ra, a), n.; Ma., a door; Nd., the door-sill, threshold. See gonhi (ra, a). -dimbura, vb. tr.; to divide, cut in two; to break (string); to cross (a road); der. dimbu (ra, a), a piece, slice; cidimbu (ca, ea), a bar (in music); -dimbuka, be broken; -di- mbudzira, to catch up another travel- ler by taking a short cut; -dimbu-di- mbura, to break into small pieces. -dimura, vb. tr.; to cut, cut through; chop; amputate; go across (a path or district); pass another on road without seeing him. 27 DIMURO dimuro (ra, pl. mat. a), n., Ze.; an axe, chopper. See demo (ra, a). dindijgwe (ra, pl. mat. a), n., dial.; leopard; cheetah. See iggwe (ya, dza). -dini? interrog. vb.; to be (or say) what?; e.g., ndadini, what have I done? what is my fault? munhu nyu wakadini? what sort is this man? in Ka., Ze., gen. contracted to -dii. digga (ra, a), n.; the 'two-headed' snake (harmless); scientific name, typhlops dinga. See snake. -dira, vb. tr.; to pour (in); see -durura; to sacrifice, see -teura; der. -dirira, pour into; -diridza, to water (garden), irrigate (by watering-pot). firo (ra, pl. mat. a), Ma., Ze.; baboon. See gudo (ra, a). disa (ra, pl. mad. a), n., Nd.; dung (of cattle). See matuti (a). -disa, vb. intense. and caus. of -da; to love very much; to cause to love. diti (ra, a), n., Ma., Nd.; the chest. See cipfuva (ca, ga). divino (ra, a), n., Ka.; a pool in river. See dziva (ra, a). -diyi (-dii). See -dini. -do-, vbl. formative; e.g., donzwa, please listen; tidonzwca, let us listen; dondipa ico, please give me that. Note: This is perhaps a contraction from -da ku-, i.e., love to (do) . . -dododza, vb. tr.; to rap, tap; hammer gently. Cp. -gogodza, -gu- gudza. -doka, vb. int.; to set, go down (of sun, etc.); to be discouraged, downhearted; usadoke, don't be downhearted ; syn. -Bira, Nd. ; -vira; der. madokero (a), the west, place of sunset. dombo (ra, pl. mnll. a), n.; boulder, large rock. See ibge (ra, a). dondo (ra, pl. mad. a), n.; bush country; veld (gen. uninhabited); forest. See saggo (ra, a). -donha, vb. int.; to drop, leak; also, to rain, see -na; to moult; der. donhe, donwe (ra, a), a drop; -donhedza, -donhisa, caus., to cause to drop; to let fall. See -bvinza. donhe, donwe (ra, a), n.; a drop. See -donha. DORO doggo (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; (1) a deserted hut; (in pl. matoggo), a deserted kraal. See -imba (ya, dza), (2) Ma., clay pit for pottery, etc. N.B.: 1 has 2nd syll. on doggo slightly lower note; 2 rises on 2nd syll. doo, dovo (ra, pl. mat. a),n., Nd.; a hide; skin of animal. See dehwe (ra, a). dope (ra, gen. in pl. mat. a), n. mud, clay. doro (ra, no pl.), n.; (1) beer (strong); syn. hwahwa (hwa), Ze.; mhamba (ya), Ma.; bgabga (bga), K.; sweet beer, Bumhe (ra), Ze.; Biti (ra), Ka.; maheu (a), Ma.; matimba (a), Ma.; diba (ra), Ka.; (2) doro (ra, pl. mat. a), n. ; veget- able garden by stream. N.B.: 1 has 2nd syll. on doro on slightly lower note; 2 rises on 2nd syll. doro, -Bika doro, words connect- el with beer making. I. Steep (-nyika) grain (gen. ared millet; Ka., rukweza; Ma., njera; Ze., Zio) for two days, more or less according to heat. On third day take out from water (-bvisa mumvura, or Ka., -nyukura; Ma., -nyura; Ze., -nyikura), put in basket (deggu) (or (Ze.) in pot (hari) or in a sack), and cover (-kwidiBidza) with leaves and stones. The operation so far is called kutsindika. Leave it so three or four days till it sprouts (-mera). Then spread it in sun (-nika, Ka., Ze.; -nanika, Ma.) to dry (-oma); then grind (-kuya). The result is (ufu we) cimera, Ma., Zc.; mumera, Ka. 11. Seventh day. Set, a large pot (Ka., Ma., gate; Zr., gambe) on the fire and put cimera in it, and fill near to brim with cold water. Stir (Ka., -kugga; Ze., Ma., -kurugga) and bring to a boil. This thin mixture is called on its first (or second) day (Ka., Ma.) magutu, (Ze.) masusu, (Ze., Ma.) mapise (or pise), maheu, and on the next day (second or third) mhaiga, or Biswa. The mhaigga is next set on the fire (-gadza pamoto) and boiled (-Bika); it is now mati- DOVA mba; it is again left two days, and on the ninth (or tenth) from the start you add (-puma) more cimera. It is now musugga and is fit to drink. Next, in another pot you prepare more magutu (masusu, mapise, as above) and add this to the musuigga in the gate. To do this is called (Ka.) -kumina doro, (Ma.) -kumira foro, (Ze.) -dira. The beer is now ready to drink (on the eleventh or twelfth day), but it isn't very strong till the next day (the twelfth or thir- teenth). After that it gets sour and weaker. This second day after the kukumina doro is the time for a feast. For drinking, the beer is strained (-gina, Ma. -susa, Nd. -su- sunha) through a fine basket-strainer (Ze., ciino; Ma., tsugguro; Nd., cisusunho) and is served clear enough to be drunk in cups. dova (ra, S.), n.; dew; syn. Beto (ra), Ma., Nd.; veta (ra), Ka. dovi (ra), v. ; a thick relish made of monkey-nuts; monkey-nut butter. dowe (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; veget- able (wild) with edible root; also called furo (ra, a). Tone, dowd. dfowo; -ita d., vb. int.; to run. See -tiza. duba (ra, pl. mad. a), n., Nd.; zebra. Sec mbizi (ya, dza). -dudza, vb. tr.; to tell, say to; explain; der. -dudzira, to explain to or for; to interpret. See -udza. -duhumidza, vb. tr.; to cover, put lid on. Sec -kwidfiira. -duku, adj.; small; little; for proper adj. cone. see Tables I.c and II.; and note that for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class -duku becomes nduku; and for sing. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes duku; e.g., cinhu ciduku, a small thing; vmba nduku, a small house or small houses; 6a- yga duLku, a small knife. -dukupisa, vb. tr.; to make small; to lessen; to humiliate; der. -Zidu- kupisa, to be humble. See-ninipisa. -dumaidza, vb. tr., Nd.; to cover, put lid on. See -kwidiBira. -dumara, vb. int.; to be blunt (with jagged edge); der. -dumadza, DURUNHURU -dumaza (to turn the edge blunt). See -koma. dumba (ra, a), 11.; (1) a kind of drum. See ggoma. (2) d. (ra, pl. mat. a), a temporary hut in gardens. See citumba (ca, Za). dumbo (ra, a), n.; a large needle for sewing mats; syn. dumo (ra, a); and see tsono (ya, dza). dumbu (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; belly; syn. nhumbu (ya, dza); ndani (ya, dza), Nd.; mimba (ya, dza); -vata (etc.) nedumbu, to lie on the face; Ze., dumbu=a bunch (of flowers, arranged); a crowd of people. dumbusa-shagga (ra), Ka.; late rains (heavy, about February). dumo (ra, a), n.; a large needle for sewing mats; syn. dumbo (ra, a); and see tsono (ya, dza). dundira (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; (1) Ka., the bladder; see -tunda; syn. furidzo (ra, a). (2) Ze., a kind of beetle. dundundu (ra, a), v. ; the chest. See cipfuva (ca, ea). dunhu (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; (1) Nd., hill, mountain ; gen. lower open slopes of hill or mountain; see gomo (ra, a); var. mutunhu (iwa, ya). (2) Bush country; veld (uninhabited). See saggo (ra, a). (3) Ze., a dis- tance between places; stage on jour- ney. (4) Ka., a place, spot; syn. nZimbo (ya, dza). dunZi (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a ewe with lamb or kid; also hen. See nhunmi (ya, dza). duggurira (ra), n.; var. ciruigu- rira (ca); heartburn, indigestion. See -gotiwa, -moniwa moyo. dura (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; a bin or any receptacle for storing threshed grain. Cp. tsapi (ya, dza), for un- threshed grain. -dura, vb. tr.; (1) to tell; confess; der. -durira, to interpret. See -udza. (2) Nd., Ma., to bore. See -Booora. duri (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; wooden mortar for pounding grain. duru (ra, a), n., Nd.; rubbish- heap. See marara (a). durunhuru (ra, a), n.; rubbish- heap; sun. pamarara (pa), nundu- 29 DURURA thwe (ya, dza), zambadota (ra, a), zararota (ra, a), zarezare (ra, a). -durura, vb. tr.; to pour out; empty out; syn. -dira, to pour in; -dirira, pour into; -sururidza (Ka.), ciggidzira (Ma., Nd.), to pour over fingers. -dusa, vb. tr., Nd.; to take away; take out. duswa (ra, a), n., Ze.; (rat's) nest; syn. mavusa (a); ishe (ra, a), Ze. N.B.: ishe, rat's nest; ishd, chief. dutu (ra), n.; a gale, a strong wind; var. mututu (wa, ya), Nd. See mhepo (ya, dza). duva (ra), n.; a flower; more commonly ruva (ra, a). duie (ra, a), n., Ze. dial.; zebra. See mbizi (ya, dsa). duuu, duu (ra, pl. mat. a), n.; wicker fisl-trap; syn. ciduu (ca, ea), mutuu (wa, ya), ciasha (ca, ga). duzu (ra, a), n., Ze.; a blister caused by burning. See mhoni (yu, dza). E -edza (-idza), vb. tr.; (1) to measure, syn. -enzanisa, -pima, -yera; to try, syn. -vavarira, -dza- dzambidza; Nd., -erera; to tempt. (2) -edza, int.; to become light; kwaedza, at early dawn; -edzisa, to sit up all night 'till morning doth appear.' See -idzisa. (3) -edza, Nd.; to fish with hook. -emba, vb., Nd.; to sing. See -imba. -enda (-inda, -yenda), vb. int.; to go; der. -endisa (kune N.), to send or take to N.; -indidzana, be on visiting terms; -indika, to go for- ward, make progress; -enda na-, to accompany, escort, syn. -perekedza. -enzana (-yenzana), vb. int.; to be alike, equal (esp. of measurements). See -fanana; der. caus. -enzanisa, -FADZA -enzanya, to make equal; cienzaniso (ca, ea), a measure, comparison. See -edza. -enzera, vb. int., Ko.; to sleep; lie down; see -vata; der. -enzerera, waenzererepi, where did you sleep? -enzeresa, to cause to sleep, to sleep very much. -ereketa, vb. int., Nd.; to speak; to talk; der. -ereketera, to translate, to nag at; -ereketedzana, to quarrel. See -reketa. -erera, -yerera, vb. int.; to flow (as water); in Nd., to try; for which see -edza. -ese, adj. and pr.; all; for proper prefixes see Table I.F. See -ose, al- ternative form; var. -eshe, Nd. -etsemura, vb. int.; to sneeze; var. -etsura; and see -hotsira. evaggeri (ya, dza), Ka.; evaggerio (ra, pl. maev. a), Ze.; the Gospel. Cp. vaggeri (ra, pl. mav. a), Ma. eya, adv., Ma.; yes; all right; a grunt of assent. For respect a pl. form may be used, eyai. F f-as in English fan. Many words with initial f- in Karanga have pf- in other dialects and may be found so entered. -fa, vb. int.; to die; be spoilt, broken; wither; be done up; vakafa, the dead; ndafa nenzara, I'm dead with hunger; myedzi wakafa, last month (i.e., the one that has just died); der. -fira, to die for or at; -firwa, to be bereaved; -fa necitima, to meet with a railway accident, even if unhurt. faci (ya, dza), n., for.; a barrel, cask. See pfaci (ya, dza). -facuka, vb. int., Ka.; to overflow (of river, water-furrow, etc.); var. -fashuka; and see -puduka, Ma. -fadza, vb. tr.; (1) to make glad; to please; syn. -farisa; der. -fadzwa, -FAMBA pass.; -Zifadza, to please oneself, be selfish; -fadzisa, to please very much, to cause to please; (2) to widen, en- large. -famba, vb. int.; to go; to walk; der. -fambira, go to, visit; -fambisa, go quickly, go far, cause to go; -fambidzana, be on visiting terms; -fambiro-mo, to walk, not knowing the way; -famba gakanaka, lead a good life; -famba nhando, to go aim- lessly, lead a bad life; -famba- famba, go to and fro, go about; -famba hangu, hedu, etc. (Ze., ea- ygu, -edu), to go (my, etc.) own way; see haigu; -famba negotsi, f. nesure, to walk backwards. -fambidzana. See -famba, vb. int.; to be on visiting terms; syn. -indidzana, -kumbidzana. -fambiro-mo, vb. int., Ka. (Ma., -fambira-mo); to walk, not knowing the way. See -famba; and cp. -garira-mo, to wait without knowing what for. -fana, aux. vb.; to (do) meanwhile, begin by doing; fana kutema, first cut. See -sana, which is used in same way with same meaning. Cp. -nyatsa, -tsana. -fanana, vb. int.; to be alike; to resemble one another; uyo anofa- nana naN., that one is like N.; der. -fananidza, -fanaidza, to make like, to compare, to copy; syn. -todzana, -enzana. -fanira, aux. vb.; ought, must; e.g., you ought to go, unofanira kwenda or wakafanira kwenda. (The form with -no- refers to a present necessity, the form with -aka- to an habitual one, and is therefore a less urgent counsel.) Impers. gakafanira, it is right, necessary; -ita Zisaka- fanira, to do wrong. -fanza, vb. int.; to be broad; (as n.) breadth; to effervesce; tr. to scatter about; der. -fanzisa, to widen; ufanzu, breadth. See upami. -fara, vb. int.; (1) =-fanza, to be broad; der. -faruka, be broad. See -fanza. -fara, vb. int. (2); to be glad, be pleased; der. -fadza, -farisa, to 31 please; -farira, to rejoice over or at, to welcome; -farirana, to be recon- ciled; syn. -shaggara, Ka.; -ita no- mxoyo mucena, Ze.; -dakara, Nd. -farisa, vb. tr. and int.; tr. to gladden, please; int. to be very glad. -fashamira, vb. int., Ka.; to rise (as river in flood). -fashuka, vb. int.; to leak, over- flow (of water-furrows); Ka., to come up profusely (of grain); syn. -ti fasha; -pfacuka, Ka.; -pucfuka, Ma. fasitera (ra, a), n., for.; a window; syn. bhuri (ra, a), lit. a hole; and vafetera, faftera, variants of fasi- tera. -fema, vb. int.; to breathe; Nd., to be fat; der. -femera, to breathe on; -femesa, to breathe quickly, pant, take long breaths; -fema kunze, f. mukati, to breathe in, breathe out. -femba, -femha, vb. tr.; to smell; -f. fodya, to take snuff; der. -fembe- dza, -femhedza, to sniff; -fembera, to guess; syn. -nhuwidza, -kamba mgea. -fembera, vb. int.; to foretell, smell out (by divination); hence, to diagnose (by medical examination); to guess. See -vuka. -femedzeka, -femereka, vb. int.; to breathe pantingly, to be out of breath; syn. -va necifemo, va nema- hemahema. -femha, vb. tr., Ma.; to smell. See -femba; -femhedza hwema, to sniff a scent. -fegzgura, vb. tr., Ma.. See -futu- nura, Ze. -feruka, vb. int., Ma.; to foam. froth up. See -pupuma. -fesa, vb. int.; to rain lightly. See rain. fesha (ya, dza), n., Ka.; native salt. See mutomba (wa). -feua, vb. int.; to live as a prosti- tute, be a harlot; der. cifeve (ca, ea), a harlot. -flfu, adj., Nd.; blue; any dark colour. See -gipu. For proper adj. conc. see Table I.c; and for sing. and pl. of (ya, dza) class and for sing. of (ra, a) class use fifu. FIGU flgu (ra, a), n., Ko. (perli. fr. Por- tuguese); banana. See hoBo (ra, a). -finha, vb. tr., Ma.; to bore; to slight; der. -finhira, Ma.; -pflnya, Ka., to ridicule, call names; int. -finwa, Ze., Ma., to be satiated, satisfied, be bored, 'fed up.' See -guta. -fira, vb. tr.; to die for, to die at (a place); see -fa; wakatifira, he died for us; wakafira Harari, he died at Salisbury; and see -firwa. firwa, vb. int., pass. of -fa, die); to be bereaved by death; e.g., waka- firwa ndimai wake, he lost his mother (by death). -fisha, vb. tr., Nd.; to hide. See -vanda. fodya (wa; but in Ka. ya), n.; for pronunciation see dy-; tobacco, snuff; -quta f., to smoke or snuff; -femha f., -femha f., to snuff; nemba (ya, dza) yefodya, a palmful of tobacco. -fokonora, vb. tr., Ka., Ma.; to scrape out, scoop out. See -fuku- nura. -fondoka, vb. int., Ma., Nd.; to be blunt. See -koma. -fora, vb. int., for.; to drill (? from Eng. fall in '); der. -forisa, to drill, tr. foroma (ra, a), n., for.; a brick mould ('form'); the lining (of a garment); hence, vb. tr. -foroma, to mould bricks. foshoro (ya, dza), n., for.; a shovel or spade; (prob. der. by meta- thesis from the Eng. shovel); hence -foshora, vb. tr., to shovel up, to use a shovel. -fudza, vb. tr.; to herd, to tend (livestock), to take cattle to pasture (rufuro); der. mufudzi (wa, va), a herdboy. See -fura (2). fudzi (ra, a), n.; the shoulder (human); var. pfudzi. Cp. Banda- (v)uko (ra, a), shoulder of ox, etc. fufu (ra, a), n.; a crumb; husk, sawdust. See cipefu (ca, ga). -fufudza, vb. tr., Ze.; to bear (fruit). See -Bereka. -fufudzika, vb.; to miscarry (of woman). See -odza (used of ani- mals). -FUNDA -fufuma, vb. int.; to rise, swell (of river or dough); der. -fufumira (of water), to rise into house from below ; -fufumuka, int., to expand, swell out; -fufumusa, tr., to cause to ex- pand. -fufura, vb. tr., Ka.; to bribe; give gift secretly. fufura (ra, a), n., Ma.; a butter- fly. See shave-shave (ra, a). -fugama, vb. int., Ka.; to kneel. See -pfugama. -fuka, vb. int.; to put on, or drape, a cloth in the native style; der. -fukidza, tr., to cover, clothe; fuki- dzo (ra, a), cifukidzo (ca, ga), a covering; cifukidzo ceziso, eyelid; -fukura, to uncover. -fukatira, vb. tr.; Ze., to turn the back on, e.g., -fukatira mhepo, to turn one's back to the wind; Ma., to nurse in one's arms. See -fuggata. -fukenyika, vb. int.; to be un- clothed, naked. -fukunura, vb. tr.; to dig up, un- earth; to take out (soil from hole, stone from fruit). See -fokonora. -fukusira, vb. tr.; to scrape a hol- low, to burrow; der. mafukusiro (a), hollow where fowl lies in sun. -fukuta, vb. tr., Ma.; to bore and eat as the weevil does. See -pfu- kuta. -fuma (1), vb. int.; to rise early; der. -fumira with inf. or loc., to make an early start at (work or journey); fumo, adv., Ze., at dawn. -fuma (2), vb. int., Ka.; to be or become rich; to accumulate (?); der. -fumisa, tr. to make rich; Nd., to bless (materially); fuma (ya, dza), riches; -nefuma, adj. rich; mufumi, mupfumi (wa, va), a rich man. -fumbira, vb. tr., Ma.; to cover mouth by hand; to gag, muzzle; syn. -pfumbira, Ze.; -fuggira, Nd.; and see -Bumira. -fumuka, vb. int.; to fly up, be carried up (as dust, etc.); syn. -pu- puruka; Ma., Ze., to have a bad name, a bad reputation. -funda, vb. tr.; (1) Ka.; to tie a knot; der. cifundo (ca, ea), a knot, a joint; (2) for., to learn, to read; FUNDO der. -fundisa, teach; mufundisi (wca, va), teacher. fundo (ya, dza), n.; a joint (of finger, etc.). See nheggo (ya, dza). -fundukira (munzira), vb. int., Ma.; to get out (of the way). -funira, vb. tr., Ka.; to cover, put cover on (pot, etc.); see -kwldiBira and -fuggira, Ma.; der. -funura, to uncover, open, peel off. -funuka, vb. int.; Nd., to be blunt, dull; Ze., to form a scab. See -koma. -funya, vb.; to crumple; Ka., to draw up the legs, cross the arms; der. -funyana, be crumpled, wrinkled; -funyanisa, tr., to crumple, curl up, wrinkle; -funyira, to crumple; syn. -unya, -unyana, -unyanisa. -fugga, vb. tr. and int.; to think; to think of, and so, to remember; see -raijgarira; der. pfuggwa (ya, dza), a thought; mufulgo (wa, ya), Ka., a thought; -zifugga, to be con- ceited. -fuggata, vb. tr.; to embrace; der. -fuggatira, to hold in the arms, to nurse in arms, to gather to one (as a hen her chicks); syn. -mbunda, -mbundira, -mbundikira, -gumba- tira, -kumbaira, Nd. fuggavure (ya, dza), n.; a kind of snake. See snake. -fuggidzira, vb. tr.; to suspect; Ze., to covet, lust after. -fuglgira, vb. tr.; Ma., to cover, wrap up, shut; Nd., to cover mouth with hand, to muzzle, gag; der. -fuugura, uncover, peel off, open. See -funira, Ka., and -fumbira, Ma. fuggo (ra, a), n.; a wave, billow; syn. manhanda emvura. fupa (ra, a), n.; a bone. See pfupa (ra, a). -fura (1), vb.tr.; (-f. dzihwa),to blow the nose; syn. -pfura dzihwa, -mina madziwa, Ma. Cp. Ze., -fura ziso, to take something out of the eye. (2) int., to graze (of cattle); der. -fudza, to cause to graze, to herd. -furatira, vb. int.; to turn (one's back); -f. mhepo, to turn one's back to the wind; der. -furatidza, tr to turn round, cause to turn round. -furidza, vb. tr.; to blow up (tyres, etc.). Cp. -vutira. furidzo (ra, a), n.; the bladder. Cp. last word; syn. dcundira (ra, pl. mat. a), Ka. furimudegga (ra, a), n.; the giraffe. See swiza (ya, dza). -furira, vb. tr.; to seduce, tempt. furo (ra, a), n.; (1) pasture, graz- ing ground; see -fura, rufuro. (2) Froth, foam; Ze., f. romukaka, cream; see furofuro (ra, a). (3)= dowe, a wild plant with edible root. -furura, vb. tr.; to strip leaf- wrappings from mealie cobs. -fusira, vb. tr.; to cover over with earth (as seed sown); to fill in with earth (any hole dug); var. -futsira, Ma. -futa, vb. int.; to be swollen; be fat (of animals); to burn up (of a fire); der. -futsa, -futisa, Ka., to blow up, inflate; to light (a fire), also -futidza; and see -pfuta, -pfu- tidza. fute (ya, dza), n., Ka., Ko.; the castor-oil bean. See pfuta. -futsa, -futisa. See -futa. -futunura, vb. tr.; to shape pots by hand, Ze.; or with a bit of cala- bash, Ma.; syn. -feggura, Ma. -futura, vb. int.; to expand, un- fold; Ka., to rise (as bread). -fuva, vb. int., Ka.; to be raw, half-cooked. fuva (ya, dza), n., Ka.; native game played with stones or seeds and rows of holes in ground or board; syn. tsoro (ya, dza), Ze., Ma. G g-Everywhere except after b it has the sound of g in the English get. After b it indicates velarisa- tion. In producing it the back of the tongue should be raised as for the sound of u. E.g., in -gara, to sit, the GABA g has the same sound as in Eng. get. But in bge, ibge, stone, it is the sign of velarisation. gaba (ra, a), n.; a tin pot, can, or mug; ga6a rokudiridza, a watering- pot. See neka (ya, dza). -gacira, vb. tr.; to receive, accept; syn., -gamucira, -gashira, -ashira, -tambira. -gadza, vb. tr.; to appoint, ordain (to an office); -gadza myoyo, to paci- fy, soothe; -gadzika (-gadza) pa- myoto, to put (pot, etc.) on the fire; -gadzira, to arrange, prepare; -ziga- dzira, -gadzirira, to get (oneself) ready; -gadzikana, be settled (as water), be still. gadzi (1), adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; e.g., biza gadzi, a mare. See -kadzi. (2) n., a fe- male, e.g., gadzi rebiza, a mare; iri gadzi yge repi? whose female is this ? -gadzika, vb. tr.; to put down, settle into its place; to set (pot, etc.) on fire; der. -gadzikana, to be settled; to clear (of muddy water settling). See -gadza. -gadzira, vb. tr.; to prepare. See -gadza. gadzo (ra, a), n., Ze.; nipple (of gun). See mutoto (wa, ya). gahwi (ra, a), n., Ma.; a small pool. See dziua (ra, a). gaka (ra, pl. mak.), n., Ma., Nd.; cucumber; the c. plant, rukaka (rwa, pl. haka dza); the seeds, haka (ya, dza); wild c., Vgaigaigga (ya, dza), Ka. gakanje (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a crab. gakava, in phr. -ita gakava, vb. int.; to quarrel; der. -gakavara, to quarrel. See nharo (ya, dza). gakava (ra, pl. mag. a), n., Ka.; the muscle over the stomach. gama, -ita gama or gamha; to fill half full. See cigama. gamanyuci (ra, a), n., Ka.; the swallow. See nyeiganyeiga (ya, dza). gamba (ra, pl. mag. a), n.; Ka., the gap between the grain stools under a store-house (tsapi); Ze., a patch of colour, cp. vara (ra, a); -GARA Ma., a brave man, warrior; Nd., a storm cloud. gamba-mnedzi (ra, a), n., Ka.; a miscarriage, abortion. Cp. gambe (ra, a) and gava-mijedzi (ra, a). gambe (ra, pl. mak. a); (1) Ze., a large earthenware pot, used in beer- making, see doro (ra); Ka., a large piece of broken pot; syn. gate (ra, a); also in Ka., gambe (ra, a), a still- born child; and cp. gamba-mzjedzi (ra, a), a miscarriage. gambigga (ra, a), n., Ka.; a crocodile; see zgwena (ya, dza). gamha (ra), n.; a half (roughly); -ita gamha, to half-fill; gamha rekomici, half a cup. See Ziamia, dikatika. -gamha, vb. tr.; to catch (a fall- ing thing); to prop up, support; der. cigamha (ca, ea), a prop; cigamiso (ca, ea), a buffer. -gamucira, vb. tr.; to receive, ac- cept; see -gashira, Ma.; der. -gamu- cidza, to give. ganda (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; skin; hide; leather; peel; shell; see dehwe (ra, a); g. rezai, the thin inner skin of egg; g. reziso, eyelid. gandira (ra, a), n.; a kind of drum (hung round neck). See jgoma (ya, dza). gandwa (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Nd.; a pool. See dziva. gano (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; Ka., an axe for chopping or felling; Ma., a battle-axe. ganurwa (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a chapter; from -ganura, to divide, limit. gaga (ra, a), n.; dry, barren land; Ka., with short grass. gagga (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; (1) guinea fowl; see hagga (ya, dza). (2) g. (ra, pl. mag. a), an unripe fruit. gaggo (ra, pl. mak. or mag.a),n.; a potsherd (as used for roasting grain); Ma., a frying-pan; Ka., a round hoop or ring. See cimhedu (ca, ea) and gambe (ra, a). galgwa (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Ka.; a pool. See cziua. -gara, vb. int.; to sit; stay; live; GARAURWA last; der. -garira, -garirira, sit on; wait for; lie in ambush for; watch; mugariri (wa, va), man who gains wife, not by lobola, but by living and working in her village; mugariro (wa, ya), nature, habit; -garisa, to stay long; to cause to sit or stay; -garana, to settle (as sediment); -garika, live quietly, be prosperous and settled; note the following uses: yara nchinyora, keep on writing; anogara acivuya, he is always coming; -garira-mo, to wait without knowing what for; -gara'nhaka, to inherit, see nhaka. garaurwa (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; phlegm, mucus of throat; var. Ka., gararwa (ra, a). garegare, adv.; by-and-by; -ita garegare, to stay a little while. -garika, vb. int.; to be settled, prosperous; to live quietly. See -gara. garo (ra, a), n.; stock (of gun). garwe (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; croco- dile. See ggwena (ya, dza). -gashira, vb. tr., Ma.; to receive, accept; see -gamucira; der. -gashi- dza, to give; -gashirira, appl. gashu (ra, a), n., Ze.; a rope of twisted bark of four strands; a riem. gate (ra, pl. mag. a or mak. a), n., Ka., Ma.; large earthenware pot; esp. used in beer-making, see doro (ra); syn. Ze., gambe (ra, pl. mak. a). gava (ra, pl. mag. a or hava dza), n.; jackal, fox. See muggubge (ya, dza), Ka. gava-miedzi (ra, a), n., Ka.; a miscarriage, abortion. See gambe (ra, a) and gamba-mgedzi (ra, a). gavi (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; var. gai (ra, pl. makai a); bark-rope; see rwodzi (rwa). gawa (ra, pl. mag. a), n., Ka.; an inland pool, lake; see dziva (ra, a). -gaya, vb. tr.; to grind, etc. (by machine); is used of almost any operation with a machine worked by turning a handle or wheel-e.g., mincing, separating milk, milling grain, etc.; cigayo (ca, Za), the mill or other machine used this way. GOBA gedani (ra, pl. mak. a), n., for.; a chain; var. ketani (ra, a). -gedageda, vb. tr. and int.; to gnash, or grind, teeth; int., to shake, be unsteady, chatter (of teeth); der. -gedagedesa, to cause to gnash, etc.; syn. -rumanya; -kwetsana, Nd. -gegeca, vb. tr.; to gnaw, gnash teeth. See -tetena. -gera, vb. tr., for.; to cut with scissors; der. cigero (ca, ga), scissors. -gere, irreg. tense-form of -gara, to sit, etc. Other ex. of this irreg. tense are -zere, fr. -zara, to be full; -vete, fr. -vata, to lie down; -mire, fr. -mira, stand; -nyerere, fr. -nya- rara, to be still; these forms have a Present Continuous meaning, and their regular Present (in -no-) indi- cates the beginning of the action- e.g., ndinomira, I am (in the act of) standing, I am getting up; ndimire, I am (still) standing; vanogara, they are (just) sitting down; vagere, they are (still) sitting. -gere is also used commonly to express 'not yet' as follows: vapedza here? vagere-i.e., Have they finished? Not yet, where perh. vagere is short for vagere vaciita, they are still doing it. See -gara. giwa (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Ma., Ze.; a white man. See muruggu (wa, va). -go-, tense formative; indicates pos- sibility, and more commonly in con- secutive narration a sequel, cp. -zo-; ex. ticagovuya pasture, we shall come later; agozofara, then surely he will be happy. go (ra, pl. mago a), n., Ka.; hor- net, wasp. See igo (ra, a). go go go? interj.=May I come in? -ti go go go, to say go go go, or to knock at a door; der. -gogodza, to knock at door; var. -gugudza. Sgobvu, (1) adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; thick. See -kobvu. (2) (ra, a), n.; a scar, a thickening. See vagga (ra, a). N.B.: 1, gobvd; 2, gobvu. goBa (ra, a), n., Ka.; a quiver (for arrows); syn. Banhire (ra, a), Ze.; mutedya, mutendya (wa, ya), Ma. GOBORONDO goborondo (ra, a), n., Nd.; croco- dile. See jgwena (ya, dza). -goca, vb. tr.; to roast; syn. -koca; -kagga (fry); -sasika (to toast, dry by heat). godo (ra, a), n.; (1) a bone; see pfupa (ra, a); (2) g. (ra, no pl.), n.; jealousy, envy. Seeshanje(ya, dza). godzi (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Nd.; vulture; var. rukodzi (rwa, pl. mak. a). See gora (ra, a), a larger kind of vulture. -gofu, adj.; hollow; for proper adj. cone. see Tables I.c and II.; and note that for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class -gofu becomes hofu; and for sing. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes gofu; syn. -nemhaggo, with prop. cone. as given in Table I.D.3. -gogodza, vb. tr., var. -gugudza; to knock (on a door). See -ti go go go. -gogoma, vb. int., Nd.; to run. See -tiza. goko (ra, a), n.; (1) Nd., crocodile; see rgwena (ya, dza); (2) (ra, a), Ka.; he-goat (large, old); see -go- tora (ya, dza); (3) gokb (ra, pl. mak. a), n., a crust or skin (like the skin on milk or porridge after it has stood a while). gokora (ra, pl. mag. a or mak. a), n.; the elbow; syn. cikokora (ca, ta), Nd. gokoro (ra, a), n., Ze.; boggy place by riverside; see matope (a). gomba (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a hole, pit; syn. rindi (ra, a); hunza (ya, dza) (for game); mugodi (wa, ya), (mine). gombe (ra, pl. mak. a), In.; Ma., bank (of river); see hombe-kombe; Ka., big cup, var. cikombe (ca, ea). -gomera, vb. int.; to groan. gomo (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; hill, mountain; syn. dunhu (ra, a), Nd.; mutunhu (wa, ya). gomombo (ra, a), n., Nd.; croco- dile; see igwena (ya, dza). -gona, vb. int.; to be able to; der. -goneka, be possible; -gonesa, make possible, enable; syn. -kwanisa, -va nesimba re, -kwana. Note.-In Ka. -gona, be able, and -GONYA -kona, be unable; but elsewhere -kona=to defeat, cause to fail; -konwa, -koniwa=to be defeated, to fail, be unable; e.g., gandikona, it has beaten me; wandikonesa, you make it impossible for me (to work or do some implied action). gona (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; horn (for medicine or powder); sometimes a small calabash for these uses; see runyagga (rwa, dza); riddle, gona ratqa, wasara munoygora, the medi- cine horn is burnt, but there remains the stirring stick. Ans., the path. gonagombe (ra, a), n., var. gona- mombe; a smoking-horn or pipe for hemp; a powder horn. See ndudu (ya, dza). -gonda, vb. tr. and int., Nd.; to trust; to hope; kugonda, or gonda (ra)=hope, in Ndau N.T.; der. -gondisa, to give a pledge to, assure, promise; cigondiso (ca, ea), a pledge, promise. -gondisa, vb. tr., Nd.; to give a pledge, promise; see -gonda; and see -ravira (2). gondo (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; an eagle or large hawk; syn. capuggu (ca, ga); and see gora (ra, a), vul- ture. gondobge (ra, a), n.; a ram (of sheep); var. gondohwe (ra, a), ho- ndohwe (ya, dza). gondohwe (ra, a), n.; ram (of sheep). gonhi (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; door; syn. (of reeds), sasa (ra, a), Ka.; dimba (ra, a), Ma.; ruvi (rwa, pl. nduvi dza), Nd.; musuwo (wa, ya), strictly the doorway. gono, (1) adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; male; see -kono. (2) n. (ra, pl. mak. a), a male animal (esp. of wild animals); e.g., igono, it's a male; cp. ndume, male, simi- larly used as adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class. -gonya, vb. tr. and int.; to draw up the legs (in sleeping); to be drawn up, bent; der. -gonyana, int., to coil, curl up; -gonyanisa, tr., to bend, coil up; gonyo (ra, a), Ze., an angle, corner. GONE gonye (ra, pl. mak. a or mag. a), n., Ka., Ma.; a worm; maggot; see honye (ya, dza). gopero (ya, dza), n., for.; a button; see konopo (ya, dza). gora (ra, a), n.; vulture; larger than godzi (ra, pl. mak. a), Nd. gore (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; (1) a cloud; syn. guti (ra, pl. mak. a); (heavy mist), mubvumbi (wa, ya); (2) (Nd.), the sky, heaven, see degga (ra, a); (3) a year; gore rino, this year; gore rakapfuoura, last year; makore ose, every year; syn. mwaka (wa, ya), chaka (ca, Za), dial. gorogga (ra, pl. mak. a, or mnag. a), n.; a trench, ditch, water-furrow; dry river bed; syn. mugero (wa, ya), a water-furrow. gororo (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; robber, highwayman; dist. from mbava (ya, dza), a furtive thief. gota (1) (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Ka., Ze.; sub-chief, councillor of para- mount chief. See mambo (wa, va) and gotsi (2). gota (2) (ra, pl. mag. a), n. ; sleep- ing hut of unmarried boys (or of un- married girls); see imba (ya, dza). -gota, vb. int.; to warm oneself; -gota mote, to warm oneself at a fire; -gota zuva, to warm oneself in the sun; syn. -dziya (noto). gotokoto (ra, a), n.; Nd., a he- goat; see gotora (ya, dza); Ka., a kind of bird. gotora (ya, dza), n.; he-goat; var. gotora (ra, a), Nd., and hotora (ya, dza); syn. nhoggo (ya, dza), Ka., Ze.; mboco (ya, dza), Ma.; goto- koto (ra, a), Nd.; goko (ra, a), Ka.; also mugotora (wa, ya), Ko. gotsi (1) (ra, pl. mak. a, or mag. a), n.; the back of the head; -famba negotsi, to walk backwards; -taura qotsi ndi N., to talk of N. behind his back, and so gen. to backbite. gotsi (2) (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Ma.; sub-chief, councillor of paramount chief. See mambo (wa, va) and cp. gota (1). gotsorwa (ra, a), n., Nd.; a cough. See cilosoro (ca, ea). GUMBA gotwe (wa, pl. vag. va), n., Ze.; the last-born child; see rugotwe (rwa, dza), Ka. goua (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; red soil, Ka., Ma.; dry river-bed, Ma.; low- lying (and marshy) land, Ka., Nd. -gova, vb. tr.; to divide (a thing into shares), to share out; der. -go- vera vanhu, to divide amongst peo- ple; -goverana, int., to share, e.g., ndagoverana na N., I shared with N.; var. -kova, etc., and -kowa, etc. gouo (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a clot of blood; Ka., a weasel; var. goho (ra, pl. mag. a). gozho (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Ka.; a rat; see gonzo (ra, a). gudo (ra, pi. mak. a), n., Ka., Ze.; baboon; syn. ciro (ra, a), Ma., Ze.; bvene (ra, a), Ko., Ze.; detfe (ra, a), Nd., Ma. gudza (ra, pl. mak. a, or mag. a), n.; a native blanket or small sack, in either case made of closely netted bark-rope; cp. gumbezo (ra, a), the imported blanket. -gugudza, vb. tr.; to shake, beat (clothes, etc.); and see -gogodza. guhu (ra, a), n., Ka.; news; re- port; rumour; sec izwi (ra, a) and shoko (ra, a). gukutu, adj. agr. with. sing. n. of (ra, a) class; hard; see -kukutu. gukuzumbu (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Nd.; a tomato. See Buno (ra, a). -guma (1), vb. int.; to stop, to end, come to an end; cokngumisira, the last; -giumisira, to be the last, to bring to an end; -gumira pa gomo (on a journey), to end at, turn back at, the hill; gumisiro (ya, dza), end, result; magumo (a), magumiro (a), the end or edge of anything; paku- guma, or, kiguma, lastly, at last. -guma (2), vb. int., Nd.; to arrive; see -qika. -guma (3), vb. tr.; to knock against, esp. to knock stem of tree to shake down fruit; der. -gumira, to knock at (with violence); -gu- mana, -gumirana, to collide. gumba (ra, a), n.; scandal, ill- reports; -taura g., to slander; see makuwa (a). -GUMBATA -gumbata, vb. int.; to fold one's arms; der. -gumbatira, -gumbatidza, to embrace. See -fuggata. gumbezo, gumbeze (ra, a), n.; a blanket (imported); see gudza (ra, a). gumbi (1) (ra, a), n., Ma.; a crowd (large); syn. cita (ca, Za), group; vanhu vazhinji(-zhinji), very many people; (2) (in pl. mak. a), eaves (of house). gumbo (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; leg; ndine gumbo, I have a (bad) leg; ndakafamba namakumbo, I travelled on foot; syn. murenje (wa, ya), Nd.; mwendo (wa, ya), dial.; gumbo (rcygoro, etc.), wheel (of wagon, etc.); g. renyasi, the hind leg; and (p. mupambare, mupimbira, mupi- mbiri (all wa, ya), the shin. -gumbura, vb. int.; to stumble; dcr. -gumbusa, -gumburisa, cause to stumble; -gumburwa, be made to stumble; cigumburo (ca, ea), stum- bling-block; syn. -kuhuna. -gumbusa, see -gumbura. gumi (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; ten; gumi revana, ten children, lit., a ten of children; fifty houses, either mtakumi mashanu eimba, or imba miakumi mashanu, where mak. ma- hlanu is in apposition to imba, thus: houses, five tens (of them). -gumina, vb. int.; to be lame, to limp; see -kamina. -gumira, vb. tr.; to knock at (with violence); to knock against; der. -gumirana, to collide, knock together; see -guma. -gumisa, -gumisira; see -guma. gumie (ra, a), n., Ma.; see humje (ya, dza). gunde (ra, a), n.; stalk; root stalk (of maize); sugar-cane; syn. gunje (ra, a); dzinde (ra, a), Ka.; mazonje (ra, pl. only), Ma. guneri (ra, a), n., Nd.; a feast and dance; Ma., food prepared for a para- mount chief; see -Bira (ra, a). gunje (ra, a), n.; stalk of maize or sweet cane; syn. mazonje (a), Ma. gunura (ra, a), n.; horse-fly; gad- fly; see nhunzi (ya, dza). gunwe (ra, pl. rarely mag. a), var. cigunwe (ca, ea); the thumb; toe, -GURUPIRA esp. the big toe; cigunwe (ca, ga), the registration certificate bearing thumb-print; cp. mutendeka (wa, ya), index finger or forefinger; nya- kasiana (wa, va), little finger. -gunma, vb. tr.; to touch (in pass- ing), brush against. guggano (ra, a),n., Ma.; a gather- ing, assembly; see vuugano (bga). guygumbani (ra, a), n.; porcu- pine; see nuggu (ya, dza). guggutga, gujgupga (ya, dza or ra, a), n.; a patch of burnt grass; the soot of burnt grass. guiguvu, guggu (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a crow; syn. sawara (ra, a), Ma. guigwa (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; the sea; cp. gaggwa (ra, a), a pool. gupa (ra, a), n.; a tick infesting cattle, etc. -gura, vb. tr.; (1) to pull out (tooth); to take out (as hoe-head from handle); syn. -gurura, Ma.; -kura, Nd.; (2) to cut; to decide a case; -gura nzira, to cross a road; -gura nyika, to cut across country; -gura napakati, to cut in half; der. -guka, pass, be cut, broken. gura (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a de- serted garden going back to bush. guri (ra, a), n., Ze.; mealie cob with grain; cp. gurinwa (ra, a), Ze., the cob stripped; syn. (cob with grain), Ka., hupi (ra, a); Ma., gwere (ra, a); (stripped cob), Ka., guri; Ma., Buggu (ra, pl. map. a). gurinwa (ra, a), n., Ze; see guri (ra, a). gurokuro (ra, a), n.; the windpipe, the larynx, voice-box; (of bird) crop; and see cisusu (ca, ga). guru (1) (ra, a), n.; stomach (of animals); the large intestine. guru (2), adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; big. See -kuru. gurumbiro (ra, a), n., Ze.; rope; cord. See tambb (ra, a). -gurupira, vb. tr.; to look to for help (esp. voluntary help); ndinogu- rupira T., I expect help from T., even, I rely on T.; der. -gurupidza, -gurupidzwa, e.g., T. wakandigurn- pidza, T. came to my help; ndaka- gurupidzwa ndi T.; also, to be saved 38 -GURURA trouble or expense, ndagurupira ne- mari, I am saved expense. -gurura, vb. tr., Ma.; to pull out (tooth, or hoe-head from handle); see -gura; der. -guruka, to come out. gurwe (ra, a), n.; a kind of beetle (edible). See ndere (ra, a). -gusa, vb. tr.; to take away, re- move; to shave (hair or beard); syn. -veura (shave); -bvisa (remove). gushe (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a bristle; hair (on animals or on bodies of men); fur; var. guse (ra, pl. mak. a), Ka. gugi; -ita g., -ridza g., vb.; to clap hands (in greeting). guta (1) (ra, a), n.; village (of chief, walled, large); town; see musha (wa, ya). -guta (2), vb. int.; to be satiated, satisfied; to have enough; der. -gutisa, -gutsa, to satisfy; be very full; -gutiswa, pass.; syn. -finhwa, Ze., Ma.; -Zimbirirwa (of over-eat- ing), see -Zimba, to swell. guti (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a cloud; rainy fog; syn. gore (ra, pl. mak. a). guvu (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; the navel; var. cikuvu (ca, ga); syn. mukumvu (wa, ya), Nd.; mucombo (wa, ya), dial. guva (1) (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a grave; a sleeping place; pl. makuva, graves or graveyard; syn. bgiro (bga, pl. mabg. a), Ka.; i6a (ra, a), Nd.; civumba (ca, ga), Ma., Nd.; (of chief) dzimbahwe (ra, a); mapa (a), Ka.; (2) g. (ra, a), n., Ka.; bran (of grain stamped or ground); syn. ma- butu (a), Ma.; mapapa (a), Nd.; mbgizhu (dza), Ze.; mafifi (Ma.); and see hundi (ya); (3) Ka., the floor. guve (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Nd.; a flood (not merely a river in flood). See Boporodzi (ra, a), Ka.; jezi (ra, a), Ma.; and cp. mugove (wa, ya), Ze. guui (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a pool (on rocks); see dziva (ra, a). -guvura, Ka., -guura, Nd., vb. int.; to cast the skin (as snakes do); der. guvurwa (ya, dza), Ka., guurwa (ra, pl. mak. a), Nd., the cast-off GWARA skin; syn. -bvunura, bvunurwa (ra, a), Ma. guyo (ra, pl. mak. a or mag. a), n.; the lower grindstone in hand grinding; see also ibge (ra, a), and cp. huyo (ya, dza). guyu (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a fig (the fruit, a small kind); cp. mu- kuyu (wa, ya), the tree that bears guyu; also vonde (ra, a) and muvo- nde (wa, ya). guzuggu (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Ka.; tomato; see Buno (ra, a). gwa, igwa (ra, pl. magwa a), n.; a canoe (made of bark); syn. bgato (bga); mgadiya (wa, ya); cikepe (ca, ea) (for.); ggarawa (ya, dza), Swa. -gwabvura, vb. tr.; to scratch (esp. of animals); see -kwegga, -kwenya. -gwadama, vb. int., Nd.; to kneel; der. -gwadamira, to kneel to, to wor- ship. gwai (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a sheep; syn. hwai (ya, dza). gwani (ra, a), n., Ka.; the cha- meleon; syn. ruvavi (riwa, pl. mav. a); rwavi (wa, varw. va), Ma.; rwaivi (rwa, pl. ndwaivi dza), Nd. -gwama, vb. tr., Nd., Ma.; to touch, to graze in passing. gwama (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; a large purse. Cp. cikwama (ca, ga), a small purse. gwamanda (ra, a), n., Ma.; a horn (as used for music or in war); see wamanda. gwande (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; bark (of trees); piece of bark used as a dust-pan; hence, dust-pan; syn. gwati (ra, a); Bande (ra, pl. map. a), Ma., Nd. gwanza (ra, a), n., Ka.; a path; see nzira (ya, dza). gwanzi (ra, a), n., Ma.; path; see gwanza. gwapa (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; Nd., armpit; Ka., a stain, patch of colour; syn. hapxa (ya, dza), armpit. gwara (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; trail (of animals in grass or bush); spoor; hence, gwara rakurumbi, Ka.; gwara renzou, Ma.; both names for the Milky Way; see star. GWARI gwari, kwari (ya, dza), n.; part- ridge; see cikwari (ca, ga). gwasha (ra, pl. mak. a), n., Nd.; a forest; mumagwasha, in the bush country; see sagjgo (ra, a). gwatakwata (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; young