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be-e a ? l*it we wish to look briefly
into the geologic times that had to do with the sur-
face as it is now exposed. An oceanic plateau ex-
isted during the Vickburgian of the lower Oligocene.
(Never mind the technical terms; they will confound
no one except some learned professors.) This plat-
eau to about the present southern extremity.
The water at that time was shallow--about 600 feet
b *
deep. The temperature of the water ran from 70-80 F.
Tropical currents passed over its surface. Materials
of an organic and inorganic nature were de sited
to a varying depth of 100 feet or more, the deepest
being at the southern extremity.
The sea bottom'
in this region was graduallly depressed, allowing a de-
posit of 1000 feet in some places. At the close of
the Vicksburgian time the plateau was elevated e ough
to permit erosion in the shallow waters. At this
time some islands existed as far south as.lMarion County.
The outline of the plateau was practically the same as
During the Apalachicolan time the uplift was
sufficient to produce a considerable along the
longitudinal axis, separated from the mainland by the
Suwanee Strait. During the latter portion of the
Apalachicolan time the oceanic waters became much cool-
er and the deposit was mainly from the land.
After this period the sea bottom again sub-
sided (that is in the early Miocene). The Suwanee
Strait disappeared and we have the Apalachieola Sea
of about 100 to 150 feet in depth. At this time the
waters were much cooled by the cold counter current
along the shore, and our temperature was about that of
Cape Hatteras at present. Toward the close of the
Miocene period we have a general uplift closing the
Suwanee Straight.
During the ?liocene we have a submergence
of about hIlf the present land surface. The entire
St. John's Kiver valley and across the State at Lake
Istokpoga. The water for the most part was shallow,-
between 20 and 30 feet deep.
At the close of the Pliocene was a general
uplift, reaching probably 250 at its maximum. The
land was broken up into various parallel ridges, very
much as we find them at present.
During the Plistocene there was a submer-
gence, but this was of short duration. At the close
of the Plistocene there was an uplift, resulting in
the present coral reefs and the Everglades of today.
The present shape of 'lorida is due in large
part to folding of the ocean floor. aarshas been fur-
ther modified by ocean currents, winds and tides.
The counter currents have brought silt from northern
shores and river beds. This silt occurs in widely
separated places. The general growth of the axis
has beam toward the east. The irregular outline of
the coast is the result of currents carrying sedimen-
tary materialband depositing them wherever they meet
an obstruction, either as land or a counter cu.re.t.
The tides ih.t-.e thrown up much of this material, which
has been carried further by ;.ini:~.
Wit- i this hasty review of .the geology of
Blorida, -Z will l -tP---Aa-trt c--orT'Uir W ith
your permizc-on, I'll pass over the ',-i<-ral physical
geography question and tal: up the disc ..: io of
Plants, their Relations and Li.-- '-ibution. This is
:r urve- .e..,.., ,-,.--.-.... .-- -- ---.-.-..-----.-,...... .. --
tou,'hed in your teset-ook, Part V, pp. 280-291.
:.lh:it is said tonight ful-,-.i. :.-ts the brief and very
Si:.:.-1C.i.ite treatment there given.
I --- t J <
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/6
PHYSIOGEAPHYI
The general trend of the peninsula as we all know, is
nearly southward. The highest lands occur west of a
line drawn down the middle of the peninsula. This is the
primary axis of the peninsula. The elevation of this
region varies from about sea level to rarely more than two
hundred feet.
East of the primary axis running parallel to it is a
secondary axis, varying in width up to about forty miles.
Lying between these axes is the St. Johns River and a
series of lakes terminating in Tohopekaliga, at the north-
ern border of thp former everglades. The St. Johns river
is really phly a series of fresh water lakes connected
by wide streams. The source of the St. Johns River is
only about ten feet above sea level, and as it is over
two hundred miles long, measured by its tortuous route
to the ooean, we see that there is no chance for rapid
flowing streams.
Along the east coast is a series of salt water
lagoons, usually spoken of as rivers. Towards the
east of these lagoons are narrow islands which rise
only a few feet above sea level. On these low sand
dunes occur.
Peninsular Florida stretches about 400 miles from
north to south, and is about 130 miles broad at its
widest.
The minimum temperature in the northern part is
P0
about 20Q-: and in extreme cases may reach 15 F.
0 0
It rarely rises above 95 F. with the extreme at 101 F.
Throughout the southern extremity the temperature rarely
goes dbwnotde freezing and rarely above 950F.
The rainfall for the northern section is rather
uncertain as to time of occurrence. The average annual
amount being about 50 inches. For the southern section,
the average annual rainfall is about 60 inches occurring
mostly during the summer months. The fall, winter and
spring months are usually dry. For these the average
is about two and one-half inches per month,
If we keep the map of Florida in mind we will
see that it is a rather broad peninsula with no ele-
vations rising above 375 feet. Consequently the cli-
mate cannot be influenced perceptibly by the altitude.