locust (in the hopping stage); see wiza (ra, a). gwati (ra, a), n.; bark (of trees); dust-pan (i.e., piece of bark used as dust-pan); see gwande (ra, a); Ze., gwati rehamba, shell of tortoise. -gwauta, vb. int., Ma.; to bark (of dogs); see -ukura. gwema (ra, a), n., Ka.; a strong smell); see hwema (hwa). gwembe (ra), n.; the mange; syn. rukundu (rwa), Ka.; cikundu (ca), Ma.; cikurukuta (ca), Nd., Ma. -gwenda, vb. int., Ka.; to shake (with fear or cold); cp. -ygwenda -yjgwenda, Ma., to shake (of things on an uneven surface). gwenzi (ra, pi. mak. a), n., Ze., Ma., Ko.; pi. bush country; veld (uninhabited); sing. a shrub, small bush; see saggo (ra, a). gwegga (ra, a), n.; Ma., desert, wilderness; Ka., a very wicked per- son. gweggo (ra, a), n.; instrument with which to scrape (-kwegga) a pot. gwere (ra, a), n., Ma.; maize, mealies; commonly in pl.; sing. gwere may be used of one grain, or of one cob with its grains; see ci- Barwe (ca, ga). gweshe (ra, a), n.; a blunt object (esp. knife); igweshe, it is blunt; -va gweshe, to be, become, blunt; see -koma. gwewewe (ra, a), n.; a porcupine; see nuggu (ya, dza). gwindiri, indecl.; in phrases: ini gwindiri haygu, I am quite well; -ti gwindiri, feel fresh or fit. -gwinya, vb. int., Ma., Nd.; to be strong, energetic; in Ka., -gw., to put forth all one's strength. gwirikwiti (ya, dza), n., Ze.; measles; see Biripiri (ra). gwiro (ra, pl. mak. a), n.; ladder; something to climb (-kwira) by; see danho (ra, a). gwiza (ra, a), n., Nd.; a large red locust; see wiza (ra, a). H h-represents a voiced h, '.closely resembling the sound in the Afri- kaans hand.' It is a sound that accompanies its following vowel in- stead of merely preceding it. But in the combinations kh, ph, th in the Eastern dialects the b represents ordinary aspiration. This letter will be found very frequently here where in previous vocabularies, esp. of Ka. and Ze., it was omitted because it was felt quite truly that it was not an ordinary aspirate, e.g., hope for ope; munhu for munu, etc. m and n, preceding a labial or dental initial consonant of a root, change that in- itial to this h, and it is specially in these cases that the h has hitherto often been omitted-e.g., m+piko= mhiko; m+tikiti=nhikiti; n+tari- dzano=nharidzano; n+tau (root of -taura)=nhau, etc. ha-, negative prefix; (1) ha- with the -a- of vb. ending changed to -i is the neg. used for pres. and fut. of ind.; e.g., handidi, I do not want; handicatori, I shallnottake; handiri kutora, I am not taking; but cp. handina kutora, I did not take, I haven't been taking, lit. I am not with taking; handina (cinhu), I have nothing; (2) ha . sa . neg. of past tenses of indicative; e.g., handisavona, I have not seen, I did not see (today); handisakaita, I did not do (yesterday); (3) ha . zati (sati) . a past neg. with a not yet' sense in it; e.g., handizati nda- vona, I have not yet seen; haasati avuya, he has not yet come. Note: In dependent sentences (i.e., after most conjunctions and in consecutive HADZI narrative) the ha- is dropped with past tenses and' -sa- alone remains, e.g., go ndisakatora, or (Ze., Ka.) Zo ndikasatora, because I did not take. hadzi, adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; female; see -kadzi. hal, adv.; (1) no; see kwete. (2) With questions to express surprise; e.g., urikuyenda hai? I say, are you going? haiva, adv.; no; see kwete. hakata (dza), n.; the diviner's ' bones '; dice; -kanda hakata, to cast the 'bones,' to divine; (? der. from mucakata, the tree whose fruit pro- vides the bones '). hakuna, vbl. phrase; there's noth- ing, there's none (or no one); e.g., ndipevo mvura. Hakuna, please give me some water. There is none; ha- kuna cha ndinoda, there's nothing that I want, I want nothing. hama (ya, dza), n.; a relative; a brother (very loosely); used also com- plimentarily of any friend; der. ukama (hwa), relationship, affinity. hamba (ya, dza), n.; a tortoise; syn. kamba (ya, dza), Ma., Nd. hameno, hapeno, adv.; I don't know; equivalent to a shrug of the shoulders; hameno hake, he'll know, but I don't; hameno haygu, for my part I don't know; hameno hako, you ought to know, or, that's your affair, not mine. hamuna, vbl. phrase; there's noth- ing (in here); there's no one in. See hakuna. hana (ya, dza), n., Ka., Ze.; con- science, feelings; heart (as seat of feelings); Ma., harura (ra, a). handa (ya, dza), n.; a puppy. handi, neg. of the copula ndi; it is not . .; they are not . .; e.g., handi dzaygu, they are not mine; handi rimyero (bayga), it is not the same (knife). handira (ya, dza), n.; a bull; syn. hando (ya, dza); ndunda (ya, dza); nzombe (ya, dza); and see mukono (wa, ya). hando (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a bull. See handira (ya, dza). HARI hanya (dza), n.; care, carefulness; heed. hanzu (ya, dza), Ma., Nd.; a shirt, coat, outer garment. Cp. hazu (ya, dza), Ka., clothes, cover- ing, and hembe (ya, dza), shirt. hangadzi (ya, dza), n.; brother (of woman); sister (of man). See App. on Relationships. hagga (ya, dza), n.; guinea-fowl; var. gagga (ra, a), nhagga (ya, dza). haggaiva (ya, dza), n.; pigeon; see njiva (ya, dza). haggiro (ya, dza), n., Ka.; frying- pan; see Biya (ra, pl. map. a), Ma.; der. from -kagga, to fry. haggu, hako, hake, hedu, henyu, hauo; note ex. of their use: Kubva haygu, I don't know (and so on with the other persons); N. acavuya here? is N. coming? hameno hake, I don't know, ask him, it's nothing to do with me; hapeno haeo, it doesn't matter about those; kubva hako, I don't care, it's your affair; ndino- tamba haygu, I just play, as for me I play, or, I play 'on my own'; 6ayga haro, as for the knife; sarai henyu, good-bye (lit. stay, for your part); in all cases Ze. prefers gajgu, Zako, Zenyu, etc. hapana, vbl. phrase; there's noth- ing (here), there's none. See hakuna. hapeno, adv. See hameno. hapxa (ya, dza), n. (var. pl. Ma. magapxa a); armpit; syn. gwapa (ra, pl. makw. a), Nd. hara (ra, a), n.; (1) Ze., the un- ripe mealie cob on first appearance; syn. cigo (ca, ea), Ma. (2) A sheath (gen. in pl. mahara). haraBga, harahwa (ya, dza), n.; a very old man. Harare, n.; Salisbury, the old na- tive name still in common use. Cp. Mutari for Umtali where the Eng. name is a mispronunciation of the native name. harati (ya, dza), n.; a kind of caterpillar (edible). hari (ya, dza), n.; an earthenware pot, cooking pot. For kinds of pots see gate, ciroggo, roggo, mbia, cinu, denhe. HARURA harura (ra, a), n., Ma.; feelings; conscience, consciousness of guilt or any kind of startling fear. See hana (ya, dza). hasha (ya, dza), n.; temper; anger; harshness; -va nehasha, to be angry, harsh; -peyga nehasha, to fly into a rage. hata (ya, dza), n.; a pad (usually coiled) for protection when carrying a load on the head; anything coiled up, e.g., a roll of wire, a tape- measure, a coiled snake. hatizii, vbl. phr.; I don't know (colloq., short for hatizivi); note ti-, pl. for sing. -hatura, vb. tr., Ka.; to grasp; seize; to catch (fire). See -Bata. . hazu (ya, dza), n., Ka.; clothes; covering. See hanzu (ya, dza). hekani (waro) I interj. expressing thanks or pleased assent; thank you; that is so. hembe (ya, dza), n., for.; a shirt. See hanzu (ya, dza). here? interrog. particle placed gen. at end of question, or sometimes next to the word to be shown as the point of the question, e.g., vanonuya here? will they come? unoda here kuti vavuye? do you wish that they should come? -hetsura, -hitsura, vb. int.; to sneeze; see -hotsira. hobo (ra, a), n.,Ma.,Nd.; banana (the fruit), cp. muhobo (wa, ya), the tree; syn. hova (ra, a), Ka.; figu (ra, a), Ko.; nigga (ya, dza), Nd.; (wild banana tree) tsoro (ya, dza), mugova (wa), pl. magova (a), the fruit; the magova, dried and pierced, were used as ornaments and rattles. hobodo (ya, dza), n.; Ka., a small bag, pocket; Ze., a pouch for to- bacco; see homije (ya, dza). hobvu, adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; thick. See -kobvu. hoko (ya, dza), n.; a nail or peg. See mbambo (ya, dza), cipikiri (ca, za). hokoyo interj.; look out I take care I hokoyo kuna N.! woe to N. HOSI homa (ya, dza), n.; a hard ball (like hockey ball). homba (ya, dza), n.; a snail-shell. See hozhwe (ya, dza). hombekombe (ra, a), n., Ze.; bank (of river); syn. gombe (ra, pi. mak. a), Ma.; Biriri (ra, a), Nd.; and see mhiri (ya). hombge (ya, dza), n.; Ka., a deep hollow vessel; Ze., anything hollow; Nd., bracken. hombora (ya, dza), n.; a kind of snake. home (ya, dza), n., Ma., Nd.; a small bag, pocket; syn. mbudu (ya, dza); hobodo (ya, dza), Ka.; nyede (ya, dza), Nd. hona (ya, dza), n., Ka., var. pl. mahona (a); bone; see pfupa (ra, a). hondo (ya, dza), n.; war; army; Ka., an enemy; a heron (var. kondo, ya, dza); syn. pfumo (ra, a), Ka. (lit. spear, as in other dialects); muregga (wa, ya), rebellion; nkondo (ya, dza), N. dial. hondohwe (ya, dza), n., Ma., Ze.; ram (of sheep). See gondohwe (ra, a). hono, adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; male. See -kono. honye (ya, dza), n.; worm; mag- got; syn. gonye (ra, a), Ka.; andsee harati (ya, dza), an edible kind of caterpillar. hogo, hugu, adv.; yes; var. hogu. hope (ya, dza), n.; sleep; dream; Ma., Nd., also face; ndabatwa ne- hope, I am sleepy; -rinda h., Ze.; -nata hope, Ka.; -rara hope, Ma., to sleep. horera (ya, dza), n., Ma.; the sting (of the bee), see rumbovera (rwa, a). horwe (ya, dza), n., Ze. (Hera); partridge; see cikwari (ca, ea). hosha (ya, dza), n.; sickness; dis- ease; see denda (ra, pl. mat. a). hosi (ya, dza), n., var. pi. vahosi (va); a first wife; esp. a chief's first wife; in Ka. the second wife of chief is called vagota (va), third and other wives, muroxjgo (wa, va); in Ze. the second and later wives are simply vakadzi (oa); the whole group of wives, murojgo (wa, va); in Ma. all HOTA wives of chief, muroggo (wa, va); chief wife, hosi or mukaragga (wa va). hota (ya, dza), n.; canna-seed. hotora (ya, dza), n., Ze.; he-goat. See gotora (ra, a). -hotsira, vb. int., Ka.; to sneeze; der. -hotsidzwa, intense ; syn. -itsura, -etsura, -etsemura, -otsira (Ma.). hova (ra, a), n., Ka.; banana (fruit); cp. muhova (wa, ya), the tree; and see hoBo. hova (dza), n.; pl. of rukova, river. hove (ya, dza), n.; fish; der. kakove (ka, twa), a small fish. howa (hwa, no pl.), n., Ze., Ma.; mushroom (gen. name); syn. Bgowa (bga), Ka.; cowa (ca), Nd., Ma. hozhwe (ya, dza), n.; a snail; cp. homba (ya, dza), a snail shell. hozi (ya, dza), n., Ma.; hut for storing bins maturea) of meal and grain; gen. contains also sleeping- place for unmarried boys or girls; see imba. hubga (ya, dza), Ka., huhwa (hwa), Nd.; a kind of axe; a battle- axe. huku (ya, dza), n.; the common fowl; syn. nkuku (ya, dza), N.E. dial. hukute (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a water- snake. huma (ya, dza), n., Ma., Ka., Nd.; forehead; syn. mhanza (ya, dza), Ze.; mhazha (ya, dza), Ka. humba (ya, dza); Ma., pig (esp. as totem name); Ze., wild pig; house-tick; Ka., a poisonous tick. See jguruve (ya, dza). humUe (ya, dza), n., Ka., Nd.; a party for hoeing, a hoeing bee '; a reciprocal arrangement between neigh- bours so as to get a lot done in short time in one place after another; Ma., gumje (ra, a); and cp. nhimbi (ya, dza) and jaigano (ra, a). humuija (ra, a), n., Ze.; mumps; see magwirikwinya (a). hunde (1) (ya, dza), n.; Ze., a large tree; Ka., the stem or trunk of a tree; Ma., a tree-stump; (2) adv. Ma.; yes; syn. eehu, Ma.; huggu, HWAENZE hoggu, Ze.; hogo, Ka.; eya, e, he- kani, yevo, evo, etc. hundi (ya, no pl.), n.; chaff, bran (of grain threshed); syn. windi (ya, dza), Ka.; makoto (a), Ma., Nd.; and see guva (ra, a), Ka. huni (dza, sing. rare rukuni rwa); firewood; sing. one piece of firewood; iiyga rehuni, a bundle of firewood; danda (ra, a), a log for firewood. hunza (ya, dza), n., Ma., Nd.; a pit (to trap game); syn. Ka., huzha (ya, dza); and see gomba (ra, a). hugga (ya, dza), n.; a kind of eel. huggurubge (ya, dza), n. See hurugguhwe (ya, dza). hupi (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a maize cob with the grains on; cp. Ze., guri (ra, a), Ma., gwere (ra, a). hura (ya, dza), n.; ears of millet (rukwcza) and of Kafir corn (mla- pfunde), but not of maize. huro (ya, dza), n.; the throat; dcr. hurwana (ya, dza), dimin., the gul- let; gurokuro (ra, a), larynx, voice- box, windpipe. huru, adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; big, great; sec -kuru. hurugguhwe (ya, dza), n., Ma.; a bare, rounded rock; any rounded stone or pebble. Cp. huggurubge (ya, dza), Ka., of any large loose stone; and -uuruggana, to be round. husha (ya, dza), n.; a whip-lash; syn. Ka., rukusha (rwa, pl. husha dza). hute (ya, dza), n.; a wild plum, something like a damson; fruit of the mukute (wa, ya). huva (ya, dza), n.; a raised place in hut for standing pots on; sec -teura and cp. cikuva (ca, ea). huwi. See -ridza h. huyo (ya, dza), n.; the upper grindstone in hand grinding. See ibge (ra, a). huzha (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a game- pit; see hunza (ya, dza). hwaenze (lhwa), n., Ma.; the shoulders, strictly the back between the shoulders; pahwaenze paygu, said by a man carrying a child on HWAHWA his back with one leg over each shoulder. hwahwa (hwa, no pl.), Ze.; beer (strong). See doro (ra). hwai (ya, dza), n.; sheep; syn. gwai (ra, pl. maak. a); dim. hwaiana (ya, dza), lamb, Ze.; hahwai (ka, twa), lamb, Nd. hwambo (hwa), n., Ma., Nd.; bait; syn. bgago (bga). hwagga (hwa, no pl.), n., Ma.; native 'medicines' used as charms for any evil purpose; see bgaiga (bga), Ka. -hwara, vb. int.; Nd., to hide one- self, see -vanda; Ma., to escape from, escape. hwarasanza (hwa), n., Nd.; plat- form; scaffold; table; see dara (ra, a). hwari (ya, dza), n.; partridge; see cikwari (ca, ea). -hwata, vb. int., Ma.; to squat (in order to hide); see -Bgata, Ka. hwedza, adv.; tomorrow, Ze.; day after tomorrow, Ma.; Ze., kusuera hwedza, the day after tomorrow. Cp. wedza (ya, dza), Ka., a milking vessel. hwema (hwa), n.; odour; scent; syn. Bgema (bga) and gwema (ra, a)r Ka. hwerekwere (ya, dza), n.; part- ridge; see cikwari (ca, za). hwi, adv.; no; gen. conveys sur- prise at being asked the question; see kwete. -hwihwinya, vb. int.; to shine, glitter; glisten (e.g., of ox in good condition); der. from radical hwihwi. Cp. bgi bgi and -bgibginya and hwiri hwiri. -hwira, vb. tr., Nd.; to eat by throwing dry food into mouth; syn. -bgira. -hwirira, vb. int.; to return, come back; der. -hwiridza, give back, send back; -hwiridzira, to repeat, do over again. hwiza (ya, dza), n.; giraffe; see swiza (ya, dza). I i-pron. as in French or Italian, not as in many English words. -i-, (1) tense infix giving a sense of habitual action in past time-e.g., taiyenda, we used to go, or simply we went, with the habitual sense so implicit in the context that it needs no emphasis (such as 'used to') in translation. (2) Used predicatively as follows with nouns of (ya, dza) and (ra) classes; ibiza, it's. a horse; iyombe, it's cattle, they are cattle. (3) -i or -yi, suffix with impera- tives, and, in Ze., also with obj. cone. -ku- (2nd pers.), to make a plural; e.g., sing. nuya, come thou; pl. vuyai, vuyayi, come ye; and in Ze., vanokiuda, they want you (sing.), vanokudai, they want you (pl.). (4) -ii. (or -iyi or -inyi, Ma.); what?; e.g., unodei (-eyi, -enyi), what do you want? where in all three cases the e results from coal- escence of -a- and -i-. (5) i-, subj. pron. cone. agr. with sing. n. of (ya, dza) class; as infix, -i-, obj. pron. cone. for the same nouns. ibge (ra, a), n.; stone; var. bge (ra, a); cibge (ca, ea); syn. buwe (ra, a), Ma., Nd.; Zihwe (ra, pl. maahwe a), Ma.; (boulder) dombo (ra, a); (flat rock) ruware (rwa, a); (lower grindstone) guyo (ra, a); (upper grindstone) huyo (ya, dza); (soapstone) munyaka, munyakwe (wa, ya); (small grindstone for snuff) mhondo (ya, dza), Ma. ibgo, pers. pr. standing for sing. n. of vu- prefix; it; e.g., vupfu bgake ndibgo, his flour that's it, or his flour is it; novupfu nabgo, with flour also (lit. and it). ibva, sing. imperative of -bva, to come out; e.g., ibva! get out I (or come out I) -ibva, vb. int.; to be ripe; to be well cooked. ibvi (ra, a), n.; the knee; var. bvi (ra, a), Ka.; cibvi (ca, ga), Ko. iBa (ra, pl. mai6a a), n., Nd.; a grave; see guva (ra, a). ici, dem. pr. agr. with sing. n. of (ca, ga) class; placed before or after its noun; this (near); e.g., cigaro ici, this chair (here). ico, (1) pers. pr. standing for sing. n. of (ca, Za) class; it; e.g., ndico, that is it; cigaro naco, the chair too (lit. and it); (2) dem. pr. agr. with sing. n. of (ca, Za) class, gen. after its noun; that (there); e.g., cigaro ico, that chair (there). -idza, vb. tr., Ka.; to measure; to try, tempt; to become light, to dawn ; der. ciidzo (ca, ga), scales, measure; -idzisa, to sit up all night till dawn; -idziwa, pass.; idzo (ya, dza), trial, experiment. idzi, dem. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (ya, dza) class, before or after its noun; these (near); e.g., yombe idzi or idzi yombe, these cattle (here). idzo, (1) pers. pr. standing for pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; they, them; e.g., neyombe nadzo, with thecattle too (lit. and them); yombe idzi ndi- dzo, these cattle are they; (2) dem. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (ya, dza) class, gen. after its n.; those (there); e.g., pombe idzo, those cattle. idea, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; new; var. itra; see -tga. idi (ra), n.; truth; e.g., idiko here? is that true? diko it is true I munhu wedi, a truthful man, a real man; idikol really you don't say sol ygedi (nedi), truly. -idu, suffix part of poss. adj. or pron. requiring poss. cone. for prefix, see Table I.n; our, ours; note that the -a- of the cone. always coalesces with the -i- of -idu to produce -e-; e.g., cigaro cedu (for ca-idu), our chair; ndi (Ma., yge) cedu, it is ours. igo (ra, pl. mago a), n.; a hornet or wasp; var. go (ra, a), Ka. ihwo, pers. pr. standing for n. of (hwa) class; he, it. iko, pers. pr. standing for sing. nouns of (ka, twa) and (kwa) classes; he, it; e.g., kana aka ndiko, this small child is he; kambudzi ako ndi- ko, that little goat is the one; no- kuda nako, with love too (lit. and it). -imba, vb. int.; to sing; der. INYI -imbira, sing to or for; -imbisa, to sing loudly or much, to precent; muimbi (wa, va), a singer. imba (ya, dza), n.; house; collec- tive pl. dzimba, all the houses in one place; syn. umba (ya, dza), Ma.; nyumba (ya, dza), Nd.; mhatso, mphatso (ya, dza), Nd.; (h. of chief) gumba (ya, dza), Ka.; nyagga (ya, dza), Ma.; (h. of headman) zhombge (ya, dza), Ma.; (h. of unmarried) gota (ra, a); dare (ra, a), Ka.; Buwa (ra, a), Nd.; kora (ra, a), Ma.; (deserted h.) daggwaza (ra, a), Ka.; doggo (ra, a); (h. for storing grain) hozi (ya, dza), Ma. imbga (ya, dza), n.; dog; dim. imbganana (ya, dza), puppy; cp. hand (ya, dza) and kambganana (ka, twa) for puppy; imbgakadzi (ya, dza), bitch; (male) tsonzoro (ya, dza). imi, imii, 2nd pers. pl. pron. (apart from vb.); you, pl.; sometimes reduplicated, imimi, imiimii. imo, pers. pr. standing for loca- tives in mu-; e.g., mumba ndimo, in the house that's wherein. imvi (dza), n.; white hair. See vudzi (ra, a). -inda, vb. int.; to go; der. -indisa, to cause to go, to send or take (to); -indidzana, to be on visiting terms; -indika, to make progress; -indirira, to make further progress; -indirwa, to be travelled, used (of a road). inda (ya, dza), n.; a louse; var. nda (ya, dza), Ka. ini, inini, pers. pr. apart from vb.; I, me; ini mene, ini mbune, I my- self; ndini, it is I; vakavona ini, they saw me. ino, (1) dem. pr. agr. with pl. n. of (wa, ya) class or sing. n. of (ya, dza) class, always after its noun; e.g., miti ino, these trees; umba ino, this house; (2) loc. adv. Ma.; here; wuye-no (for wuya-ino), come here; and cp. neno (na-ino). inyi? interrog. pron. and adj.; what? what sort of? cinyi icil what (thing) is this? unodenyil what do you want? munhunyil what sort of man? Commonly contracted inspeech, IDGWE esp. in Ka. and Ze., to -ii; e.g., unodei! what do you want? munhu wei? what sort of man? iggwe (ya, dza), n.; leopard; syn. ggwe (ya, dza), Ka.; khamba (ra, a), Ma., Nd.; mbada (ya, dza); dindijgwe (ra, a), dial. -ipa, vb. int.; to be bad; syn. -shata; -nyazjgara; and see -uora; adj. form, -akaipa; der. -ipisa, to make bad, spoil. ipapo, loc. adv.; there yonder; ipapo naipapo, again and again; ipopo naipopo, again and again. ipo, pers. pr. standing for locatives in pa-; e.g., pano ndipo pakanaka, here it is pleasant; pamusha napo, at the village also. ipopo, conj.; so; and so . . -ir, num. adj.; two, Ma., Nd. See -viri. iro, (1) pers. pron. standing for sing. n. of (ra, a) class; it; e.g., iri bayga ndiro, this knife is it; 6agga rako naro, your knife too (lit. and it); (2) dem. pr. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; that (there); e.g., 5ayga iro, that knife (there). irwo, pers. pr. standing for sing. n. of (rwa) class; it; e.g., rwendo rwedu irwo ndirwo, our journey that is it; norwendo narwo, with a jour- ney also (lit. and it). -isa, vb. tr.; to put, place, set. See -yisa. ishe, she (wa, pl. vashe va, Ka. madzishe a.); chief (of small dis- trict or village); Ka., a paramount chief. See mambo (wa, va). ishwa (ya, dza), n.; the flying white ants, termites. isu, isisu, pers. pr. apart from vb.; we, us. -ita, vb. tr.; to do; to make; der. -itwa, pass.; -itika, to be done, be capable of being done; -itira, -itirwa, act. and pass., to do, be done, to or for; -itisa, to make (someone) do, cause to do; magiita, thank you (lit. you have done it). itga, adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; new; see -tga. itgo (ya, dza), n.; the kidney; var. ipgo, Ma. itwo, pers. pr. standing for pl. n. of (ka, twa) class; they, them; e.g., tumbudzi utwo nditwo, those small goats are they; tumbudzi natwo, the small goats also (lit. and them). ivu (ra, a), n.; earth; soil; ground; clay; syn. vu (ra, a), Ka. iuo, pers. pr. standing for pl. n. of (wa, va) class; they, them; e.g., ivo ndivnaani? who are they? ndivo, it is they; navo, with them, and they. iwo, pers. pr.; it, them; standing for (1) sing. n. of (wa, ya) class, or (2) pl. n. of (ra, a) class, or any noun of ma- prefix-e.g., muti uyo ndiwo, that tree is the one; mazuva ano nawo, these days also (lit. and them). iya, dem. adj. agr. with pl. n. of (wa, ya) class and sing. n. of (ya, dza) class, placed after its noun; that, those (referred to before, out of sight); e.g. yombe iya, that ox (that, we were talking of); miti iya, those trees (out of sight). iye, pers. pr. standing for sing. n. of (wa, va) class; he, him; e.g., iye ndiani? who is he? ndiye, it is he; ucayenda naye (naiye), you shall go with him. iyi, dem. adj. agr. with pl. noun of (wa, ya) class or sing. n. of (ya, dza) class; before or after its noun; these (near by); this; e.g., miti iyi, these trees; iyi nzira, this path. iyo, (1) dem. adj. agr. with pl. n. of (wa, ya) class and sing. n. of (ya, dza) class, gen. after its noun; those (there); that (there); e.g., miti iyo, those trees; imba iyo, that house; (2) dem. pr. standing for these nouns; it, them; e.g., ndiyo miti yakanaka, they are the good trees; nzira yedu nayo, our path too (lit. and it.) izwi (ra, a), n.; word; voice; (in pl.) news; (in music), tone of voice, speech tone, note; syn. shoko, soko (ra, a); dama (ra, a); guhu (ra, a), Ka. iZi, dem. adj. agr. with pl. n. of (ca, Za) class, before or after its noun; these (near); e.g., eigaro iFi or ifi gigaro, these chairs (here). iZo, (1) dem. adj. agr. with pl. n. of (ca, Za) class; gen. after its noun; those (there); e.g., Zigaro igo, those chairs (there); (2) pers. pr. standing for pl. n. of (ca, Za) class; they, them; e.g., ndigo, those are they, hence idiomatically, ndieo and ndi- toao, yes; that's it; just so; truly; netigaro nago, and the chairs too. J j-pronounced as in Eng. jam. Note: In Fr. Biehler's Dict. j stands for the sound zh, as the z in Eng. azure, the j in French je. This sound is here represented by zh; thus zhi- zha, rainy season, not jija. jaha (ra, a), n.; young man (of marriageable age); syn. jaya (ra, a), mujaya (wa, va), mukomana (wa, va), tgimborume, gimborume (ya, dza). -jaira, vb. int., Ze. (Hera); to be accustomed or used to (person, place); der. -jaidza, to accustom, make (per- son) accustomed. See -rovera. jambga (ra), n., Ma.; ill-luck, misfortune, a false accusation; adj. -nejambga, unlucky; falsely accused; syn. njodzi (ya, dza), Ka.; (ill-luck) ropa rakaipa, Ka.; see ropa (ra, a) and rushambga (rwa). jana (ra, a), n., Ma.; a turn; -ita majana, to take turns (at work, etc.) ; ijana raygu, it's my turn; var. ci- jana (ca, Za); syn. dzoro (ra, a), Ka.; and see -ravana. -janyaura, vb. int.; to use bad or filthy language; to be rude; var. Ze., -jenyaura. jaggano (ra, a), n.; a mutual plan by which several friends or neigh- bours join in hoeing the lands of each in turn; a hoeing bee'; syn. humge (ya, dza), gumje (ra, a); and cp. nhimbi (ya, dza) where the induce- JOKWE ment is a beer-drink on the field; ijaygano raggu, it is my hoeing party. jaggo (ra, a); Ka., zaggo (ra, a), n.; a charm (Ka., worn round the neck; Ma., worn by children). jasi (ra, a), i., for.; an overcoat, raincoat; var. jazi (ra, a). jaya (ra, a), mujaya (wa, va), n.; young man (of marriageable age). See jaha (ra, a). jeca (ra, a), n.; sand. See rushe- sha (rwa). jedye (ra, pl. macedye a), n., Nd.; frog. See daft (ra, a). jeke (ra, pl. maj. a), n.; a winter garden, gen. by bank of stream. Cp. doro (ra, a). jeko (ra, a), n., for. (?sickle); a sickle. jembere, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; old (past bearing). See -cembere. jena, adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ra, a) class; white; e.g., biza jena, a white horse. See -cena. jena-guru (ra), n.; the full moon. jero (ra, a), n., Ma.; age, size; e.g., tiri (we) jero rimyero, we are (of) the same age; var. Ka. zero (ra, a); uyo wezero raygu, he is of my age. jeye (ra, a), n.; a joke, jest, piece of fun; -ita jeye, to be in jest; -taura jeye, to talk in jest. jezi (ra, a), n., Ma.; a flood. Cp. Boporodzi (ra, a), Ka., of heavy rain and wind. jinda (ra, pi. mac. a), n.; (1) Ze., a chief's son, grown up and estab- lished as head in his own village; (2) young bees in their cells; (3) (ra, pl. maj. a) fledgling birds. jira (ra, pl. maj. a, sometimes macira a), n.; cloth; syn. iguuo, aguwo (ya, dza); muceka (wa, ya), Ka.; Biza (ra, a), Ko. jokocera (ra, a), n., Ma.; a bush; in pl. a bushy place, copse, shrub- bery. See salgo (ra, a). jokoso (ra, a), n., Nd.; a spear. See pfumo (ra, a). jokwe (ra, a), n., for.; a yoke; Ze. sometimes, joki (ra, a). JONI joni (ra, a), n., for.; a soldier or policeman. See mujoni (wa, va). -jonjora, vb. int., Ma.; to squint. jono, -ita jono, vb. int., Ma.; to snore. See gonono, Ka.; igoro- dodo, Ze. joggwe (ra, a), n.; cock-bird of any sort; e.g., joygwe rehuku, re- ujisa, etc. joti, joto (ra, a), n.; iron brace- let; pl. maj. a is used of a chain. jovera (ra), var. njovera (ya), n.; syphilis. juru (ra, a), n.; white ant, ter- mite; syn. mushwati (wa, ya), Ze.; mutswa (wa, ya), Nd.; mucenje (wa, ya); ishwa (ya, dza). Note: In termite colony the majuru are the soldiers, micenje the workers, ishwa the flying ones on a nuptial flight, mai reshwa or Ka. gonye reshwa the queen; and mutate (Ma.) those found exploring in earthen tunnels in houses; guruhumbga, a small species making small, dome-like mounds called cififa (Ze.), citsope (Ma.), and civuru (Ka.), which are found in open country. K k-pronounced as in Eng. kin; when the sound is followed by marked aspiration this is indicated by kh. Ex. khamba, leopard (Ma., Nd.), where the aspiration must be shown to distinguish from kamba, tortoise. ka, (1) it; subj. and obj. pron. cone. for nouns of (ka, twa) class. (2) ka- prefixed to a cardinal number makes it adverbial, (so many) times; e.g., he came five times, wakavuya kashanu; kashoma, a few times, sel- dom; kazhinji, many times, often; kaygani? kaygana how many times ? syn. ru- is used in the same way in -KAIRA Ka. (3) ka-, dimin. prefix, may be added to almost any noun stem to make a diminutive, e.g., kamhedu, a small bit, from mhedu (ya, dza), a bit. Note that the ka- is prefixed to the stem, which can generally be found by nutting off the conc, prefix of the pl.; e.g., kakomo, dim. from gomo (pl. makomo), a hill; kapadza, dim. from Oadza (pl. mapadza), hoe; kana or kamyana, dim. from mVana, child; kakove, dim. from hove, fish; only a few diminutives are entered in this vocabulary because they can easily be traced from their stems. -ka-, a tense formative of past tense used in consecutive narrative after the first -aka- past; e.g., ndaka- vuya, ndikavona, ndikakurira, I came, I saw, I conquered. kabanzi (ka, twa), n.; a splinter. See -Banzura, Banzu (ra, a). -kabida, -kabita, vb. int.; to lap water (as a dog); to drink from the hand; syn. -kapa, -kapita. kabudura (ka, no pl.), n.; shorts. See burukwa. -kaca, vb. tr.; to pound (with a stone); to eat sadza (porridge) with- out murioo (relish) =Ma. -katsa; and cp. -twa. kacece (ka, twa), n.; a baby. -kacidza, vb. tr., Ze.; to tickle (of a tickling in the throat; e.g., nda- kakacidzwa, I was made to cough. -kadzi, adj.; female; for proper adj. conc. see Table I.c and note that for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class -kadzi becomes hadzi, and for sing. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes gadzi. kafudzagombe (ka, twa), n.; the tick-bird, cattle egret (follows cattle and picks ticks off them). kagumi, num. adv.; ten times; wakavuya kagumi, he came ten times. -kahadzika, vb. int., Ka.; to be as- tonished. See -shama. -kaira, vb. int.; to be insufficient, fall short; der. kairira, to fail to reach to, e.g., of a ladder or pole too short; -kairirwa na-, to be short of, to lack. 48 -KAKA -kaka, vb. int.; to be stiff (of a person or thing that moves with diffi- culty). See cikaka (ca, ea). -kakamira, vb. int., Ka.; to stam- mer; syn. -dzadzama, Ze.; -mamata, Ma. kakara (ka, twa), n., Ze.; a small animal; dim. of cikara (ca, ea), wild animal. kakare, adv., Ze.; again. -kakata, vb. tr., Ka.; to drag, draw, pull; der. -kakatira, appl. See -kweva. -kakavara, vb. tr.; to oppose, dis- pute (in words). -kama, vb. tr.; to milk; der. -ka- misa, caus. and intense ; -kamiwa, pass.; -kamira, appl. kamba (wa, pl. vak. va), Ma., Nd.; a tortoise; dist. from khamba (ra, a), leopard. -kamba, vb., Ka.; to scent (as of dogs); Ze., kamba myea, to smell, inhale scent; and see -femba. -kambaira, vb. int.; to crawl, creep. kamera (ra, a), n.; Nd. (from Port.?); a room; also Ka., a camel. See imba (ya, dza); nZimbo (ya, dza); ugaro (hwa). kamhutu (ka, twa), n.; (1) Ma., a sip, a small taste; cp. -quta, Ka., to sip; -dzutura, to sip; (2) Ze., a mosquito, gnat; see utugga (hwa). -kamina, vb. int., Ka.; to be lame; to limp; syn. Ze., -gumina; Ma., -tsumina, -tsamina. kamiro (ya, dza), n., Ka., var. hamiro (ya, dza); a milking vessel; milk pail; syn. Ma., mutumba (wa, ya). kamge, adv.; once; at once, all together; in another place, else- where; cp. pamie. -kamura, vb. tr.; (1) Nd., to wring out, squeeze; see -gina. (2) Ze., Ka., Ma., to lessen, to divide, to take away some. kana, coni.; (1) Ka., Ze.; if; kana ucida, if you wish. (2) Ma., although, even if; even; or; e.g., kana ndicitaura, though I speak, even if I speak; kana 6a6a ndamu- vona, I saw even father; kana uyu, -KADGANISO kana uyo, either this man or that; whether-this one or that. -kana, vb., Ma.; to fight; -kana na N., to fight with N., to fight N.; der. -kanidza, contradict; and see -rwa. kana (ka, twa), n.; a small child, dim. of mgana; var. kamiana (ka, twa). -kanda, vb. tr.; to throw; der. -kandira, throw at; to lay (eggs); -kandira hakata, to throw the ' bones' (or dice) for divining (or gaming); see -vuka. kandiro (ka, twa), n.; a small plate; a saucer. kandyera (ra, a), n., for.; a candle; for pronunciation see -dy-. kani? interrog. particle; cp. here. Kani seems to indicate more surprise on the questioner's part than here does. kani-kani, -ita k.; to shine, glitter (of any bright thing); hence -kani- kira, to be polished, to shine. kano, dem. adj. agr. with sing. n. of (ka, twa) class, always after its noun; this (near); e.g., kambudzi kano, this small goat (here). -kanuka, vb. int.; to be aston- ished; see -shama; der. kanukisa, int., to astonish, fascinate. -kanya, vb. tr.; to knead; Ka., to digest; der. -kanyira, appl.; -kanya- nisa, to mix. kanyenye (ka, twa), n.; a small lamb or kid; Ze., a weevil; syn. Ka., bgizana, dim. of gwai (ya, dza). -kagga, vb. tr.; to fry; der. ha- ggiro, frying pan. See -goca. -kaggaidza, vb. tr.; to confuse, perplex; pass. -kajgaidzwa; var. -kagganidza. kaggani? kargani-ko? interrog.; how often? syn. ruigani? ruggana? -kagganisa, vb. tr. and int.; to make a mistake; do wrong; miss the path; to cause to forget; to confuse, perplex; cp. -kaggaidza; -kayganisa myedzi, to miscarry (of woman); der. karganiso (ya, dza), a mistake. kagganiso (ya, dza), n.; a mis- take. See -kagganisa. -KADGANWA -kagganwa, vb. tr., var. Ka. -ka- igagwa; to forget; der. -kagga- ijwira, to forgive (Ka.); -kagganisa, -kagganidza, to mix up, confuse; do wrong; -kagganika, to be forgotten. -kapa, -kapita, vb. tr.; to lap up (as a dog); to drink water from the hand; syn. -kabida. -kapadza, vb. int.; to shake the head (in scorn). kapadza (ka, twa), n.; a small hoe; dim. of Badza. kapfariwari (Ka, pl. tumapfariwari twa), n., Ma.; a spark; see sase (ra, a); kapf. kemunhu, a hot-head, a fiery person. kapuka (ka, twa), n.; a small animal, an insect, any small living creature; dim. of mhuka (ya, dza); var. cipuka (ca, ta); syn. kakara (ka, twa). kapundu (ka, twa), n.; a dot, a point. See Bundu (ra, a). -kapura, vb. tr.; to pull up weeds; to skim off dirt. -kara, vb. int.; to have a craving for meat, be gluttonous in eating (meat); der. -karira, to long for, crave for (meat). kare, adv.; some time ago; before. Note following series: kakare, a short time ago; kare, some time ago; ka- karekare, a good time ago; karekare, very long ago; nakare nakare, ever, always. karikwarikwa (ka, twa), n., Ze.; pit of stomach; uvula; pulse; var. kadikwadikwa, cidikwadikwa. karize (ka, twa), n.; scorpion; dim. of rize (ra, a); syn. rize (ra, a); cinyaridi (ca, ga), Ka. -karudza, vb. tr., Ka., Nd.; to startle; der. -karuka, be startled; syn. -patidza, -bvumbutsa. -karuka, vb. int., Ka., Nd.; to be astonished. See -shama; and see -karudza. -kasa, vb. int.; to stop (of rain); e.g., mvura yakasa, the rain has stopped. Cp. Ka., -gasa, to stop (of rain or anything). kasemo (ka, twa), n.; a small splinter; -sempa, to get a splinter into one; cp. rusemo (rwa), Ka., KETANI small splinter; and note Ze., rusemo (rwa), hatred. kashoma, adv.; seldom, a few times. kasikana (ka, twa), n.; a young girl. See musikana. -kasira, vb. int., Nd.; to hurry; to be fast. See -kurumidza. -kata, vb. tr.; to coil, coil up; en- tangle; der. -katana, to be coiled, coil (intr.), be tangled; hata (ya, dza), a coil. katiyo, (ka, twa), n., Ze.; a chick. See rutiyo (rwa, pl. nhiyo dza). -katsa, vb.; to eat porridge (sadza) without relish; var. -kaca, Ka.; syn. -temura, Ka., Nd. katsuri (ka, twa), n.; a whistle; a blade of corn. See tsuri (ya, dza). katguku (ka, twa), n.; a baby (up to a few days old). -katyamara, vb. int., Ka.; to be astonished; see -shama; der. -katya- madza, to astonish; katyamadzo (ya, dza), a wonder. For pronunciation see under ty. -kavira, vb. tr.; .to plant seed mealiess, beans, which are not broad- cast). See ciBarwe (ca, va). -kawura, vb.; to cease from (do- ing). Cp. -rega., kaya, dem. adj. agr. with sir,. n. of (ka, twa) class, always after its noun; that (referred to, out of sight); e.g., kambudzi kaya, that kid (we spoke of). -kaya, vb. tr., Nd.; to pick (flowers, fruit, etc.). See -tanha. -kaza, vb. tr.; to warn; frighten; hesitate; der. -kazira, dissuade. kazhinji, adv.; many times, often; syn. ruzhinji (in some dialects). -kekedza, vb. int.; to giggle, laugh; var. -ti ke ke ke. kereke (ya, dza), n., Ka.; church; var. kirike, Ze.; ceci, Ma.; ciara, Nd. -kerekedza, vb. int.; to cackle. keri (ya), n.; address for a letter; der. from the common c/o . on letters; e.g., handizivi keri yake, I don't know his address. ketani (ra, a), n.,for.; a chain. See gedani (ra, a) and majoti (a), Ma. KHAMBA khamba (ra, a), n., Ma., Nd.; leopard. See ijgwe (ya, dza). khora (ra, a), n., Ma.; sleeping hut of unmarried boys (or of un- married girls). See imba (ya, dza). kirike (ra, a), n., Ze.; church. See kereke (ya, dza). kitsi (wa, va), n.; cat (tame), from Eng. and very commonly used. See maggove. -kiya, vb., for. (Eng., key); to lock; cp. kiyi (ya, dza), a key, a lock; -kiyinura, vb., to unlock. -ko, (1) locative suffix; e.g., kupi- ko? where? ibva-ko, get out from there. (2) Poss. cone. suffix for 2nd pers. sing., thy; e.g., cigaro cako, your (thy) chair. See Table III. -kobvu, adj.; thick; stout, strong; for proper adj. cone. see Tables I.c and II.; and note that for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class -kobvu be- comes hobvu; and for sing.. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes gobvu; e.g., cinhu cikobvu, a thick thing; imbga hobvu, stout dog or dogs; 6aygo gobvu, thick pole; hence -kobvuma- ra, Ka.; kobvuka, Ze., to be thick. -kobvuka, -kobvumara, to be thick. See -kobvu. -koca, vb. tr., Nd.; to roast. Sec -goca. -koceka, -kocekera, vb. tr.; to hang up (on hook); to hook up; der. -kocekedza, kocekedzanisa, to hang up; -kocekerwa, pass.; -koconora, to unhook, take off nail; syn. -kore- kedza. -koconora, vb. tr.; to unhook, un- link; take down from hook or nail. See -koceka. -kodza, vb. tr.; to thicken, make fat; der. from -kora. -kodzera, vb. tr.; to suit, fit, be becoming to; syn. -nakira. -kodzogga, vb. tr.; to stir (por- ridge, etc.). -koka, vb. tr.; to call together, in- vite; der. -kokera, appl. See -da- vidza. koko, locative adv.; there; over there. -kokora, vb. tr.; to scrape (esp. a pot). See -kwegga. -KOPERA -kokota, vb. tr.; to scrape (pot or plate); Ma., to clean fingers or pots, to clean up; Ka., to eat remains out of pot. See -kwegga. -koma, vb. int.; (1) to be blunt (of tools, etc.); syn. -komara; -ua gweshe; -funuka, Nd.; -fondoka; -dumara. (2) To be unwilling, to refuse; syn. -komera, tr. -komara, vb. int.; to be blunt (of tools, etc.). See -koma. -komba; (1) vb. tr., to surround; hem in; bend round; go round the roof in thatching; der. -kombama, to be bent; -kombera, -komberedza, -kombamisa, to bend; cp. -poterera. (2) vb. int., to be strange, wonderful, Ka.; be beautiful, Ze. -komborera, vb. tr.; to give liber- ally to; to bless; der. -komborerwa, to be lucky; to be blessed; cikombo- rero (ca, Za), a blessing. -kona, vb. tr. and int.; tr. to de- feat, make to fail; e.g., kurima kwandikona, I cannot dig; i.e., dig- ging has beaten me; der. -konesa, to make impossible, e.g., wandikonesa, you have made it impossible for me (to work or do some implied action), hence, you have interrupted or hin- dered me; -koniwa, to be unable, be beaten; but note Ka., -kona, to be unable; be impossible. -konesa, vb. tr., Ka.; to make im- possible, hinder. See -kona. -koniwa, vb. int.; to fail, be un- able. See -kona. -kono, adj.; male; for prop. adj. conc. see Table .c, and note that for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class -kono becomes hono; and for sing. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes gono, but that for hono and gono there is more often heard 'mukono we . .', e.g. mukono weyombe, wembga, etc.; lit. the male of cattle, of dog, etc. konopo (ya, dza), n., for.; a but- ton; der. -konopera, to button; -konopora, to unbutton; syn. ku- numbu (ya, dza), Nd.; gopero (ya, dza), Ze.; butawu (ya, dza), Ma. -kopera, vb. tr., Nd.; to beckon, beckon to. See -ninira. -KORA -kora, vb. int.; to be fat; to be or become thick (of milk, etc.); der. -korisa, fatten; -kodza, to make thick; -korera, app., to bear patient- ly, Ma. kora (ra, a), n., Ma. See khora (ra, a), sleeping hut. -korekedza, vb. tr.; to hang up (on a hook); hook up. See -kocekera. -koromoka, vb. int.; (1) to roll, roll down; der. -koromotsa caus. to roll down (tr.); -koromotsera, to roll (e.g., stones) down on to. See -kugguruka. (2) To fall down, come down (of a hut). -koromora, vb. tr. ; to pull down, demolish; der. -koromoka (2). -koroora, vb. tr., Ma.; to pluck, esp. of plucking mealie cobs from stalk. See -kowa, -tanha. kose kose; Ma., kwese kwese, adv.; everywhere, in every direc- tion. -kosha, vb.; (1) int., to be dear; to be precious, costly; syn. -dura, to be expensive. (2) tr. Ka., to twist string (Ze., Ma., -kosa). -koshora, vb. int., Ka.; to cough. See -kosora. -kosora, vb. int.; to cough; der. -kosodza, -kosoresa, to make to cough; syn. Ka., -koshora; Nd., -kotsora. -kotama, vb. int.; to bow, bend, stoop down; der. -kotamira, to bow to; to lap up water; -kotamisa, to cause to bow. Cp. -komba, -gonya, -peta. -kotsa, vb. tr.; (1) Ma., to keep, keep (in store); lay by; see -ceggeta; (2) Ka., to enquire into (a case), to cross-question. -kotsira, vb. int. (Ma. prefers -ku- tsira); to be sleepy; to sleep, doze; see -vata; der. -kotsirisa, to quiet a child. -kotsira, vb. int., Ma.; to sneeze. See -hotsira. -kotsora, vb. int., Nd.; to cough. See -kosora. -kola, -kovera, etc., vb.; to divide, share. See -gova. -kovona, vb., Ka.; to peck. Cp. kovono (ya, dza). KUBVA kovono (ya, dza), n., Ka.; (of gun) the hammer. Seri clkovono, ciko- hono. -kowa, -kowera, etc., vb., Ma. ;to divide, share. See -gova. -kowera, vb.; (1) tr. Ka., to make wooden articles; (2) int. Ze., to be skilful. -kowa (-kohwa), vb. tr.; to bring in the harvest, to carry the harvest; der. -koiwa, pass., to be harvested; also to pluck mealie cobs from stalk; syn. -sodogora, -koroora; and see -tanha. ku, (1) prefix of infinitive of vb., of vbl. n. and of locatives in ku- ; it is also used impersonally; ex., kutamba kwakanaka, play is nice; kufambisa kunondinetsa, to go fast makes me tired; kuno kwakare6a, it is very high here; kunodziya nhasi, it is warm today; it is (as shown inci- dentally in ex. above) the subj. and obj. cone. agr. with locatives and in- finitives used as nouns; e.g., kumu- sha kwakanaka, handikuzivi yguvoa hurn, home is sweet, I haven't known it for a long time; -ku- is also the obj. cone. of 2nd. pers. pr. sing., you (thee), e.g., ndakakuvona, I saw you. ku, (2) locative formative or prepo- sition; to or from, towards; always with idea of motion; -ku- is used be- fore most common nouns, e.g., waka- yenda kumiusha, he went to (his) vil- lage, he went home; before most names of places nothing is used, e.g., wakayenda Harari, he went to Salisbury; before pronouns, proper names of persons, and nouns of I.A