The State, however, stretches through 5-1 degrees of
latitude which has a very perceptible influence on the
character of the vegetation. The southern portion
of the State is still further favored by the presence
of the Gulf Stream which flows along the banks and
strikes the coast at latitude 27 degrees. The soil is
uniformly sandy.
'"' "",-/3-
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""`7
STRAND
Monathochloe littoralis Engelm
Uniola panioulata L.
Eleocharis capitata L.) R. Bt. (Near coast)
Serenoa serrulata (Michx) Hook
Alternanthera marltima St. Hil
Chrysobalanus Icaco L.
Phyllanthus Garberi Small
Opuntia austrina small
Persea lit-oralis Small
Tpomoee Pes-Capras (L.) Sweet
Solanum Bahamense L,
Lyoium Carolinianum Walt.
LantOrna odorata L.
Genipa clusiifolia (Jacq) Griseb
Erithialis frutioosa L.
Chiooocca racemosa L.
S-rnodea littoralis Sw.
I
'I
STRAND
Mona^thochloe littoralis Engelm
Uniola paniculata L.
Eleocharis capitata L.) R. Bt. (Near coast)
Serenoa serrulata (Michx) Hook
Alternanthera maritime St. Hil
Chrysobalanus Icaco L.
Phyllanthus Garberi Small
Opuntia austrina small
Persea littoralis Small
7pomoea Pes-Capras (L.) Sweet
Solanum Bahamense L,
Lyoium Carolinianum Walt.
Lantana odorata L.
Genipa clusiifolia (Jacq) Griseb
Erithialis fruticosa L,
Chiocooca racemosa L.
Ernodea littoralis Sw.
Coocolibus nuvifera
Cocoa nucifora
AIf r i- w at i u rec
-1C
jfCY ^La^&^^UI f^^ ^^^^^U~-C t^M^^.>^n~
~a~, ~~~k E-L^ *^Z~~~L
^^^^ tw "Y ^-ii~~_Le
FMANGROVE
The coast offFloridae from latitude 29' onthe
east to 28' on the west is practically lined with this
growth. The plants belonging to this formation not only
occur along the sea but extend up into the brackish
waters of the many indulations. In many cases the is-
lands shown on maps are no more than acres of mud held
in place by the interlacing brace-like toots of Rhizophora
Angle. This species is usually the dominant one.
Cocos nuoifera is conspicuous below latitude 25'. Other
rather constant.apecies are Laguncularia racemosaCono-
corpus erecta and Avicennia nitida. Phabdadenia biflora
occurs as a very common liana.
225 Oocoa nuoiffera L.
831 Laguncularia racemosa (1) Gaertnf
831 Conocarpus ereota l. :
834 Rhizophora Mangle L.
937 Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq) Muell. Arg.
1016 :Aicennia nitida Jacq.
- _LAh1&_ _- 3 __
THE EVERGLADES.
Location:- The Everglades stretch from about 27'N
Vc latitudee to nearly 25'N. Or beginning at the upper
end of Lake Okeeohobee to Cape Sable, a distance of about
150 miles, At its upper breadth they measure about 120
miles, roughly speaking they form a triangle with the
apex at Cape Sable. This vast area includes about 7500
square miles, an area equal to one of our smaller states.
There are nearly five million acres in this vast area,
nearly all of which can be easily brought into cultivation.
General Contour.- The highest portion which
rises about 40 feet is at its northern extremity and east
of Lake Okeechobee. The-wate}jin Lake Okeechobee stands
about 18 feet.above sea level and sheds in three direction
"ast, South and West, find outlets through many small
tortuous streams,
Along the eastern shores occur higher elevations
than along the western. These ridges of coral breccia
and sand dunes run more or less parallel to the adjacent
coast, The coral breocia ridges are for the most part
and probably altogether of volitic formation. They are
merely extinct coral rock dunes. In som cases,
Coquina sand is at present being blown over some dunes.
About thirty miles north and east of Cape Sable the
everglades merge into the coastal salt marshes,
The dunes are higher on the East coast and
extend father southward than at the west coast because
the prevailing winds are from the south-east. The coral
breccia Eidges and old sand dunes are cut in various
places, permitting the water to flow off in that direction.
Toward the west coast is formed the Big cypress and a
fringe of mangroves which retard the passage of the water
in that direction.
The interior of the everglade region is inter-
sected by sand ridges and by sloughs. The ridges are
the remains of former dunes. The sloughs are tortuous,
retarding the flow of water to such an extent that it is
difficult to tell whiohEway the water flows. Before the
elevation of this region had been determined by engineers
it was supposed to be at tide level.