class (i.e., n. having no prefix in sing., as baba, pl. vababa) the forms kuna (kune) are used, e.g., ndaka- mutuma kuna 6a6a wake, I sent him to his father. Before names of per- sons kwa is used in sense to, from, or at N.'s place,' e.g., kwa Mutasa, to, from, or at Mutasa's town; kwa is also used before names of rivers and of towns named after rivers or persons, e.g., wakabva kwa Mutari, he came from Umtali. kubval interj., Ma.; well what KUBVIRA about it? kubva haggu (hedu, etc.), I (we, etc.) don't care; kubva hake (hako, etc.), well I what if he (does, did, has, etc.); more defiant and defi- nite than hameno, which see. See also -bvira. kubvira, kubva, (1) conj.; since- e.g., kubvira ndicipinda, since I came in; (2) prep., since, e.g., kubvira kwazuro, since yesterday. -kubvura, vb. tr.; Nd., to paddle a canoe; Ka., to stir porridge adding meal. kubani, adv., Nd.; south; lit. in the lowlands. See south. -kucidzira, vb. tr. ; -k. myoto, to stir up fire; -k. huni, to push fire- wood into fire. -kucura, vb. tr.; to jolt, give jolt to. See -zurguza. -kudza, vb. tr.; to enlarge, mag- nify, honour, praise; der. -kudzisa, to cause to enlarge (etc.); -Zikudza, to exalt oneself, boast; -kudzwa, be praised, enlarged. kudzimara, conj., Ze.; until. See -dzimara. kuda, adv., Ka.; perhaps. See -da and pamge. kudini? interrog.; what? how? See -dini. -kudubura, vb. tr.; to uncover, open; to take off flesh. -kuhunwa, vb. int.; to stumble; var. -kuhurjwa; syn. -zadzarika, Ze.; -tsatsarika, Ka.; -pumhuna, Nd.; -gumbura; der. -kuhunisa, -gumbu- sa, cause to stumble; cikuhuniso (ca, ea), stumbling block; -kuhudza, knock. kukati, adv.; to or from the middle; kukati kica, among, be- tween. Cp. pakati, mukati. -kukudza, vb. tr.; Ka., to drag fish; der. mukukudzi (wa, va), drag- net fisherman; Ma., to call fowls. -kukura, vb. tr.; Nd., to reap; gather harvest; Ze., to rake; Ka., to take everything, collect; Ka., to throw up rubbish (of a river); der. -kukurwa, pass. -kukuridza, vb. int..; to low (of cattle); to crow (of cock). -kukurudza, vb. tr.; to sweep KUN-A-(-E-) away everything; to wash away; to clean grass. -kukutu, adj.; hard; sound; well; for proper adj. conc. see Tables I.c and II.; cinhu cikukutu, a hard thing; imbga hiukutu, a sound dog; ivu gukutu, hard soil. -kuma, vb. int.; to low (of cattle); to crow (of cock). See -cema, -rira. -kumanidza, vb. tr., Nd.; to mix together; add together. See -ku- mbanidza. -kumba, vb. tr.; to gather to- gether; to loot. -kumbaira, vb. tr., Nd.; to em- brace, take in arms. See -fulgata. -kumbana (na), vb. tr.; to meet; come together (of sexual intercourse); der. -kumbanidza; -kumbanira na N., to share with N., to use a thing in common witl N. -kumbanidza, vb. tr.; to cause to meet; to add together; to mix. -kumbatidza, -kumbata. See -gu- mbata. -kumbidzana, vb. int.; to be on friendly (borrowing) terms. See -fambidzana, -indidzana. -kumbira, vb. tr.; to ask for (something); to request, beg; cp. -bvunza, to ask a question; der. -kumbirira, to pray for, to intercede; -kumbidzana, to be on friendly terms; kumbiro, kumbiriro (ya, dza), a request, prayer, petition. -kumina (cforo), vb. tr.; final mix- ing in beer-making; syn. -dira. See -doro (ra). kumsoro, locative adv.; above, on top; north. kun-a-(-e-), prep. (or locative for- mative) ; to; from; (in comparisons) than; this form instead of ku- is used with pron., proper names of persons, and before nouns of (wa, va) class which have no prefix or are names of relationship, as Baba, mukoma. In Ma. kuna becomes kune before the following: Myana and all other names of junior relatives and all nouns of other than (wa, va) class. Eix. oanorea kuna Sakarombe, they speak to S.; kumbira kuna Gambo, ask of your father; enda kunama- -KUNDA mbo, go to the chief; but enda ku- mu6iki, go to the cook; enda kune- haneadzi yako, go to your sister. N.B.: For kune mvura, there is rain, see ku- (1), the impersonal use. -kunda, vb. tr.; to overcome, con- quer. See -kurira. kuno, dem. adj. agr. with nouns of (ku) class, locative or infinitive, always after its noun; this (here); e.g., kudya kuno, this food (here); kumusha kuno, to this village (here); adv., here, at or to this place. Cp. pano and muno. kunumbu (ya, dza), n., for.; a button; -kunumburira, to button. kunyagge, conj., Ze.; though, al- though. See nyaggwe, Ka.; kana, Ma.; kunyati, Nd. kunyasi, adv.; below, underneath; south. kunyati, conj., Nd.; though, al- though. See kunyagge. kunyi? kuyi? interrog. pron. stand- ing for n. of (kwa) class; what? kutamba kunyi? to dance, what is it? what dance? kunze, adv.; outside; e.g., ceygo cokunze, the outer wall; kunze kwe- mba, outside of the house; used to render apart from,' excluding,' as kunze kwaygu, apart from me, ex- cluding me; var. kuzhe, Ka. -kunga, -kwigga, vb. tr.; (1) to cock (a gun); syn. -yanyura, Ze.; cp. -tyesa, Ka., to half-cock; pau- gari, Ze., Ma., at half-cock; to put a string to a bow; der. rukuggiso (rwa), trigger; cikuxJga, hammer (of gun). (2) To stir (in pot), Ka. kuige, see -ige; like, as if; e.g., kuyge shumba, like (or as if) a lion. -ku3gura, vb. tr.; Ze., to comfort; Ka., to covet; to complain; -kuygu- rira, Nd., to pity. -kugjguruka, vb. int.; to roll down, roll over; der. -kuggurutsa, -kuggu- rusa (caus.), to roll (things) down; syn. -mburumbuka, Ma., Nd.; -ko- romoka, Ze. -kupa, vb. tr.; to bale out; to clean a sore; der. -kupira N., to throw water over N. -KUSA -kupaira, vb. tr., Nd.; to paddle (canoe). kupenya (kwa), n.; light; bright- ness; lightning; kupenya kwazuua daylight. kupi? kupi-ko? (1) interrog. adv., where? (2) Interrog. pron., agr. with noun of (kwa) class; which? -kupudza, kupura, vb. tr., Ze.; to beckon, beckon to. See -ninira. Cp. Ka., -kupura, to wipe off, skim off; to return wife to her father. -kura, vb. int.; (1) to grow; der. -kurira, to surpass, conquer; -kurisa, to make big, cause to grow, to grow very much; -kudza, to make big, exalt; -kurirana, to make a draw (in contest); -kurirwa, to be overcome; to be great with child, near time of delivery. kure, adv.; far, far away; kure kure, very far away; kure kwemba, far from the house. -kurira, vb. tr.; to overcome, sur- pass; syn. -kunda; -nyisa, Nd.; -pinda. -kuru, adj.; big; great; for proper adj. cone. see Table I.c; and note that for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class -kuru becomes huru, and for sing. n. of (ra, a) class it becomes guru; e.g., cinhu cikuru, a big thing; imba huru, big house or houses; bayga guru, a large knife; gikuru, adv., greatly, much. kuru (ya, dza), n., Ze.; cartridge, bullet, ball (of gun). - -kurumbidza, vb. int., Ka.; to make haste. See -kurumidza. -kurumbira, vb. int., Ka.; to be renowned, famous; syn. -ziviswa; -zivikana; -kurumbirwa; -wirira, Ma.; va nembiri, Ma. -kurumidza, vb. int.; to make haste, do quickly; Ka., to incite to fighting. See -cimbidza; -kurumbi- dza, Ka.; -kasira,Nd.; -fambisa. -kurugga, vb. tr., Ko.; to mix, stir. See -sagganisa. -kuruggira, vb. tr.; to smooth off; give smooth surface (in pot-making). -kusa, -kusha, vb. tr.; to sow (broadcast); Ma., to sow shallow. See -dyara. KUSERI kuseri, adv.; at the back, behind, round the corner. See seri. -kusha, kusa, vb. tr.; to sow (broadcast); der. mukushi (wa, va), a sower; -kushanya. Cp. -dyara, to sow by planting. kugika, kugikira, conj. followed by the vbl. forms with -ci- or -ka-; until. See -gika, to arrive. kuti, conj.; (1) that, in order that, followed by vb. in dependent form; e.g., kuti ndivone, that I may see; in sentences like 'he said that the boy was here,' wakarena kuti muko- mana uri pano, the kuti introduces a clause in direct speech, not in in- direct speech as is done in English, and the sentence becomes, he spoke saying, The boy is here. (2) Kuti also means if in Ma. and Nd., and is used in Ma. with the participial forms (-chi-), in Nd. with indicative, e.g., if you wish; Ma., kuti ucida; Nd., kuti unoda; but Ka., Ze., kana ucida. -kutunura, vb. tr.; to take off (clothes), esp. of stripping off a thing like a glove or vest; syn. -bvisa (or -bisa) iJguvo. -kutura, vb. tr.; to empty entire- ly; to clear out (box, tin, etc.); to turn upside down, upset; to capsize (boat); pass. -kuturwa, to be thrown out. kuuzuru, adv.; upward, above; north; kuuzuru kwegomo, up above the hill. -kuva, vb. tr.; (1) -kuva mvura, to prevent rain. See rain. (2) To gather together; der. -kuaira, to gather up what was scattered. -kuvadza, -kuadza, vb. tr.; to hurt, injure; der. -kuvadziwa, to be in hurt condition; -kuvadzwa, to be injured; -Zikuvadza, to hurt oneself; and see -kuvara, int., to be hurt, meet with accident. -kuvara, -kuwara, Ma., vb. int.; to be hurt, meet with accident; der. -kuvadza, tr., to hurt. -kuwa, vb. int., Ma.; to call out for help; syn. -ridza huwi; and see -davidza. -kuya, vb. tr.; to grind (meal) on KWANZI stone in native fashion; der. guyo (ra, a), the lower grindstone; huyo (ya, dza), the upper. kuya, dem. pr. agr. with nouns of (kwa) class, loc. or inf., always after its noun; that (referred to, out of sight); e.g., kudya kuya, that food (we saw); kumusha kuya, to that village (out of sight). kuzhe, loc., Ka.; outside; the out- side (of); see kunze; kuzhe kwemba, outside of the house. kuzoti, conj.; Ma., so that; Ze., when, as soon as, after. kwa, (1) locative formative (or preposition); at, to, or from the place of N., used before actual names of persons and with names of towns that are also names of persons or rivers; e.g., ndabva kwa Mutasa, I came (today) from Mutasa's (vil- lage); mja, at, in is used exactly as kwa. kwa-, kwe-, kwo-, (2) poss. conc. for nouns of (kwa) class, whether loc. or inf.; of. kwa, (3) prefixed to an absolute pron. (Table I.H) means a real thoroughly good thing of its kind- e.g., bayga kwaro, a real knife; munhu kwaye, a genuine man; ci- karayga kwacho, good chikarasga. kwadi, adv., Ma.; gently, quietly; often doubled, kwadi kwadi. -kwadzana, vb. int.; to be intimate friends; to agree together; to be re- conciled (after quarrel); (mus.) to harmonize; -kwadzanisa, tr., to re- concile. kwaedza, adv.; at dawn. -kwana, vb. int.; to be enough, adequate; to be fit; der. -kwanira, be enough for, be fit for, to fit well; -kwanisa intense.) to be able (Ma.); (caus.) to make enough, to complete; -kwanisira, to make (something) enough for . .; -kwanisika, to be finished; to be possible. -kwanisa, vb. int., Ma.; to be able. See -kwana and -gona. kwanzi, irreg. pass. of -ti, to say, etc.; kwanzi ndi N., it was said (to- day) by N.; pres. tense, kunzi ndi N., N. says. See kwazi. -KWARA -kwara, vb. int.; to scratch a hole (as dog does). -kwarabvura, vb. tr.; to scratch hard (as a cat in fighting). -kwasha, vb. tr.; to look for, seek, hunt. See -taka. -kwaqa, vb. tr.; to paddle (canoe). -kwatama, vb. int.; to lie; -k. nepasi, to lie on the ground; -k. nenhumbu, to lie on the face. -kwatura, vb. tr.; to strip hark from tree; to scratch off skin or a scab; see -uvura; der. -kwatuka, int., to split off, peel off, come loose from. -kwayisa, -kwazisa, vb. tr.; to greet, welcome; to say 'kwayiwa,' Skwaziwa' to; var. -kwayidza. kwayiwa, kwaziwa, interj.; Hail I Good-day I the common greeting on any occasion; pl. kwayiwayi, kwazi- wayi, often used for respect. -kwazisa, vb. tr.; to greet. See -kwayisa. -kwazi, irreg. pass. of -ti, to say, etc.; it is said, it was said (today)- e.g., kwazi ndi6a6a, father says (said), lit. it is (was) said by father; pres. kuzi, huzi, he says; and see kwanzi; huzi ndi N., N. says. kwaziwa kwaziwayi I good-day I See kwayiwa I kwago, adv., oft. doubled for em- phasis; very much; truly; altogether. kwefu (kwenyu, kwavo), loc. adv.; at, in, to, or from our (your, their) village; home (our, your, his, or their). See -icu and kwa- (1). -kwegura, vb. int.; to get old, grow old. -kwenya, vb. tr.; to scratch; syn. -kweiga, -gwabvura, -para. -kwenzera, vb. int., Ma.; to move a little one way or the other; kwe- nzera-no, come nearer; kwenzera-yo, go farther away; der. -kwenzedza, cause. -kwegga, vb. tr.; to scrape (e.g., a pot); to scratch; syn. -kokora, -kokota, -para; and cp. -kwenya, of scratching what itches; and -kwena, of striking a match. -kwereta, vb. tr.; to borrow; der. cikwerete (ca, ea), a loan; -pa ci- -KWIRIMA kwerete, to lend; -dya cikwerete, to borrow; syn. -posa, -posha, -pombe- ra, Nd.; -tora (or -dya) maigava (or cikwerete). -kwese kwese, adv. (kwose kwose); everywhere. See -ose, -ese. -kwesera, vb. tr., Ka.;tofile. See -kwizha. -kwesha, vb. tr.; Nd., to file; Ka., to scour, polish. See -kwizha. kwete, adv.; no; syn. hai, la, tai, hwi; (emph.) Bodo, taiba, haiva; (enclitic) -Ba. -kwetsa, vb. tr., Ma.; (of grass) to clear away, hoe up; to scuffle the ground. Cp. -sevura, Ka., to clear ground for a garden. -kwetsana, vb. int., Nd.; to gnash. -kweva, vb. tr.; to drag, draw, pull; lead (by a rope); der. -kwe- vera, app.; syn. -kweya, Nd.; -pfu- wa, Ma.; -kakata, Ka.; -zhuva, Ze. -kweya, vb. tr., Nd.; to drag, pull; der. -kweyera. See -kweva. -kwidza, vb. tr. (caus. of -kwira); to raise, lift up higher; (mus.) set higher pitch; der. -kwidzira; -kwi- dzisa, to raise very much. -kwidzegigara, vb., Ka.; to hand over the chieftainship, to crown as chief; to make chief; to bestow a blessing (by laying on hands); to be very tall (of a tree). -kwidzika, vb. tr., Ze.; to load. See -tuta. -kwidzima, vb. int., Ze.; to be bright, to shine. -kwinyata, vb. tr.; to take hold of, grasp. See -Bata. -kwidiBira, vb. tr.; to cover with lid; turn over (of pot); der. -kwici- Bidza, cover; syn. -funira, -duhumi- dza; -dumaidza, Nd. -kwira, vb. int.; to ascend, climb up; rise (as dough); (of animals) to copulate; -kwira pabiza, to ride, ride on, a horse; der. -kwidza, to raise; -kwiridza, to lift, put higher; -kwi- rira panamambo, to go up to the chief with a case, to take out a sum- mons. -kwirima, vb. int., Ka.; to run. See -tiza. -KWISHURA -kwishura, vb. tr.; to beat with a stick. See -rova, -nera. -kwiza, vb. tr., Ze., Ka.; to shell mealies by rubbing cob on rock; Ze., to file. See -cokonyora. -kwizha, vb. tr., Ma., Nd.; to file, use grater; syn. -kwiza, Ze.; -kwe- sera, Ka.; -kwesha, Nd.; der. ci- kwizho (ca, ea), a grater. kwose kwose, loc. adv. (kwese kwese); everywhere; in every direc- tion. M m., pron., as m in mat. ma-. Words formerly entered under ma-, other than plurals of (ra, a) class, may be found here under mha, if not under ma. mabandi (a), n.; harness of straps, etc. mabva-zuva, Ma., Nd.; mabvira- zuva, Ze., adv.; east; the sunrise. Cp. Ka., uubva-zuva (bga). mabviro (a), n.; source, origin; see -bva. Cp. mauambo (a). maBonore (a, sing. donore ra, rare), n., Nd.; maize, mealies. See ci- Barwe (ca). maButu (a), i., Ma.; bran; husks. See Butu (ra). macacaca (a), n.; heavy rain. See cacaca (ra). macakwinya (a), n., Ka.; a bog or boggy place. See matope (a). macende (a, sing. jende ra), n.; testicles; syn. Zirema (ga), nzonyo (dza), matsukwe (a). madyo (a), n. (der. from -dya, to eat), Ka.; greediness, gluttony; -na- madyo, greedy. For pronunciation see under -dy-. madza (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a doc- tor's fee; see musharo (twa); Ka., -toriwa madza, to forfeit. madzaggaradzimu (a), n.; a will- o'-the-wisp; a ghost or ghostly light; 57 MAGONDO var. dzimudzaggara, mudzimudza- ggara, and the sing. dzaggaradzimu (ra). madzi-, a prefix gen. indicating a collective plural. Many ma- plurals also have a collective sense-e.g., misha, villages, but mamisha, the villages of a district thought of col- lectively. madzibaba (a), madziBambo (a), n.; forefathers, ancestors. madzihwa (a), n.; nasal discharge. See dzibga (ra, a). madziro (a, pl. only), n.; a wall; wall-poles in place. See cidziro (ca, fa). madziya (a, pl.), n.; heat; pama- dziya, in the hot season. See -dziya. madambi (a, pl.), n., K.; tricks, pranks, whim; unemadambi, a man of tricks (e.g., a conjurer); syn. ma- tari (a), Ma. madeko (a, pl.), n. or adv., Ka.; evening; madekwano, this evening; syn. mauro (a), manheru (a). madembandikuteme (a), n.; the three stars of Orion's Belt. See star. madewere (a, pl.), n., dial.; monkey-nut oil. See -mafuta. madokero (a, pl.), n.; the west; syn. mauirira (a), Ka.; kumadokero eHarare, west of Salisbury. maenza (a, pl.), n.; the rainy season. See zhizha (ra). mafemo (a, pl.), n.; breath; -ita inafemo, to be out of breath; syn. -nemahemahema, breathless. mafl (a, pl.), n., Ma.; ill-will; a grudge, malice. mafukusiro (a, pl.), ., Ka.; lying- place of fowl in sand. See-fukusira. maturo (a, sing. furo ra), n.; pas- ture, grazing ground; pl. only in Ka., Ze.; sing. used in Ma., Nd. mafuta (a, pl.), n.; fat (any kind); (dried ox fat, uncooked) mhanda (ya); (monkey-nut oil) madewere (a), N. dial.; manduwi (a), dial.; adj. -na- mafuta, fat. magarire (a, pl.), n.; habit, cus- tom. See mugariro (wa, ya). magaro (a, pl.), n. (rare); buttocks. See matako (a). magondo (wa, pl. amnag. va), n., MAGUMO Ma.; hyena; see Bere; in Ka., a nickname for wolf. magumo, magumiro (a, pl.), n.; the end or edge of a thing. See -guma. maguta (a, pl.), n.; abundance; kune maguta gore rino,- there's plenty of food this year; maguta eeiyo, plentiful crops. maguva (a, pl.), n.; a graveyard, cemetery (lit. graves). magwirikwinya, Ma.; makwirikwi- zha, Ka. (a, pl.), n.; mumps. Cp. Ze., humuia (ra, a). mahannya (a, pl.),n.,Ka.; amash of fruit; -seka mahannya, to laugh to scorn, laugh to excess. mahara (a, sing. hara ra), n.; sheath, case (for knife, sword, pen, etc.); var. muhara (wa, ya), Ka.; makara (a, pl.), Nd. mahemahema (a, pl.); -va nama- hemahema, be out of breath. See -femereka. maheu (a, pl.), n.; beer (sweet). See doro (ra). mai (wa, pl. am. va or vadzimai va), n.; mother; mother's sister, etc.; hon. of any elder woman; pl. amai, gen. used hon. for sing.; mai guru, mai mukuru, m.'s elder sister; mai nini, mai muduku, m.'s younger sister; maiwel maivayguwei! excla- mations meaning oh, dear I oh I con- veying surprise mixed with dis- pleasure. maiwe I See mai. majada, adv.; on the back; -ita majada, to lie on the back; syn. -ita manhede. majoti (a, pl.), n., Ma.; a chain; handcuffs. See joti (ra), an iron bracelet or ring. makakurimie (a, pl.), n., Ka.; a holiday, day of cessation from work. See cisi (ca, ea). makanda (a, sing. gandara, skin), n.; Ka., the leaf wrappings spathess) of mealie cob; idiom., pa makanda, one's very own (used after a poss. pron.); e.g., cavgu pamakanda, my very own; Nd., the west. makando (a, pl.), n., Ma.; a na- tive basket, made of two parts, of MAKUSE which the upper fits over the lower as a cover. makanyi (a, pl.), n. or adv., Ma.; next year; last year. See make; var. makenyi. makara (a, pl.), n., for.; coals; live (i.e., burning) coals. Cp. ma- ratya (a, pl.), and see mahara. makaro (a, pl.), n.; greed, glut- tony; -namakaro, adj., greedy, glut- tonous. makashu (a, pl.), n., Ka.; harness (of riems). Cp. mabandi (a), for. makave (a), n.; wire coiled round end of spear or arrow shaft to bind in the haft (musika, wa, ya; Ma., nyimbiri, ya, dza); syn. ukambo (hwa), Ze.; nyezhe (dza), Ka. make, makenyi (a, pl.), n. or adv.; last year; next year; make aya, year or years after next, year or years before last; syn. makanyi, last (next) year; in Ma., makodya, last year, and make, next year. makina (a, pl.), n.; dynamite; any explosive. makodya (a, pl.), n., Ma.; last year; syn. make, gore rakapinda, etc. makoko (a, pl.), n.; scrapings of food (from pots, etc.). See -kokora. makor go (a, pl.), n.; pudenda muliebria. makorokotol interj.; congratula- tions I well done I good luck I bravo I -itira N. makorokoto, to congratulate N. makorosibande (a), n.; braces; syn. makurubande (a). makoto (a, pl.), n.; (1) Ma., Nd., chaff or bran (of grain threshed or winnowed); see hundi (ya, dza); (2) Ze., shell of nut or bean. makukurudzi (a, pl.), n., Ka.; driftwood; anything carried down by floods, wreckage; syn. makutse (a), Ma. makure (ya, dza), n.; a snake (of cobra kind). See snake. makurubande (a, pl.), n.; braces; syn. makorosibande. makuse (a, sing. guse ra), n., Ka.; fur, wool. Cp. gushe (ra, mak. a); and see uudzi. MAKUSHE makushe (a, sing. gushe ra), n.; hair, long coarse hair, bristles. See gushe (ra, a) and makuse (a). makutsi (a, pl.), n., Ma.; wreck- age; stuff (wood, etc.) carried down and washed up by floods; syn. maku- kurudzi (a), Ka. makuwa (a, sing. guwa ra), n.; scandal, ill-report; -ita makuwa, to slander. See gumba (ra, a). -mama, vb. int.; to defecate. -mamata, vb. int.; to stammer; syn. -kakamira. mambakwedza (a, pl.), n.; day- break, early dawn; cp. maggwana- ggwana; syn. marirakwedza (a), Ze.; cedza (ca); utogga (hwa), Ze.; tsuka-'utogga (ya, dza), Ka.; adv. fumo, kwedza, at dawn. mambo (wa, pl. vam. va), n.; chief (paramount); used honorifically of various people; syn., in Ka. she (wa, oa) is used for a paramount chief; elsewhere ishe (she), chief of village or its district; samusha (wa, wasam. oa), headman of village; muridzi wemusha (wa, va), headman, Ko.; and note gota (ra, a), Ka., Ze., and gotsi (ra, a), Ma., councillors of paramount chief; mukuru (wa, va), any important person, head of family. mambune (a, pl.), n.; in phrase, namambune, on purpose; cp. Ka., namanune, on purpose; -ita mavune, to do purposely. mamburi (a, pl.), n.; a strong net (for catching game); a string figure in 'cat's cradle'; see rutava (rwa, nhava dza); -konba mamburi, to set a trap (net). mami (mhami), adj. agr. with sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class; wide. See -pami. mamina (a, pl.), n., Nd.; magic. See pipi (ra, a). mamvere (a, pl.), n.; hair (of body or of animals). See vudzi (ra, a). mamvete; -ita mamvete (or ma- mvetete), to make a whistle with leaves between fingers. -mana, vb. tr.; to hold between two (as in a vice or cleft stick); der. -manidza, -manikira, to squeeze; -manikidza, to compel, force; -ma- -MANYA nika, -manikana, be narrow, tight; cimano (ca, ea), tongs; mano (dza), a smith's vice; rumano (rwa), pin- cers; -manikidzana, to crowd, press together. See -gina. manda, mhanda (ya, no. pl.), n.; dried ox fat; uncooked fat; Ka., tallow. See mafuta (a, pl.). mandondo (a, pl.), n., Ma.; a bog, boggy place. See matope (a), and cp. -ndondomera, to get bogged. manduwi (a, pl.), n.; monkey-nut oil. See mafuta (a). manenjil interj.; that's very strange I well I never! See nenji (ra, a). manhanda (a, pl.), n., Ma.; wrinkles (on face); m. emvura, waves; and see fuggo (ra, a); syn. nhama (ya, dza), Ka.; and see -fu- nyana, -wunyana. manhede, adv.; on the back; in phr. -ita manhede, to lie on the back. manheru (a, pl.), n. or adv., Ma.; evening. See madeko (a), Ka.; mauro (a), Ze. manhoko (a, pl.), n.; dung (of goats or antelopes). See matu i (a). -manidza, -manikira, vb. tr.; to squeeze; -manidzira myana, to bear a still-born child. See -aina and -mana. -manikidza, vb. tr.; to squeeze, compel; see -mana; der. -maniki- dzana, to crowd together; ndamaei- kidzwa kwenda, I must go; lit. I am compelled to go. manja (a, pl.), n.; palms (of hands); -ita manila, to clap. mano (dza, sing. rumano rwa), n.; a vice (tool); tongs, pincers. See -mana. mano (a, sing. zano ra), n., var. mazano (a); plans; cleverness; e.g., anemano (anemazano), he is clever. mano (a, pl.), (gen. doubled mano- mano for emph.); lies; patter' in a song; -ita manomano, to pretend. See manyepo (a). manombge (a, pl.), Ka.; beestings, i.e., cow's first milk after calving. See munamba (wa, ya). -manya, vb. int.; to run; der. MANYADZI -manyisa, to gallop, to run fast. See -tiza. manyadzi, manyadzo (a, pl.); shame; shyness; shamefacedness; var. nyadzi (ya, dza); syn. nyowa (ya, dza), Nd.; and the verbs -nyara, -goda, and -tseruka. manyambiri (a, pl.), n., Ma., Nd.; twins; see maviri (a), Ka.; ma- ambi (a), Ze.; and note, ndo wepa- maviri, he is one of twins. manyepo (a, pl.), n.; lies, lying talk; syn. manomano (a). manyoka (a, pl.), n., Ma.; gripes; any stomach ache; syn. nyoka (ya, dza), used in same sense in Ka. See nyoka. manyoggo (a, pl.), n.; flatulence; gripes of small infants; parts of the small intestines. maga (a, sing. iya ra, rare), n.; cracks (in hands or feet); chaps. -magga, vb. tr.; to tie, bind; arrest; -maggwa, pass., to be caught in a cleft or narrow place; unapo panopinda gonzo, muswe ucimaygwa, you are keeping something back or telling lies (lit. you have a place where a rat goes through but its tail sticks fast). -maggara, vb. tr.; to accuse, lay a charge against, esp. to give informa- tion, tell tales against; der. -magjga- rira, app. maggara (ya, dza), n.; kind of snake. See snake. maggava (a, sing. vgava ra or muygava wa), n.; a loan; a debt; -tora (or -dya) maygava; to borrow; -va namaygava, to owe, be in debt. See xgava. maggove (ya, dza); var. cima- jgove (ca, ga); a cat; syn. nema- igwe (ya, dza), nemagga (wa, va); (wild) Bogga (ra, a), niriri (ya, dza); mpaka (ya, dza), Swa.; rende (ra, a), Ma.; kitsi (wa, va). maggura (ya, no pl.), n. See mhaggura. ma3gwana, adv., var. maggwani (Nd.); tomorrow; syn. Ze and Ko., hwedza; and note Ze., hwedza ma- ygwana, tomorrow morning; hw. mauro, tomorrow evening; maygwana MARARA (udya? aya?) Ka., day after tomor- row. maigwanani, maggwanana, adv.; in the morning. See maijgwana- igwana; and note maiygwanani ano, this morning. maigwanaggwana, adv.; in early morning. Cp. kwaedza, mambakwe- dza, both of which indicate the earliest dawn; and maggwanani, maggwanana, used of any morning time. maggwani, Nd., adv.; tomorrow. See maigwana. map-. N.B.: Many words in map- are pl. of a sing. n. in p- or B-, and may be found under one of those letters. mapa (a, pl.), n., Ka.; grave of chief. Cp. iba (ra, a), Nd., grave; and see guva (ra, a) (1). mapa (ya, dza), n., Ze.; a skin apron; perh. mhapa. mapapa (a, pl.), n., Nd.; bran (of grain stamped or milled). See guua (ra, a) (2). mapapu (a, sing. bapu ra), n.; lungs; syn. mazazu (a), Ma., Nd. mapere (a, pl.), n.; leprosy; una- mapere, leper; syn. Ka., mapere- mbudzi (a, pl.). mapflwa (a, sing. pfiwa ra), n.; hearth-stones, i.e., the three stones used to support pot on open fire. See pfuwa (ra, a). mapfunde (a, pl.), n.; Kaffir-corn. mapiyo (a, pl.), n.; poles put across gate or door as bars. maputi (a, pl.), n.; pop-corn; Nd., maButiputi (a). maradzano, mharadzano (dza, pl.), n., Ka.; cross-roads; adjournment; der. fr. -paradzana; cp. mhararano (dza). maranzi (a, pl.), var. miaranzi (wa, ya), n., Ma.; rays of sun. See bgirazuva (bga). maraigga (a, pl.), n.; matter from the eyes; syn. ubonyo (hwa), Ma. marara (a, pl.), n.; rubbish; dirt; pamarara, rubbish-heap; syn. Nd., furu (ra, a); Ka., Ma., Ze., duru- nuru (ra, a); Ze., zambadota (ra, a), zararota (ra, a), zarezare (ra, a), MARARANO cizarezare (ca, a); nunduthwe (ya, dza), Ma. mararano (dza), n. See mhara- rano (dza). maratya (a, pl.), n.; charcoal, coal. See makara (a), masimbe (a), mazimbe (a). marevo, -ita marevo, vb.; to use bad language. maria (a, pl. or ya, sing.), n.; money; maria aygu or yaygu, my money; mari maygani or marinyi? how much money? maria macena, silver. marimba (a, pl.), n.; a native piano of strips of hard wood laid across supports or on a calabash sounding-board. marimiezuro, adv., Ze.; the day before yesterday. marirakwedza (a, pl.), n.; dawn; break of day. See mambakwedza (a). maropa (a, sing. ropa ra), n.; blood; in some parts the pl. is used generally of menstrual discharge and the sing. only of blood. marovu (a, pl.), n.; the soft cen- tral part (seeds, etc.) of a pumpkin. marutsi (a, pl.), n.; vomit, what is vomited. See -rutsa. marwadzi (a, pl.), n.; diseases; sicknesses; der. fr. -rwara. masambo (a, pl.), n., Ma.; men- strual discharge; see mashambo (a); -ita in., to menstruate. masaramuso (a, pl.), n., Nd.; magic. See pipi (ra, a). masase (ya), n., also nyamasase (wa); the morning star. See star. masese (a, pl.), n.; sediment (of beer); dregs (after straining). mashambo (a, pl.), n.; menstrua- tion, menstrual discharge. See -shamba and -tema rushagga; and cp. -masambo (a). mashawi, masawi (a, pl.), n., Ka., Ze.; a weed like rukweza (millet); tares (in N.T.). See sawi (ra, a). mashoiga, masogga (a, pl.), n.; meeting-place of rivers or roads; -ita mashoyga, meet (or do something) exactly at the right time. See ma- sogga (a), Ma.; and cp. mawiro (a). MATINJE mashu (ya, dza), n., Ka.; locusts (gen. name). See wiza (ya, dza). mashura (a, pl.), n.; miracles; omens; wonders. See -sura mare, vb. masikati, gen. adverbially, some- times sing. form sikati; daytime as opp. to night-time; usiku nesikati, day and night; Ka., noon; masikati- ygwana, about 11 a.m. masimbe (a, pl.), n.; charcoal. See matsito (a). masogxga (a, pl.), n., Ma.; meet- ing-place (of rivers or roads). See mashogga (a, pl.), Ka.; and mawiro (a). masunda, -inda (-famba) namasu- nda; to go backwards. masunugguro (a, pl.), n.; an out- span; a halting-place. measure, adv.; afterwards; behind. See sure. masusu (a, pl.), n.; mixture of yeast and water in beer-making, = magutu or pise. See under doro (ra). marina (a, pl.), n.; dirt; filth. See gina (ya). masutu (a, pl.), n.; mixture of yeast and water in beer-making. See under doro (ra). matadza (a, pl.), n.; the gums; palate. mataga (a, pl.), n.; temporary huts for watchers in gardens. matako (a. sing. dako ra), n.; buttocks; syn. magaro, matama. matanhidzo (a, pl.), n., Nd.; a ladder; stairs. See uukwiriso (bga), matanho (a). matanho (a, sing. danho ra), n.; a bridge (esp. of trees); a ladder, stairs. See fanho (ra, a). matari (a, pl.), n., Ma.; tricks; pranks; whims; unematari, a man of tricks (e.g., a conjurer); syn. madambi (a), Ka. mate (a, pl.), n.; spittle. matekenya (a, sing. tekenya ra), n.; jiggers; the sing. is rare. matimba (a, pl.), n., Ma., Nd.; beer (sweet, two days old). See under doro (ra). matinje (a, pl.), n.; pudenda muli- ebria. See Bece. MATOPE matope (a, sing. rare, dope ra), n.; mud; a bog or boggy place; syn. macakwinya (a), Ka.; deketa (ra, a), Ka.; mandondo (a), Ma.; (by river side) gokoro (ra, a), Ze. matoto (a, pl.), n.; droppings (of fowls). See matuti (a). matsi (ya, dza), n.; a deaf person; Ze., a kind of rat; Ma., mumatsi (wa, va); der. umatsi (hwa), vu- matsi (bga), deafness. matsigo (a, pi.), n., Ma.; a hem; syn. mupendero (wa, dza). matsito (a, pl.), n., Ze.; charcoal; the hard soot on a cooking pot. See also masimbe (a). matsive (a, pl.), n.; revenge; -itira m. kcna N., to take vengeance on N. matsukwe (a, pl.), n.; testicles. See macende (a). matsutso (a, pl.), n.; pa m., in the autumn =pakutsutsa. matumbo (a, pl.), n., Ma.; the bowels; syn. ura (hwa). matuti (a, pl.), n.; dung (of man); and note (of cattle) ndove (ya, dza); disa (ra, a), Nd.; (of fowls) matoto (a); (of goats) noko (ya, dza); (of goat or antelope) manhoko (a), Nd. maurgira (a, sing. upgira ra), n.; echo; syn. mukoho (wa, ya), Ma., Nd. mauro (a, pl.), n. or adv., Ze.; evening. 'See madeko (a), manheru (a). mavambi (a, pl.), n., Ze.; twins. See mauiri (a). mavambo (a, pl.), n.; source, origin; beginning. maviri (a, pl.), n.; twins; ndo wepamaiiri, he is one of twins; syn. mavambi (a, pl.), Ze.; manyambiri (a, pl.), Ma., Nd. mavirira (a, pl.), n., Ka.; the west; der. from -vira, to set (of sun). Cp. madokero (a), and makanda (a) Nd. mavivi (a, pi.), n.; garden rub- bish for bonfire. mauune (a, pl.), n., Ka.; -ita mavune, to do on purpose. Cp. mambune (a), Ma. MBADA ma'usa (a, pl.), n., Ka.; (rat's) nest; syn. duswa (ra, a), Ze. mawere (a, pl.), n.; a steep slope; precipice; adj. -nemawere, steep. mawiro (a, pl.), n.; confluence of rivers, i.e., where the one 'falls' into the other. Cp. mashoiga (a). mayi (wa, va), n.; mother. See mai. mazaya (a, pl.), n.; hoar-frost, ice; -ita mazaya, to freeze; syn. cero (ca), Ma.; and see cando (ca). mazazu (a, sing. zazu ra), n., Ma., Nd.; lungs. See Bapu (ra, a). -mazha, -mazhura, vb. tr.; to grind coarsely. mazhuruzhuru (a, pl.), n., Ka.; bridge of nose. mazimbe (a, pl.), n.; live coals. Cp. masimbe (a), charcoal. mazonde, -dya maz.; vb.; to con- fiscate; retain unjustly goods pledged or left in trust or given as part of a bargain cancelled; e.g., wakandidya mazonde, she ate' my gifts and is now marrying another without re- turning anything. mazuruzuru, -na nenmaz. Ma.; to have a presentiment of evil to come (as of a schoolboy who knows that a beating is due). mazuua ano, adv.; these days, now; also mazuva 'ya, now, for mazuua aya, see Table I.G (1). Ka. mazuva awa, these days. mazuva aya (with the aya dis- tinct and on rising tone), adv.; those days, formerly. See Table I.G.4. magiita thank you; lit. you have done them I If the thanks are for something done before today, the proper tense is used, makadiita ! -mba, aux. vb.; signifies an action that took place, or will take place, immediately; followed always by perf. tense (dependent) thus: Wamba awira pasi, he fell down at once (to- day); wakamba awira pasi, he fell down at once; umba wainda, go at once, or, you must go at once; timba tayenda, we must go. mbabvu (dza, sing. rumbabvu rwa), n.; ribs. mbada (ya, dza), n.; leopard. See iggwe (ya, dza). MBAMBAIRA mbambaira (ya, dza), n.; potato; sweet potato; syn. Bura (ra, a); dima (ra, a). mbambo (ya, dza), n.; a nail; a wooden peg. See hoko (ya, dza), cipikiri (ca, Za). -mbandidzira, -mbandidzirana, vbs. See -mbandika; and -tgikinyira, Ma., to jam. -mbandika, vb. tr. and int., Ka.; to pinch, bruise; to jam, be tight; der. -mbandidzira, to pinch; -mba- ndidzirana, to crowd together. mbanje (ya, dza), n.; wild hemp, dagha. mbare (ya, dza), n.; blisters caused by sitting too near a fire. mbariro (dza, sing. rumbariro rwa), n.; cross-piece of timber or pole; the laths binding other poles together; the wall-plate. mbata-munwe (ya, dza), n., Ze.; a ring (for finger). See mhete (ya, dza). mbato (ya, dza), n.; pincers, tongs; forceps; cp. mano; der. from -bata. mbava (ya, dza), n.; a thief. Op. gororo (ra, a), robber, highwayman. mbavarira (ya, dza), n.; a war song; Ze., perseverance. mbayo (ya, dza), n., Ka.; evil- speaking, quarrelsomeness; Ma., greediness. mbembe, onomatopoetic radical; -ti mbe mbe, vb.; to be white, to be shining. mbeggo (ya, dza), n.; (1) a scraper for removing perspiration; (2) hate (from -uegga). mbereko (ya, dza), n.; skin or cloth for carrying babe on back. mberi, adv.; beyond, in front, on ahead; pamberi, in front; pamberi- pa (pe, po), in front of; and see sure. mbesa (dza), n.; crops (of corn, etc.). mbeu (ya, dza), n.; seed; and cp. (large seed or stone of fruit) tso- lJgoro (ya, dza); (pip-like seed of pumpkin, etc.) mhunzi (ya, dza), mhodzi (ya, dza), nhikiti (ya, dza); (grass seeds) tsine (ya, dza), Ka. 63 MBITI sine (ya, dza); (canna seeds, used in rattles) hota (ya, dza). mbeva (ya, dza), n.; field-mouse. See gonzo (ra, a). mbeveve (ya, dza), n.; a dumb person, a stammerer; Nd., a stam- mer, impediment in speech; syn. cimumumu (ca, ga), Ma.; mubibiBi (wa, va), Ze.; cimbuigumbuggu (ca, ea), Nd. mbezo (ya, dza), n.; adze; der. from -veza; syn. semo or tseno (ra, a), Ze.; cisorokadzi (ca, ga), Nd. (? handle of adze). mbga (ya, dza), n., Ka.; dog. See imbga (ya, dza). -mbgera, vb. int.; to fall; to drop. mbgizu (ya, dza), n., Ze.; bran (of grain, etc., pounded or milled); see guva (ra, a) (2). mbia (ya, dza), n.; an earthen- ware pot. See hari (ya, dza). mbidzerere (ya, dza), mbizerere (ya, dza), Ka.; a swing, a see-saw; -ita mb., to swing. mbira (ya, dza), n.; (1) a native 'piano,' of tongues of metal with a gourd sound-box. Cp. njari, which contains its own sound-box and has no gourd. (2) a rock rabbit, coney. mbiri, numi. adj. agr. with nouns of (ya, dza) class; two; e.g., yombe mbiri, two head of cattle. mbiri (ya, no pl.), n.; fame, repu- tation; glory. mbirimi (ya, dza), n.; Ka., a dili- gent person; Ze., a shrewd person; Ma., a conceited person. mbiru (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a pillar, support for a roof. See mutomba (wa, ya), Ma.; mutsigo (wa, ya),Ze. -mbishi, adj.; raw, unripe, un- cooked; for proper adj. cone. see Tables I.c and II.; and note that the adj. becomes mbishi for sing. and pl. n. of (ya, dza) class, and also for sing. n. of (ra, a) class; e.g., cinhu cimbishi, an unripe thing; nyama mbishi, raw meat; dura mbishi, un- cooked sweet potato. mbiti (ya, dza), n., Ze.; an otter; syn. denhe (ra, a), Ka., Ma.; nzidzi (ya, dza), Ka.; mbinza (ya, dza), Ma. MBIZI mbizi (ya, dza), n.; zebra; syn. cuba (ra, a), Nd.; duve, Ze.; and note mbizi yeutare, bicycle. -mbo-, verbal formative. Study examples following: Ndamboenda kumunda, I first went to the garden; ndicamboenda kumunda, I will just go first to the garden (and by impli- cation, I will then . .); handisaka- mbonona nzou, I have never seen an elephant; wambovuya, he has al- ready come (and gone again); imbga yamboruma here! has the dog bitten before (of today)? imbga yakambo- ruma here? has the dog ever before bitten? ndigombodya here? shall I first be able to eat? cimbomira, just wait a bit; ndambonyoreyi? what did I write meanwhile? handina ku- mbomuvona, I have never seen him, I have not seen him before. mboco (ya, dza), n., Ma.; he-goat. See gotora (ya, dza). mboni (ya, dza), n.; the pupil ol' the eye. mboigga (ya, dza), n.; (1) Ze., bone. See pfupa (ra, a). (2) In the Matoppos there are mboiga (ya, dza), praise-givers, who are daughters of chiefs brought there as vakadzi na Myari (wives of Myari). They live in the mountains, and as lately as Nov., 1929, people from Ci6i and elsewhere took girls there as is their custom when the rains are late. They live on the gifts offered there to Myari; if a chief's cow bears a black calf it is to be given to MVari; if he has no black calves he must exchange for someone else's black ones and make his offering. mboggoro (ya, dza), n.; donkey; syn. Bemhe (ra, a), Ma.; and mu- bemhe (wa, ya), Ze. mborera (ya, dza), Ma.; the sting of the bee. See horera (ya, dza); rumborera (rwa, a), Ka.; ushugga (hwa), usori (hwa), ucdunda (hwa), Ze., and ruwora (rwa), Ma. mboro (ya, dza), n.; penis. -mbovova, vb. int., Ma.; to go down (as floods, tyres, etc.); syn. -dzova, Ka.; -pxa. mbowo (ya, dza), n., Ma.; a wit- MBUZAMBUZA ness; umbowo (hwa), evidence; syn. capupu (ca, za), mupupuri (wa, va). mbudzi (ya, dza), n.; goat (gen.). See gotora for he-goat, nhunzi for she-goat; der. mbudzana (ya, dza), kid. mbudu (ya, dza), n.; (1) a small bag, pocket. See home (ya, dza). (2) Ma., a mosquito. -mbunda (1), vb. int.; to be beaten; to give up; to fail; e.g., ndambunda kuciita, I can't do it. See -tadza. -mbunda (2), vb. tr.; to embrace; see -fuggata; der. -mbundira, -mbu- ndikira, embrace; -mbundirana na-, to shake hands with. -mbundikira, vb. tr.; to embrace. See -mbunda (2). mbundurira (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a blood-blister. See mhoni (ya, dza). mbune, invariable; self; own; added to names standing for persons or living things or to their pronouns, for emphasis; e.g., mambo mbune or mambo iye mbune, the king him- self; ini mbune ndakamuvona, I my- self saw him; ude cake iye mbune, it is his own; and note namambune, purposely. mbuxgo (ya, dza), n.; a soft ball. See bora (ra, a). mbuo (ya, dza), n., Ze.; the blind fly; syn. vuuu (ra, a), Ka. -mburumbuka, vb. int.; to roll down, roll over; der. -mburumbutsa, -mburumbudza, to cause to roll. See -kuiguruka. -mbururuka, vb. int., Ma.; to fly. See -bururuka. mburwa (ya, dza), n.; a pimple; pustule; syn. bundu (ra, a). mbuva (ya, dza), n.; food prepared for carrying on journey. mbuya (wa, pl. ambuya va, Ze. vambuya va), n.; (1) grandmother; (2) mother-in-law; and hence (3) a midwife. See App. on Relationships. mbuyambuya (ra, a), n., Ka.; the mantis; syn. Ze., ambuya muderere (wa, va); Ma., ciremba (ca, ea), nyamuputsahari (wa, va). mbuzambuza (ya, dza), n.; a kind MBUZI of hornet or wasp. See igo (ra, a). mbudi (ya, dza), n.; a water- snake. See snake. -medza; Ka., -midza, vb. tr.; to swallow. -medura, vb. tr.; to break (with the hand); see -putsa; -medura na- pakati, to break in half; -meduka, be broken off, chipped off; mhedu (ya, dza), a chip, a broken-off piece. -mene, indef. pron. of emph.; the very, -self; e.g., cinhu cimene, the very thing, the thing itself. Note: Ka., ndi- (or ndo-)mene, myself; ti- (or to-) mene, ourselves; umene, thy- self; mumene, yourselves; amene, himself; vamene, themselves; and cp. Ze., ini mene, isu mene, ivo mene, etc., for same meaning; and see mbune. meno (a, pi.), n., irreg. pl. of zino (ra); teeth; Ka., lock of a gun. -menya, vb. tr.; to peel; to shell by hand (e.g., mealies). menyu, adj.; alive. See mhenyu. -mera, vb. int.; to come up, grow (of seeds, plants); -mera meno, to teethe; -merera, be grown over, to grow up again; -mesa, -medza, or -meresa, to cause to grow. mereti (ya, dza), n.; a needle. See nariti (ya, dza). mesa (ya, dza), n.; knife (from Du. mes). Cp. Ze., mesi (ya, dza); and see Bagga (ra, a). meso (a, sing. ziso ra), n.; lit. eyes; hence the face. Cp. maziso (a), regular pl. of ziso (ra). meswa, -ita m., vb.; to miss one another (by going different ways); syn. -pesana. Perhaps meswa should be mheswa, from root -pesa of vb. megi (ya, dza), n., Ze.; the tsetse fly; syn. cinono (ca, ea), Ka. meterwa (ya, dza), n.; shrill whistling sound through teeth (with or without the help of one or two fingers), esp. used by herd-boys driving cattle; -ridza m., to whistle thus. Cp. cikokowiro, Nd.; and cikohwiro (ca, ga), a hollow whistle made with the aid of partly closed palms. -MHARA metsa, conj., Nd.; until, till; e.g., metsa avuye, till he come; metsa nyamashi, till today. -mevuka, vb. int., Ka.; to stagger; totter; go from side to side. See -dzeggedzera, Ze. mhaka (ya, dza), n.; fault; case; affair, matter of complaint or accu- sation; syn. mhoga; -pa mhaka, to blame, accuse; handina mhaka, Iam not to blame; handi mhaka yandi, it's not my fault. mhako (ya, dza), n.; a hollow or cleft where bees hive. mhamba (ya, no pl.), n., Ma.; beer (strong); see doro (ra); -Satwa ygemhamba, to get drunk. mhambo (ya, dza), n.; a young hen; a pullet; syn. tseketsi (ya, dza) or hadzi (or nunzi) ye huku (ya, dza). mhanda (ya, dza), n.; a fork (in branch, between fingers, etc.); the space between horns of animals; -ita mhanda, to differ, disagree (in argu- ment); unemhanda, you've gone off on the wrong track; -itirana mh., dispute. mhandara (ya, dza), n.; a girl (marriageable); syn. musikana (wa, va). mhande (ya, dza), n.; Ka., black grains of millet; Ze., Ma., crushed grain mealiee or other); Ze., mhande yejira, strip of cloth. mhando (ya, dza), n.; a kind, sort, species; a tribe. See rudzi (rwa, dza); mutovo, musaku (wa, ya). mhandu (ya, dza), n.; Ka., one who is fearless in war; Ma., enemy. See muveggi (wa, va). mhanza (ya, dza), n.; baldness; bald spot, bald forehead; see human (ya, dza); var. mhazha (ya, dza), Ka. mhagga (ya, dza), n.; mild beer, a stage in beer-making. See doro (ra). mhaggo (ya, dza), n.; a hole (in tree or tooth); a natural hive (in such a tree hollow); -nembaygo, hollow. mhaggura (ya, dza), n.; iron ore. -mhara, vb. int.; to perch, roost; to alight (as a bird). MHARA mhara (ya, dza), n.; a perch; roosting-place for fowls. mharadzano (dza), n., Ka.; cross- roads; adjournment; syn. mhararano (dza). mhararano (dza), n.; cross-roads; place where roads meet; syn. mhara- dzano (dza), Ka. mharuparu (ya, dza), n., Ze.; a main rafter in roof; syn. nhuggo (ya, dza), Ka., Ma. mhata (ya, dza), n.; the anus. mhatsa (ya, dza), n., Ma.; differ- ence; e.g., hapana mhatsa, there's no difference. See -patsana. mhatso (ya, dza), n., Nd.; house. See imba (ya, dza). mhazha (ya, dza), n., Ka.; bald- ness; bald forehead, bald spot. See mhanza (ya, dza). mhece (dza), n.; pudenda muli- ebria. See Bece (ra, a). mhedu (ya, dza), n.; a piece or part (broken off). See cimhedu (ca, ea). mhembge (ya, dza), n.; a duiker; a buck. mhendero (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a border, hem. See -pendera and mu- pendero (wa, ya). mheni (ya, dza), n.; lightning; syn. rupaggo (rwa), kupenya (kwa); rupaygo rwemheni, a flash of light- ning. mhenyu, adj. agr. with sing. and pl. nouns of (ya, dza) class; alive. See -penyu. mhepo (ya, dza), n.; wind; a breeze, air; syn. dutu (ra), a gale; mgeya (wa, ya), of a light breeze; mututu (wa, ya), Nd. mhera nekare, adv., Nd.; ever, always. here (ya, dza), n.; an alarm; -ridza mnhere, to cry heree' to raise the alarm, cry for help. mherepere (ya, dza). I., Ma.; the swallow. See nyeiganyegga (ya, dza). mhegi (ya, dza), n., Ze.; knife (from Du., mes). See Bagga (ra, a). mhete (ya, dza), n.; a ring (for finger); syn. cimhete (ca, ga), Ka.; mbata-munwe (ya, dza), Ze.; cp. MHODZI (ear-ring) cindore (ca, ga), Ka.; ndandazi (ya, dza), Nd. mhezi (ya, dza), n.; the itch; a skin disease; var. mhizi (ya, dza), Ka. mhiko (ya, dza), n.; an oath; Ka., hire (esp. for war). Cp. cipiko (ca, ea) from the same root -pika, which see. mhikuro (ya, dza), n.; a lever; prop or stay. See -pikura. mhimbiri (ya, dza), n., Ka.; spoil in war, loot. See mimbiri (ya, dza). mhindirira (ya, dza), n., K.; back door, door of escape (allows of pass- ing through, -pindirira) ; from -pinda; -ita mhindirira, to go past. mhindiso (ya, dza), n.; doorway; from -pinda. See musuvo (wa, ya). mhindo (ya, sing.), n.; of the moon's waning phase of nine days; or of the three days in which no moon is seen; prob. from -pinda. See njedzana (ya, dza). mhinduro (ya, dza), n.; an answer; from -pindura. mhinna (ya, dza), n.; the wooden head used by boys on arrows for killing small birds. See arrow. mhino (dza, pi.), n., Ka.; nose; in Ka. the sing. mhuno is nostril, the pl. mhino, the nose. mhinzo (ya, dza), n.; sharpness; edge (of spear); der. from -pinza, to be sharp. mhiri (ya), n.; esp. in phrases: pa- or ku-mhiri, on the other side (of river); mhiri muno, mhiri ino, on this side; mhiri kwa, on the other side of; ihiri nemhiri, on opposite banks; mhiriyo, over the other side. mhiripiri (ya, dza), n.; pepper, chilies; syn. cipiripiri (ca, ea); cito- ro3ga (ca), Nd. mhiro (dza), n., Nd.; the nose. mhizha (ya, dza), n., Ka.; a cap- able workman; mhizha yedare, a blacksmith, Ze.; -ita mizha, to be proficient. Cp. tsanzi (ya, dza). mhizi (ya, dza), n., Ka.; the itch. See mhezi (ya, dza). mhoani (ya, dza), n.; ostrich, Ma., Nd. mhodzi (ya, dza), n., Ze.; seed MHOFU (of pumpkin, etc.). See mbeu (ya, dza). mhofu (ya, dza), n.; eland; syn. nhuka, shava (' the Red One '). mhombo (ya, dza), n.; an habitual adulterer, adulteress, or fornicator; from -pomba; var. Ka., mhombge (ya, dza). mhondo (ya, dza), n., Ma.; small, rounded stone for grinding tobacco on for snuff. See ibge (ra, a). mhondoro (ya, dza), n.; lion; esp. perhaps one supposed to be possessed by a spirit. See shumba (ya, dza). mhoni (ya, dza), n.; a blister; syn. (fire-bl.) mbare (ya, dza); (burn) duzu (ra, a), Ze.; (blood-bl.) mbu- ndurira (ra, a). mhopo (ya, dza), n.; a wart. mhoga (ya, dza), n.; fault; case, affair, matter of complaint or accusa- tion. Note: Handi mh. yandi, it's not my fault, or, it's not my busi- ness; -pa mhoqa, to blame, accuse. See mhaka (ya, dza). mhou (ya, dza), n.; (1) cow; var. yombe yehadzi; mai weyombe; (2) ostrich, Ka, Ze.; syn. mhoani (ya, dza), Ma., Nd. mhuka (ya, dza), n.; animal (gen. a grazing one). Cp. cipfuo (ca, Za), domestic; cikara (ca, ga), carnivor- ous. mhukuta (ya, dza), n.; dust. mhumhi (ya, dza), n.; wild dog. mhuno (ya, dza), n.; the nose. See mhino (dza), Ka.; mhiro (dza), Nd. mhunzi (ya, dza), n., Ka.; seed (of pumpkins, etc.); syn. mhodzi (ya, dza), Ze.; nhikiti (ya, dza), Ma.; and see mbeu (ya, dza). mhuijga (ya, dza), n.; a native grain, kind of millet. mhuijgu (ya, dza), n.; a snake of cobra family. See snake. mhuri (ya, dza), n.; a family, household; syn. Buri (ra, a), dzinza (ra, a), nhundu (ya, dza), umba (ya, dza); and cp. rudzi (rwa, dza). mhuru (ya, dza), n.; a calf; foal. mhute (ya, no pl.), n., Ma.; mist. See Bute (ra, a). mhutu (ya, dza), n.. Ma.; the -MDA cheek; a mouthful; esp. in phr. -sekera mumhutu, to laugh 'up the sleeve,' laugh without showing it; -ita mhutu, to drink a mouthful; kamhutu (ka, twa), a sip, a taste. Cp. -quta, -qutura. -midza, vb. tr.; Lo swallow. See -medza. mimba (ya, dza), n.; belly; womb; see dumbu (ra, a), nhumbu (ya, dza); -va nemimba, be pregnant. mimbiri, mhimbiri (ya, dza), n., Ka.; spoil in war, loot; syn. mha- mbara (ya, dza), Ma.from-pambara. -mimina, vb. tr.; to pour off; drain; strain off. -mina, vb. tr.; -m. madzihwa, to blow the nose; syn. -fura dzihwa, to blow violently; var. -pfura dzihwa; Nd., -mira. -minyuka, vb. int., Ze.; to be sprained; syn. -shodogoka, Ze.; -shodoka, Ka.; -nika, Ma., Nd. -mira, vb. int.; to stand; to wait; to halt; der. -misa, mirisa, to cause to stand; -mirira, to wait for; chi- mbomira, just wait a moment; -mi- risa myoyo, to make one feel sick; -Zimisa, to control oneself; -misira, to give a second wife in place of her dead 'sister'; and note the irreg. perfect, munhu umire, the man is standing. -misa, vb. tr., caus. of -mira, which see; to set up, cause to stand. misi (ya, pl.), n.; see music (wa, ya); days, esp. in phr. misi yose, misi yese, always; misi isiygaperi, for ever. mitsimba, -ita mitsimba, to wrestle. See -rwa. -miza, vb. tr., Ma.; to sow (broad- cast); -mizira, to splash, flip water off fingers. See -dyara. mi- (old spelling, mw-; or Ka., mg-). Nouns with these initial con- sonants are either (1) sing. n. of (wa, va) class, e.g., myana wa, pl. vana va, or (2) of (wa, ya) class, e.g., myoto wa, pl. myoto ya. mia-, ma-, locative formative (or prep.); at, in; see under kwa-. -mga, vb. tr.; to drink (in Ka., to suck); der. -mgiisa, to give a person 67 MDADIYA drink (esp. as a nurse with sick man or mother with infant); -miira, appl. e.g., vanomira-pa, they drink some; -miira mumvura (nokufa), to drown, die by drowning. miadiya (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a canoe; syn. 5gato (bga), Ka.; cikepe (ca, ga), for.; gwa, igwa (ra, a), Ka., Ze.; 3garawa (ya, dza), Swa. mgaka (wa, ya), n.; a year. miakani (wa), n., Ma.; spring (about Oct.). See cirimo (ca, ea), ruswiswi (rwa). mgiambabvu (wa, ya), n.; a swell- ing of glands (esp. in groin), gen. connected with a sore or wound else- where. mgamuna (wa, va), n., Nd.; a man (as dist. from woman); male, husband. See murume (wa, va). mjana (wa, va), n.; child (in gen. sense); syn. pxere (ya, dza), Ze., Ka., Ko., mupxere (wa, va), Ma., from -pxera, to suckle; formerly spelt phere, Ka., pkere, Ze., (mu)- pwere, Ma., Ko.; mucece (wa, va); and note mijanagari (wa, va), Ka., son of a chief or headman. mianakadzi (wa, va), n.; a daugh- ter; cp. mianarume (wa, va), son; in Ka. mjanakadzi may equal son- in-law, a woman calling her daugh- ter's husband by the same name as her daughter. mganakomana (wa, va), n.; son; syn. mianarume (wa, va), mukororo (wa, va), mukorore (wa, va), mnana womukomana (wa, va). See App. on Relationships. mianarume (wa, va), n.; son; boy. mijanaZari (wa, va), n., Ka.; son of a chief; heir. Cp. mucinda (wa, va). mianda (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a sheaf (of grass, etc.). See ciswa (ca, Za), musumbu (wa, ya). miando (wa, ya), n.; a gentle breeze; damp, moisture; adj. -ne- myando, damp; cp. -nyoro. mjanza (wa, ya), n., Ma.; track of rats, etc., in field. See mgazha, Ka.; mgenza, Ze. (wa, ya). mjaramu (wa, va), n., Ma. (=mu- ramu, Ka. Ze.,; brother-in-law, sis- MDEDZI ter-in-law. See App. on Relation- ships. mgari (wa, pl. vamy. va), n.; the Great Spirit; used by some for God; other names for God are Wedeijga, Nyadeiga, the One Above; Musika- vanhu, the. creator of men; Yave, fr. the biblical Jehovah. -mgawura, vb. int.; to be clear, cloudless (of sky); op. -ti weru- weru. -mgaya, vb. tr.; to sow broadcast; to sprinkle; Ze., -mrampaidza, to sprinkle. -mgazha, miezha (wa, ya), n., Ka.; the track of animals in field (game, rats, rabbits); Ze., mienza; Ma., mianza (wa, ya). -mie, (1) num. adj.; one, in pl. some; always after its noun in this sense; (2) other; always before its noun in this sense-e.g., munhu mumye, one person; mumge munhu, another person; cimye necimge, each (thing); cigaro cimyeco, the same chair; pamye, pamyepo, in the same place; and see pamJe. mJea, mijia (wa, ya), n.; spirit (living, of living person); air, breath; syn. mudzimu (wa, ya), a disem- bodied spirit; mumvuri (wa, ya), dis- embodied spirit (lit. shade); shave (ra, a), an unfriendly spirit; Jgozi (ya, dza), a malevolent spirit; rombo (ra, a), a luck-bringing spirit. Notes: (1) Myea Sante, Myea Unoyera, Myea Mutsene, Myea Wakashana- ygurwa, Myea Wakatsawurwa, are are renderings in various missions for the Holy Spirit. (2) Myea waka- ipa, my. wakashata are used of the devil and of demons; also my. is used by some for disposition,' heart'; possessed with a devil, -nemyea wa. kaipa, -nedemoni, -neshave, -nedia- bore, -nemudemona. mnedzi (wa, ya), n.; moon; hence month; the moon's phases are as fol- lows: New moon, greeted with clap- ping and cries of Tenderekedzi we! maygwani igumi'; first 'quarter,' ten days, called in Ma. njedzana, in Ka. rucenje; second 'quarter,' ten days again, called in Ma. and Ka. -MDEKURIRA alike rikati; last quarter,' nine days, called in Ka. and M. mhindo (ya, dza). Of the last nine days (mhi- ndo), on the seventh, eighth, and ninth it is said myedzi wafa, the moon is dead; on the tenth day it reappears and is greeted as above. Full moon, jenaguru, or wavate- ndere. Names of months are as fol- lows, but with many local variations: Myedzi wendira (much rain), end of Dec. and part of Jan.; my. woku- rume mealiess), end of Jan. and part of Feb.; my. wokukadzi, about Feb.; my. kubvumbi (drizzle), about Mar.; my. bantwe (end of rain), about Apr. ; my. cikuyguru (reaping), about May; my. cikumi (threshing), about June; my. civabvu, about July; my. nyamavnvu (wind), about Aug.; my. 1 ," ...1... ... (return of heat), about -.:. , glumiguiru (great heat). about Oct.; my. mbudzi (rain be- gins), about Nov.; my. rita (rain), about December. (Taken from Fr. Biehler's Dictionary.) -mgekurira, -miemiera, vb. int., Ka.; to smile; syn. -nyenama, Ma.; -nyenyema, Ka.; -nyemyerera, Ze. mgena (wa, ya), n.; a hole. See -mina. mgene (wa, pl. vene va), n., Ka.; owner, master. mgeni (wa, pl. oaeni or veni va), n.; a visitor, guest; e.g., ,,..i.,i,; ., nemyeni, I have a guest. mgenje (wa, ya), n.; Nd., grass; sec uswa (hwa); Ma., a torch. mgenza (wa, ya), i., Ze.; track of small game in fields; syn. Ma.. mianza (wa, ya); Ka., miazha, mgezha (wa, ya). myegga (wa, pl. madzimy. a), n., Ka.; a bride. See muroorwi (wa, va); muaitsa (wa, va), Ma., Ze. -mgesa, vb. tr., Ma., Nd.; to tear. mina, miena (wa, ya), n.; a hole (e.g., rat-hole); my. wepfuti, muzzle of gun. -mgisa, vb. tr.; iMa., to give or cause to drink, when the giver holds and presents cup etc., to mouth, caus. of -mya; Ka., to suckle (babe), caus. of -mya, Ka., to suck; in Ma., MOWA Ze. -amna (to suck), -amrisa, are found. mgise (wa, ya), Ka.; tail (of animal). See muswe (wa, ya). myondo (wa, ya), n., Ze.; the shaft of a spear; see rwiriko (rwa, pl. nziriko dza); and see pfumo (ra, a). mgonzora (wa, ya), n.; an ear of corn, of muyga. mioggo, Ka.; mjoggora (wa, no pl.), n.; marrow (of bone). mgoto (wa, ya), n.; fire; syn. mu- riro (wa, ya), Nd.; var. moto (wa, ya), Ze. mgoyo, moyo (wa, ya), n.; heart; -va nomyoyo mucena, to be glad, cheerful. -mo, loc. suffix; in; e.g., yisa-mo, put it in; wabva-mo, he came out from within. mombe (ya, dza), n.; a head of cattle; cattle. Sec rombe (ya, dza). -mona, vb. tr.; to twist, screw round; to stir thick porridge (sadza). See -monya, -shonyorora. mono (ya, dza), n.; castor-oil bean. See pfuta (ya, dza). -monya, vb. tr.; to twist, screw; der. -monyera, to screw in, to twist round (something); -monyana, to be twisted; tr., -monyeredza, twist round; monyereka, whirl round, spin; -monyorora, to untwist; int., monyonoka, to come untwisted; -monyeka, int., to coil easily; syn. -mona, -shonyorora. mora (? mhora) (ya, dza), n., Ze.; spring (of gun or knife). mose, pron.; you all; var. myese, Ma.; mgeshe, Nd. mota (ra, pi. mam. a), n.; a boil, abscess; var. myota (wa, ya), Ma.; mota (ya, dza), Ma.; syn. bonje (ra, a); and see cisomo (ca, Za), the core of a boil. moto (wa, ya), n., Ze.; fire. See mgoto (wa, ya). motsi, num., Ka.; one, in counting without naming the things counted; syn. potsi, poshi, Ze., Ma. ; posi, Nd. motsi (mhotsi?) (ya, dza), n.; short, curly hair; -ita motsi, to curl. mowa (?mhowa) (ya, dza), n.; a kind of spinach. 69 MOYO moyo (wa, ya), n.; heart; mind. See mjoyo (wa, ya); and note im. mucena, good-will; m. mutema, ill- will. mparapara (ya, dza),n.,Nd.; roan antelope. See ceiggu (ca, ta). mphandwe, mhandwe (ya, dza), n., Nd.; a girl of marriageable age. See musikana (wa, va). mphatso, mhatso (ya, dza), n., Nd.; house. See imba (ya, dza). mpheni, mheni (ya, dza), n., Nd.; lightning. See mheni (ya, Jza). mphepo (ya, dza), n., Nd.; cold; ep. mhepo (ya, dza). See cando (ca). mphezi (ya, dza), n., Nd.; itch. See mhezi. mphoo (ya, dza), n., Nd.; =mhou (ya, dza), cow. mphute (ya, dza), n., Nd.; = mhute (ya, dza), mist. See Bute. msoro (wa, ya), n.; head. See musoro (wa, ya). mu- (1), locative formative (or pre- position); in, into. See ku- for rules of usage of mu-, reading mu- for ku, mwa for kwa, muna for kuna; and see also kuna. (2) mu-, subj. pron. conc. of 2nd pers. pl.; you; e.g., munoda, you want. (3) -mu-, obj. pron. cone. of 2nd pers. pl (for var. see -ku . i); you, pl.; e.g., ndinomuda, I love you, or ndinokudei. (4) A locative in mu- may also re- quire a subj. or obj. concord and takes mu- for either-e.g., mumba munodziya, in the house it is hot. mu .. i, mu .. o; many nouns are formed from vbs. by prefixing mu- to the verb stem and changing the final a to -i or -o. Those in -i generally indicate the doer of the action belonging to the verb. Those in -o gen. indicate a thing resulting from the action; e.g., -ceka, to cut; muceki, one who cuts; -cera, to gather fruit; mucero, the fruit; -bata, to work; mubati, a workman; mu- bato, a piece of work. mubarisi (wa, va), n., Nd.; tax- collector. MUIBIBIB mubvumbi (wa, ya), n.; mist with rain; damp cloud. Cp. gore (ra, a), guti (ra, a). mubvumu (wa, ya), n., Nd.; a kind of palm tree. See mucihgwe (wa, ya), Ka.; mucindwi (wa, ya), Ma.; murara (wa, ya), Ze. mubvunzo (wa, ya), n.; a ques- tion. See -bvunza, ask. mubvuri (wa, ya), n.; a shadow (gen. of a living thing). Cp. bvute, shade of any sort. mubvuti (wa, va), n., Ma.; a rob- ber (lit. a snatcher); syn. gororo (ra, a), highwayman. mubada (wa, ya), n.; a walking stick. See tgimbo (ya, dza). mubairo (wa, ya), n.; reward, wages. See cibairo (ca, Za), tuso (ra, a). mubanze (wa, va), n.; a neigh- bour, one using the same banze. See Banze (ra, a) and dare (ra, a). mubari (wa, va), n.; a parent, esp. in pl. vaSari (va); syn. muBe- reki (wa, va). muBati (wa, va), n.; a worker, workman; a ruler, governor. muBatiri (wa, va), n.; a servant, maidservant; an assistant (at any piece of work); syn. muBatidzi (wa, va), Ze.; muBatisi (wa, va), Ka. muBato (wa, ya), n., Ka.; work; Ma., a handle. Cp. ciBato; and see basa (ra, a). muBatsiri (Ma.), mubetseri (Ka.); (wa, &a), n.; a helper. See -Batsira, -Betsera. muBatwa (wa, va), n.; slave (cap- tured in war); also mapxa, muranda (wa, va). muBatwi (wa, va), n.; a drunken man. See mukaririwedoro (wa, va). muBayo (wa, ya), n.; a fork, any implement for sticking into things. See -Baya. muBereki (wa, va), n.; parent; anyone carrying a child on the back as native mothers do. See muBari (wa, va). muBetseri (Ka), muBatsiri (Ma.) (wa, va), n.; helper, assistant. See -Batsira, -Betsera. muBibibi (wa, va), n., Ze.; a dumb MUBIKI person; one with a stammer or stutter. See mbeveve (ya, dza). muBiki (wa, va), n.; a cook. muBigga (wa, va), n., Ma.; mes- senger (of a chief). See mutumija (wa, va) and Nd., mudzimbahwe (wa, va). mubondo (wa, va), n., Nd.; second and following wives; Ka., vagota (va). muBoshwe (wa, ya), n., Nd. (also mooshwe, wa); the left hand; see ruBoshwe (rwa); kumu6oshwe, ku- mooshwe, to the left. mubuggwe (wa, ya), n., Nd.; a salt-bearing reed. See buggwa (ra, a) and mutomba (wa, ya). mucairi (wa, va), n.; waggoner, driver; fr. -caya, Zulu. mucapo (wa, ya), n.; a paddle (of canoe). mucece (wa, va), n.; child (infant in arms); see mnana (wa, va); der. kacece (kca, twa), small infant. muceka (wa, ya), n.; cloth; a belt, waistband; dysentery; Ka., a flag; syn. jira (ra, a), iguvo, jguwo (ya, dza); Ma., muceka wenya6arwc, rainbow. muceki (wa, va), n.; one who cuts; a cutter. See -ceka. mucekecera (wa, ya), n., Ze.; the male flowers of maize; syn. Ze., mupugga weciBarwe; Ka., ijgara (ya, dza); Ma., igarara (ya, dza). mucembere (wa, va), n.; an old woman (past bearing). See-cembera. mucenje (wa, ya), n.; the workers in a 'white ant' (termite) colony. See under juru (ra, a). muceigeti (wa, va), n.; keeper, guardian; Ka., the Saviour. See -ceggeta; syn. murindi (wa, va), mutariri (wa, va). mucerechedzo (wa, ya), n.; a mark; Ka., mucerekedzo (wa, ya). mucero (wa, ya), n.; fruit. Cp. -cera, to pluck fruit (Ka.). mucinda (wa, va), n. (pl. also ma- cinda a); son of a paramount chief. Cp. Ka., in anaaari, muzari (wa, va). mucindwi (wa, ya), n., Ma.; palm tree. See muciggwe (wa, ya). mucinyi (wa, va), n.; a sinner. See -cinya. MUDOMBO muciggwe (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a palm tree; syn. Ze., murara (wa, ya); mucindwi (wa, ya), Ma.; mu- bvumu, muigwarara (wa, ya), Nd. mucocororo (wa, ya), n.; (1) a cock's comb; (2) a boundary furrow between two gardens; hence a cycle track on a dusty road; syn. for 1, Ka., jorocoro (ra, a), mucorocora (wa, ya). mudya (wa, ya), n.; string (of apron, etc.), straps for tying up a garment. For pronunciation see -dy-. mudyo (wa, ya), var. rudyo (rwa); the right hand (lit. the eating hand); var. mudyi, rudyo, rudyi. See-dy-. mudzi (wa, ya), n.; a root. mudzidzi (wa, va), n.; a pupil, learner; disciple; fr. -dzidza. mudzidzisi (wa, va), n.; a teacher; from -dzidza. mudzimba (wa, va), n.; the hunter who strikes first. See muvimi (wa, isa). mudzimbahwe (wa, va), n., Nd.; messenger (of a chief). See muBilga (wa, va), mutumia (wa, va). mudzimu (wa, ya), n.; spirit (of a dead person); syn. mumvuri (wa, ya), lit. a shade, and see mjea (wa, ya). mudziggwa (wa, va), n., Ka.; one who is circumcised. See -dzizgisa. mudzira (wa, ya), n.; a sinew, tendon. See runda. mudzivo (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a stopper, cork; Ze., a corner; Ka., the end, the last one. See cidziviro (ca, ea). mudzogga (wa, ya), n.; biltong; strips of dried meat. mudandaara (wa, ya), n.; central ridge of spear-blade or arrowhead; syn. musana (wa, ya). mudanho (mudantho) (wa, ya),n., Nd.; a bridge. See dfanho (ra, a). mudariki (wa, va), n.; a trans- gressor. See -darika. mudikani, mudikanwa (wa, va), n.; a beloved one; a darling. See -da. mudinhi (wa, ya), n.; the coccyx, the bone at the end of spine. mudombo (wa, ya), n.; ingredient MUDONZO mixed with snuff (to make it milder). Ash of banana skins and a native spinach is used; syn. mukuma (wa, ya); mutyaba (wa, ya), Ma. mudonzo (wa, ya), n.; a walking stick, staff; see tgimbo (ya, dza); var. mudombZo (wa, ya), Ma. mududziri (wa, va), n.; an inter- preter; see -dudzira; syn. musha- nduri (wa, va), Ka. muduggwe (wa, ya), n.; a column; -ita muduygwe, -famba nomudu- Vgwe; to march in file. See runda- za (rwa). mufambi (wa, va), n.; a traveller; a stranger; a pilgrim; mufambi- fambi (wa, va), n.; a tramp, one who is constantly on the road.' mufananidzo (wa, ya), n.; a pic- ture, likeness. mufari (wa, va), n.; a merry per- son; a happy person. See -fara. mufaro (wa, ya), n.; joy; glad- ness. See -fara. mufemberi (wa, pl. vaf. va), n.; a diviner; one who foretells, guesses; one who smells out' a wizard. See gaxga (ya, dza); var. pfemberi (ya, dza). mufirwa (wa, va), n.; a person bereaved, a mourner. See -fa and -firwa. mufudzi (wa, va), n.; a herd-boy. See -fudza. mufundi (wa, va), n., for.; a scholar, one who is learning; from -funda, for., to learn. mufundisi (wa, va), n.; a teacher; a missionary. mufuggo. (wa, ya), n.; an idea, a thought; syn. pfuggwa (ya, dza). mufute (wa, ya), n.; the castor- oil plant. See mupfuta (wa, ya). mugano (ra, ya), n.; a boundary, limit. mugari (wenhalca) (wa, va), n.; an heir, successor. See -gara nhaka. mugariri (wa, va), n., Ma.; a man who, instead of paying lobola' lives and works in his wife's village; also cp. mugarire waygu, it is my custom. mugariro (wa, ya), n.; habit; nature; custom; state; var. Ka., mugarire (wa, ya). MUJAHO mugayi (wa, va), n.; a miller, mill-boy. See -gaya. mugero (wa, ya), n.; a water fur- row; irrigation channel. mugodi (wa, ya), n., for.; a hole, pit; esp. a mine. See gomba (ra, a). mugoti (wa, ya), n.; stick for stir- ring porridge; syn. musika (wa, ya), Ka. mugova (wa, ya), n.; wild banana (so called); the fruit are called ma- gova (a), and dried and pierced are used as ornaments and rattles; syn. tsoro (ya, dza). mugove, mugovo (wa, ya), n.; a share. See -gova. mugoveri (wa, va), n.; one who distributes shares; a sharer. mugovera, mugobera (wa, ya), n.; Saturday; music wemugovera, Satur- day. mugumo (wa, ya), n.; end; result; der. mugumisiro (wa, ya), end. mugwagwa (wa, ya), n.; road; syn. muva (wa, ya); mugwanyo (wa, ya), Ma.; and cp. nzira, zhira, path. mugwaku (iwa, ya), n.; ladle; spoon. See rugwaku (rwa, a). mugwanyo (wa, ya),n., Ma.; road. See mugwagwa (wa, ya). muhedeni (wa, va), n., for.; a heathen. muhobo (wa, ya), n.; the banana plant. Cp. hobo (ra, a), the fruit. muhomba (wa, ya), n.; raised garden beds for vegetables, etc. muhonde (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a plant of the euphorbia family; the candelabra plant; Ze., mukonde (wa, ya). muhota (wa, ya), n.; the canna plant. Cp. hota (ya, dza), canna seed. muhova (wa, ya), n.; the banana plant. Cp. hova (ra, a), the fruit. muhwe (wa, ya), n.; a crack in a pot; a current in water; the edge (of table or village). muiri (wa, ya), n., Nd.; body. See muviri (wa, ya). muiti (wa, va), n.; a maker, doer. Cp. musiki (wa, va). mujaho (wa, ya), n.; sports; race meeting, etc. MUJAYA mujaya (wa, va), n., Ka.; young man. See jaha (ra, a). mujoni (wa, va), n.; a soldier, policeman. -muka, vb. int.; to wake; rise (from a lying position); -muka-Ze, of rising from the dead; syn. -simuka, to rise (from sitting); -dzidziuka, Ze., to rise again; and note Ka., -rara- ma-Ze; der. -mukira, to arise for or to; -mutsa, to cause to rise, to wake up (tr.), to raise. mukadzi (wa, va), n.; woman; wife. See -kadzi, adj. female. mukaha (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a gorge; gulf. mukaka (wa, ya), n., pl. rare; milk. mukamba (wa, ya), n.; a pod- mahogany' tree; in Ma. mukwamba is used of a palm whose timber is useless. mukandiri (wehakata), (wa, va), n.; a diviner; a caster of bones or lots. See gjaiga (ya, dza). mukanwa, mukajwa (mwa, no pl.), n.; the mouth (inside as dist. from muromo (wa, ya), the lip). Sec muromo (wa, ya). mukanyiro (wa, ya), n.; Ka., dough; Ma., the kneading dish; the manner of kneading. mukaiwa (mwa), n., Ka.; mouth. See mukanwa (mwa). mukarabge (wa, va), n., Ka.; wife's father. See App. on Relation- ships. mukaragga (wa, va), n.; (1) one of the tribe of the Uakaragga; (2) Ma., the first wife of a chief; (3) Ze., the honey-guide, honey-bird. mukariri (wedoro) (wa, va), n., Ka.; a drunkard; syn. cidakwa (ca, ga), ciradza (ca, ea), muraradzi (wa, va); and see muBatwi (wa, va). mukati, adv.; in the midst, in the middle; mukati ma-. mukhondo (wa, ya), n., Nd.; a spear. See pfumo (ra, a). mukiwa (wa, pl. mak. a), n., Ma., Ze.; white man. See muruggu (wa, va). mukoho (wa, ya), n., Ma., Nd.; an echo; syn. mauggira (a). MUKUMBO mukokeri (wa, va), n.; leader of oxen; voorlooper. mukoko (wa, ya), n.; a cylinder of bark set in a tree for a beehive. mukoma (wa, va), n.; elder brother' of man or woman; elder sister of woman. See App. on Re- lationships. mukomana (wa, va), n.; boy, youth; (sometimes) young man. See jaha (ra, a). mukombe (wa, ya), n.; calabash used as water-ladle or cup. mukonde (wa, ya), n.; (1) bead- belt worn by women; (2) the 'can- delabra' plant, a kind of euphorbia: Ma., muhonde (wa, ya). mukono (wa, ya), n.; a bull, and gen. of the male of any animal; syn. for bull, hando (ya, dza), Ka.; ha- ndira (ya, dza), ndunda (ya, dza), nzombe (ya, dza). mukorore, Ma., mukororo, Nd. (wa, va), n.; son; in Ma. esp. of the relation between a mayinini (or mu- garira) and the son of the sister to whose husband she has been given; see mugarira; Ka., mukorore (wa, va), grandson, used as title of en- dearment. mukoshi, mukosi; (1) (wa, ya), n. rope or string of plaited bark or fibre; see tambo (ra, a); (2) m. (wa, va), n., the man who plaits string, etc. mukotyo (wa, ya), n., Ma.; for pronunciation see ty-; a lizard. See deinyu (ya, dza), Ka. mukova (wa, ya), n., Ka.; door- way; open yard (in a kraal). See musuuo (wa, ya), ruvazhe (rwa, va- zhe dza), Ka. mukove (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a pod (esp. of tree fruit); syn. nokwara (ya, dza), Ze.; Ma., deko (ra, a). mukoweri (wa, va), n.; Ze., a skilful person; Ka., one who mends wooden articles. mukuma (wa, ya), n.; an ingre- dient (of ash) mixed with snuff or tobacco (to make it milder). See mucdombo (wa, ya); mutyaBa (wa, ya), Ma. mukumbo, in phr. -tiza mukumbo na, to elope (used of a girl); -tizisa MUKUMVU mukumbo (used of the man elop- ing). mukumvu (wa, ya), n., Nd.; the navel. See guvu (ra, a). mukunda (wa, va), n.; a daugh- ter. See App. on Relationships. mukundi (wa, va), n.; a winner (in contest); one who overcomes. See -kunda, and cp. mukuriri (wa, va). mukuni (wa, ya), n.; a heavy pole set to fall on a narrow passage in a trap for game. See citeyo (ca, ea), for other traps. mukugguru (wa, ya), n.; a roll, bale, large bundle. mukupo (wa, ya), mukupo wehoma (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a bat or hockey stick. mukuriri (wa, va), n.; a con- queror, winner (in contest). See -kurira. mukuru (wa, va), n.; chief; any great person; head of family. See mambo (wa, va). mukute (wa, ya), n.; a wild fruit tree, with fruit like the damson plum. Cp. hute- (ya, dza), the fruit. mukutu (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a quiver. See mutendya (wa, ya). mukuwasha (wa, va), n.; son-in- law; and sometimes brother-in-law, or even father's sister's husband; see App. on Relationships; syn. mu- kwambo (wa, va), Ma. mukuyu (wa, ya), n.; the fig tree; op. guyu (ra, a), the fig (fruit); syn. muvonde (wa, ya). mukwambo (wa, va), n.; son-in- law; brother-in-law; at a wedding he is the bridegroom in relation to the bride's people and village, but he remains mukwambo to them all his married life. See App. on Relation- ships. * mukwago (wa, ya), n.; a paddle (of canoe). mumembe (wa, ya), n.; barrel (of gun). mumera (wa, ya), n., Ka.; yeast, leaven; yeasty meal prepared in course of beer-making; see doro (ra); syn. cimera (ca); mamera (a). mumiriri (wa, va), n.; intercessor, MUNO advocate; one who 'stands up for' another. mumge, num. and pron.; one; someone; other; agr. with sing. n. of (wa, va) class or (wa, ya) class. mumono (wa, ya), n.; castor-oil plant. See mupfuta (wa, ya) and mhono (ya, dza), the castor-oil bean. mumumu (ra, pl. mam. a), n., Ze.; a dumb person. See cimumumu (ca, Za). mumvuri (wa, ya), n., var. mu- bvuri; shade; shadow; reflection; prob. mumvuri is the shadow (par- ticular), bvute, bvuri, shade (gen.); -kanda mumvuri, Ka., to visit. muna, prep. (or locative forma- tive); in; at. See note under pana for use of these forms. munamato (wa, ya), n.; a prayer. See -namata. munamba (wa, ya), n.; beestings, i.e., cow's milk of the first few days after calving; porridge made with this milk. munami (wa, va), n.; a plasterer. See -nama. munanzi (wa, ya), n.; a simple flute of reed or bamboo with three notes. munda (wa, ya), n.; garden; field (of any crop); syn. ruwa (rwa); ma- furo (a). mundarira (wa, ya), n.; copper wire, a ring or coil of copper wire. Cp. ndarira (ya, dza). mundimu (wa, ya), n.; orange tree, lemon tree, any kind of citrus tree. Cp. ndimu (ya, dza), the fruit. munhagu (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a pace. See nhawararo (ya, dza). munhegga (wa, ya), n. (pl. gen. manhepga a); a feather. munhikwi (wa, ya), n.; a hiccup. munhu (wa, va), n.; a person, man (gen.); dist. from murume, man as dist. from woman. munhuliadzi (wa, va), n.; a wo- man, female person. munhurume (wa, va), n.; a man, male. See murume (wa, va). muno, dem. pr. agr. with a mu- locative, always after its noun, or standing alone; this (near); in here; MUNONDO e.g., mumba muno, in this house; pinda muno, come in here. munondo (wa, ya), n., Ka.; large knife, sword. See Bagga (ra, a). munonoki (wa, oa), n.; a laggard, a loiterer. See -nonoka. munoggedzo (wa, ya), n., Ma.; the index finger, forefinger. See mute- ndeka (wa, ya), Ka. munthanzi, munhanzi (wa, ya), n., Nd.; a line, a row. See rundaza (rwa, pl. mindaza ya). mununudzi, mununuri (wa, va), n.; a peacemaker, mediator, redeemer. munuggu (wa, ya), n.; quill of porcupine; syn. manheyga enuyguor miseve enuVgu, i.e., feathers or ar- rows. munuggwa (wa, va), n., Ka.; an illegitimate child (i.e., of unknown. father); syn. nyamuza (wa, va), Ma.; mubvandabarwa (wa, va), Nd. munuiuna (wa, va), n.; younger brother' of man or younger sister' of woman. See App. on Relation- ships. munwe (wa, ya), n., Nd. cinwe (ca, Za); finger; toe; thumb, gunwe (guru), cigunwe and cikunwe (ca, ea); var. mugwe (wa, ya), Ka.; cara (ca, ga) (N. dial.); note, index f., Ma., munoygedzo (wa, ya), cinoyge- dzo (ca, ea); Ka., mutendeka (wa, ya); middle f., wapakati, cidapakati, Ma., Ka.; little finger, Ma., nyaka- siwana; Ka., cimupwahupwani (ca, Za); ring finger, tembayemyana, Ma. munwi (wa, va), n.; a drunkard. See muraradzi (wa, va). munya (wa, ya), n.; porridge (sadza) that has become cold. munyai (wa, va), n.; messenger. See mutumga (wa, va). munyaka, munyakwe (wa, ya), n.; soapstone. See ibge (ra, a). munyaiggadzi (wa, va), n.; an evil- doer. See -nyaggara, -nyaiggadza. munyaradzi (wa, va), n.; a con- soler, comforter. See -nyarara. munyarari (wa, va), n.; a quiet person. munyasi, adv.; down below, down south; Ze., alongside, near. munyato (wa, ya), n.; teat, nipple MUPATA (of cow). See nyaso (ya, dza), shuJgu (ya, dza). munyeggedzeri, munyeijgedzi (wa, va), n.; a deceiver; var. munye1ggeri (wa, va). munyeggetero (wa, ya), n., Ka.; prayer. See munamato (wa, ya). munyepi (wa, va), n.; liar. See -nyepa. munyori (wa, Va), n.; a writer. See -nyora. munyu (wa, no pi.), n.; salt; syn. cai, deai, for.; mutomba (wa), fesha (ya, dza), shece (ya, dza), of native salts. munza (wa, ya), n.; band for fas- tening clothes, an apron string, the straps of the mbereko for carrying babe on mother's back; var. munzha, mudya (wa, ya). munzere (wa, ya), n., Ma.; the left hand; the left; syn. ruBoshwe (rwa), Ka.; rumoshe (rwa), Ze.; Boshwe, Nd. munzwa (wa, ya), n.; a thorn; syn. muwa (wa, ya), Ka. munmi (wa, ya), n.; a point; ve nomunei, to be sharp, pointed. muggawa (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a debt. See rigava (ya, dza). muggoza (wa, ya), n., Nd.; red or brown millet. See rukweza (rwa). muggoja (wa, va), n.; a nursing mother; syn. mutere (wa, va), Ka. muiggumurudzi, mhuggumurudzi (ya, dza), n.; a snake of cobra family. See snake. muggwarara (wa, ya), n., Nd.; a kind of palm tree, tall. See muci- ggwe (wa, ya). -mugunyira, vb. tr.; to suck (a sweet, etc.). See -amja. mugwe (wa, ya), n., Ka.; finger. See munwe (wa, ya). muoko (wa, ya), n., Nd.; the arm. See ruvoko (rwa, a). mupambare. See mupimbira. mupambi (wa, va), n.; cattle thief; highwayman. muparadza-mvura (wa, ya), n., Ze.; a name for the rainbow. See murarauggu (wa, ya). mupata (wa, ya), n.; a valley, glen; a pass; a corner. MUPAWA mupawa (wa, ya), n., Ka.; the rubber tree. See namo (ya), mupira (wa, ya). mupefu (wa, ya), n., Nd.; tail (of fish). See besu (ra, a). mupembe (wa, ya), n., Ka., Ma.; barrel (of gun); Ze., ramrod; syn. mutanda (wa, ya), Ma., Ze., barrel (of gun). mupemi (wa, va), n.; an itinerat- ing entertainer, who goes from vil- lage to village singing and dancing for a living; often called beggar, prob. from misunderstanding; syn. rombe (ra, a). mupendero (wa, pl. mhendero dza), n.; a hem (in sewing). mupenyu (wa, va), n.; a living person. See adj. -penyu. mupergo (wa, va), n.; a lunatic. See Bembvu (ra, a) and -pegga. mupereki (wa, va), n.; a servant, csp. house-boy, waiter. muperekedzi (wa, va), n.; a guide, leader, escort. mupetisi (wa, va), n.; tax-collec- tor; syn. muterisi, muruvisi, muba- risi, all (wa, va). mupeto (wa, ya), n.; a tax; syn. mutero (wa, ya), ciruvo (ca, Za), cibaro (ca, ga); der. mupetisi, tax- collector. mupfidzi (wa, va), n.; a penitent person; from -pfldza. mupflgo (wa, ya), n.; a cross-bar for fastening a reed-door. Op. ci- pfigo (ca, ea). mupfumi (wa, va), n., (1) Ze., Ma., a rich man; from -pfuma, Ze., Ma., to be rich; Ka. var. mufumi (wa, va), fr. Ka., -fuma, to be rich. (2) a tailor; from Ka., -pfuma, to sew. mupfumiro (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a seam (in sewing); from -pfuma, to sew. mupfuri (wa, va), n.; a black- smith. See -pfura; and cp. mhizha (ya, dza). mupfuta (wa, ya), n.; castor-oil plant; cp. pfuta (ya, dza), the castor-oil bean; syn. mufute (wa, ya), Ka., Ko.; rupfuta (rwa); mu- mono (wa, ya); and for the bean, MURANDAKADZI fute (ya, dza) and mhono (ya, dza). mupimbira (wa, ya), n.; var. mu- pimbiri (wa, ya), Ze.; the shin. See gumbo (ra, a). mupinduriri (wa, va), n.; a sponsor; one who answers (-pindura) for another; a godfather. mupini (wa, ya), n.; handle (esp. of hoe, axe, etc.); var. mupinyi (wa, ya). mupira (wa, ya), n.; a ball (of rubber); rubber; syn., for ball see bora (ra); for rubber, namo (ya, dza), Ka.; ndande (ya, no pl.), Nd. muponesi, muponisi (wa, va), n.; a deliverer; the Saviour. mupristi (wa, va), n., for.; a priest. muprofita (wa, va), n., for.; a prophet. mupunu (wa, va), 1n.; a naked per- son; syn. funumunu, Bunyumunyu (ra, a), mupushu (wa, va), mushutu (wa, va), mutitinini (wa, ya); adj. wabasi, washiuku, uneshuku, uygo- deno, usineyguvo; vb. to be n., -pu- shuka, -fukenyika, -ita mushu. mupugga (wa, no pl.), n.; rice; Ze., m. weci6arwe, male flowers of maize. mupuggu (wa, ya), n., Nd.; beard. See ndebvu (ya, dza). mupupuri (wa, va), n.; a witness. Cp. -pupura, to give witness; upu- purl (hwa), evidence. mupushu (wa, pl. vam. va), n.; a naked person. See mupunu (wa, va). mupxere (wa, va), n.; a young child; var. cipxere (ca, ea) and pxere (ya, dza); and see miana (wa, va). murairo (wa, ya), n.; a law, com- mand, order; from -raira, to tell, command. See cirevo (ca, ea). muramu (wa, va), n.; brother-in- law. See App. on Relationships, and also miaramu (wa, va). muranda (wa, va), n.; a slave; servant; syn. muBatwa (wa, va), captive; Ka., mapxa, mutapxi (wa, va) (a child captive); Nd., tyoko (ya, dza), citesi, cisuigwa (ca, ea); Ma., bandadzi (ra, a). murandakadzi (wa, va), n.; a maidservant, female slave. MURANDU murandu (wa, ya), n., for.; a fault, matter of complaint. Cp. mhoga and mhaka (ya, dza); and cp. Ka., mu- randu (wa, ya), a share of meat. muraggariro (wa, ya), n., Ka.; thought; memory. See -ragjgarira. murao (wa, ya), n., Nd., Ka.; a command; word, order; from Nd., -raa, to say. See cirevo (ca, -a). murapi (wa, va), n.; a healer; doctor. See ciremba (ca, ea). murara (1) (wa, ya), n., Ze.; a kind of palm tree; the vegetable ivory palm. See muciggwe (wa, ya), Ka. murara (2) (wa, ya), n., Ma.; a line (drawn); a stripe (on cloth). See mutaro (wa, ya). muraradzi (wa, va), n.; a drunk- en man; a drunkard; syn. mukarire- wedoro (wa, va), Ka.; ciradza (ca, ea), Ma., Nd.; munwi (wa, va), Ze.; cidakwa (ca, Za); mubatwi (wa, va). murarauggu (wa, ya), n.; the rain- bow; Ze., red cloud in the east at end of rains; other names for rain- bow, muceka-wenyabarwe (wa, ya), Ma.; mutsiwe-mvura (wa, ya), Ze.; muparadzamvura (wa, ya), Ze. murariro (wa, ya), n., Ma.; sup- per, the evening meal. See -rarira. muravu (wa, ya), n.; a snare (of sticks and string, for hares). murebvu (wa, ya), n., Nd.; beard. See ndebvu (ya, dza). murenje (wa, ya), n., Nd.; leg. See gumbo (ra, a). muregga (wa, no pl.), n.; name of a spirit that brings war; rebellion. See hondo (yd, dza). mureri (wa, va), n.; nurse (of a child); from -rera; var. murezi (wa, va), Ka. mureveri (wa, va), n.; advocate, intercessor. See -reva. murevo (wa, ya), n.. Ze.; trunk (of elephant). See musigga (wa, ya). mureza (wa, ya), n.; a banner, flag. Cp. Ka., muceka (wa, ya), a flag (lit. cloth). murezi (wa, va), n., Ka.; the nurse (of a child). See mureri (wa, ia). muridzi (wa, oa), n.; owner; m. MUROORI womusha, headman of village, see mambo (wa, la); a player on an in- strument, from -ridza, caus. of -rira, to sound, cry. muridzo (wa, ya), n., Ze.; (of gun) the hammer; fr. -ridza. See ciko- hono (ca, ea). murimi (wa, va), n.; a gardener; cultivator, peasant. See -rima. murimo (wa, ya), n.; Ze., medi- cine; Ma., work. See mushogga (wa, ya), medicine. murindi (wa, va), n.; a watcher, guard. See -rinda. muripo (wa, ya), n.; compensa- tion; payment; fine. See -ripa. muriro (wa, ya), n., Nd.; fire. See mroto, moto (wa, ya). murisi (wa, va), n., Ka.; herd- boy; syn. mufudzi (wa, va). murivo (wa, ya), n.; relish, i.e., any food (meat, fish, vegetables, sauce, gravy) taken with sadza (a stiff porridge') to give flavour to a dull though satisfying meal; and note -temura, Ka., Nd., -katsa, Ma., to eat without relish. muroi (wa, va), n.; wizard, witch; dealer in black magic. See muroyi (wa, va). murombe (wa, pl. mar. a), n.; a strolling player who goes from vil- lage to village singing and dancing for a living. Cp. mupemi (wa, va); var. rombe (ra, a). murombo (wa, va), n.; a poor per- son; Ka., a servant or slave. muromo (wa, ya), n.; lip; mouth; point (of spear, arrow); muzzle (of gun). See mukanwa (mwa). murogga (wa, ya), n.; a side- stream; a rut; a ravine. murogjgo (wa, va), n.; Ze., a chief's wives spoken of collectively; Ka., a chief's third or later wife; Ma., any of a chief's wives, except the first, who is hosi (ya, dza) or mukaragga (wa, va). muroori (wa, va), n., Ze.; bride- groom, from -rovora, to pay lobola; syn. cikomba (ca, ga), Ka.; sakwana (wa, va), Ka., from -wana, to marry; Ma., mukwambo (wa, va), for which see App. on Relationships. MUROORWI muroorwi (wa, va), muroora (wa, va), n., Ze.; a bride; a newly mar- ried wife; syn. Ka., mijegiga (wa, pl. madzimyeyga a), murovora (wa, va); Ma., muitsa (wa, va). murota (wa, no pl.), n.; a native soap made from the ash of a plant. See sipo (ya, dza). murotero (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a dream; see -rota; var. ciroto (ca, 7a), ndoto (ya, dza), murotso. murotso (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a dream, what is seen in a dream. murove (wa, ya), n.; Ze., a flood; Ka., Ma., a wet place. murovora (wa, va), n.; a bride, newly married wife. See muroorwi (wa, va). muroyi (wa, va), n.; (male) wizard; (fem.) witch; anyone deal- ing in black (i.e. malevolent) magic; der. uroyi (hwa), witchcraft; var. uroi, muroi. -murudza, vb. tr.; to raise up. See -muruka. murudzi (wa, ya), n.; a whistle (the sound); -ridza m., to whistle (with lips); syn. muridzo (wa, ya), Ka.; and cp. meterwa (ya, dza) and cikohwiro (ca, ga). -muruka, vb. int.; to rise (from sitting); der. -murukira, to rise for; -murudza, to raise up. muruko (wa, ya), n.; thread in weaving; string binding of woven mat; a line (hollowed out or raised), like the binding lines in a mat. See -ruka. murumbgana (wa, va), n.; boy; Ma., son. murumbi (wa, va), n., Ka.; white man. See muruJgu (wa, va). murume (wa, iia), n.; man (dist. from woman); a male; husband. Cp. munhu (wa, va), a person; syn. migamuna (wa, va), Nd.; munhu- rume (wa, va), Ze. murumiko (wa, ya), n.; hornused for cupping; var. cirumiko (ca, ga). murunyana (wa, va), n., Ka.; younger brother of a husband; an -ana diminutive of murume. See App. on Relationships. muruijgu (wa, va), n.; a white MUSHA man; syn. muzulggu (wa, va), Nd.; giwa (ra), mukiwa (wa) (pl. makiwa a), Ma., Ze.; murumbi (wa, ta), Ka. muruvisi (wa, va), n., Ka.; tax- collector. See mupetisi (wa, va). murwere (wa, va), n.; a sick per- son. See -rwara. murwi (wa, ya), n.; a heap; a bank (of earth). murwi (wa, va), n.; a fighter, soldier; fr. -rwa, to fight. musakara (wa, ya), n.; a rag; worn-out garment. See -sakara. musaku (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a kind, class; syn. mhando (ya, dza), Ma. musana (wa, ya), n.; (1) back (of person or animal); central ridge of spearhead or arrowhead; Ka., after- birth in animals; (2) pamusana pa, pamsana pa, on behalf of, on account of, for the sake of. musande (wa, ya), n., Nd.; a pro- verb, saying. See cipari (ca, ea). musari (wa, ya), n., Ka.; the after- birth (in animals); syn. bvuwo (ra, a), Ma.; shapato (ra, a), Nd.; butiro (ra, pl. map. a), Nd., Ze. musasa (wa, ya), n.; (1) Ka., a troop of cattle; var. sasa (ra, a). (2) A kind of tree; a booth, shelter of boughs; a camp. muse (wa, ya), n., Nd.; tail (of beast or fish). See muswe (wa, ya). museggere, mushenjere (wa, ya), in.; bamboo. musero (wa, ya), n., Ka.; a sifter, sieve. See cisero (ca, ea). museve (wa, ya), n.; arrow; nipple (of gun); museve wezuva, sunbeam, sun's ray; for parts of arrow see nargiro (ya, dza), runji (rwa), nya- mhatu (wa, ya), zheve (ya, dza), cipasa (ca, -a), muromo (wa, ya), and mhinna (ya, dza). musevenzi (wa, va), n., for.; a workman, labourer. See -seuenza, for., to work for a master. musha (wa, ya, and coll. pl. ma- misha a), n.; village; home; ku- musha, to or at home; kumusha kwako ndokupi? where isyourhome? syn. guta (ra, a) (fortified, of chief); muzinda (wa, ya); nzaiga (ya, dza), muzi (wa, ya), Nd.. |