From the foregoing it will be seen '.hat the
engineering feature of draining of the everglades is
comiraratively simple but of considerable magnitude. X
Canals of sufficient capacity and at close enough intervals
to carry off the rainfall during its maximum, is all that
is necessary. Many of the smaller glades, or prairies as
they are called locally, have already been reclaimed
until from 50 to 100 thousand acres of Glade land is in
use. These reclaimed glades are for the most part
located near the ocean or Biscayne Bay. The Baynton prairie
is a good illustration. The water from the evergJades is
held back by old Sand-dunes and the water in this
prairie, six miles long and two miles wide, was held back
by newer dunes. When a anal was cut to tide water, the.
prairie was drained and is now furnishing excellent farm
lands.
Forest trees, especially the pines are becoming
established on the prairie.
Botanizing: The interior of the everglades are botani-
cally unknown, but there is no physical difficulty in the
way of making the exploration. The task, though an easy
one, is not inviting. The flora is rather sparce and un-
intersting. Over the level stretches the sedges pre-
dominate. In the muck ponds the aquatics, like the
water lilies are common. The small hammocks which occur
frequently are extremely interesting from the fact that
the number of species in an individual hammock is apt
to be very small but the number of plants of the species
very abundant. This fact proves that the hammocks are of
44
comparatively recent origin. The impenetrable overglades
is as elusive as the great American Desert. In our
botanizing excursion we fhuj:' it no more difficult to
penetrate this impenetrable (?) region by means of horses
and carriages than would ordinarily be experienced in
traversing other unknown regions. We made a journey of
ten to twelve miles in a single day.
THE SAHD DUtE OR SORUB.
This formation is characteriszed-by the almost
invariable presence of Pinus Olausa amd which at the
same time is the dominant species. The number of
species present is very small and all are well adapted
to the zerophytic existence. In brief the scrub may
be described as an island or an extinct sand dune. The
species peculiar to the scrub are Pinus Clausa, Querous
Myrtifolia, ceratiola ericoides,
and cassytha filiformis. The latter occurs also on
the pine woods formation but attains its fullest develop-
ment in the scrub. Here-this parasitic cuscuta like
species often covers several rods of area, or may complete-
ly envelope a tree.
Pinus clausa Chapm.
Serenoa serrulata (Michx) Hook
Quercus myrtifolia Willd.
Ceratiola ericoides Michx.
Cassytha filiformis L.
Bejaria racemosa Vent.
-Z3
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than along the western. These ridges of coral breccia
and sand dunes run more or less parallel to the adjacent
coast. The coral breccia ridges are for the most part
and probably. altogether of volitic formation. They are
merely extinct coral rock dunes. In some cases,
Coquina sand is at present being blown over some dunes.
About thirty miles north and east of Cape Sable the
everglades merge into the coastal salt marshes.
The dunes are higher on the East coast and
extend father southward than at the west coast because
the prevailing winds are from the south-east. The coral
broccia ridges and old sand dunes are cut in various
places, permitting the water to flow off in that direction.
Toward the west coast is formed the Big cypresF and a
fringe of mangroves which retard the passage of the water
in that direction.
The interior of the everglade region is inter-
Along the east coast is a series of salt water
lagoons, usually spoken of as rivers. Towards the
east of these lagoons are narrow islands which rise
only a few feet above sea level. On these low sand
dunes occur.
Peninsular Florida stretches about 400 miles from
north to south, and is about 130 miles broad at its
widest.
The minimum temperature in the northern part is
about 20 FO and in extreme cases may reach 15 F.
0 e
It rarely rises above 95 F. with the extrme at 101 F.
Throughout the southern extremity the temperature rarely
goes down;-t6 freezing and rarely above 95 F.
The rainfall for the northern section is rather
uncertain as to time of occurrence. The average annual
amount being about 50 inches. For the southern section,
the average annual rainfall is about 60 inches occurring
mostly during the sumner months. The fall, winter and
u- ^. a- n M- -I-
yv-~i ^t(uOL, 71 ^** ^%L^CeLri x
6
~~k-Ifbe
1-i-
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7 y / -Zc^^
19-
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I~Y ~C~cli~-bul
&4 r ~2~ 'h/r~u
1t.4- a-
vCe
STTAJITD
Monathochloe littoralis Engelm
Uniola paniculata L.
Eleocharis canitata L.) R. Br. (H ear coast)
Serenoa serrulata (Iichx) Hook
Alternanthera maritima St. Hil
Chrysobalanus Icaco L.
Phyllanthus Garbori Small
Opuntia austrina small
Persea littoralis Small
Ipomoea P'es-Capras (L.) Sweet
Solanu-m Bahamense L.
Lycium Caroliniannm Valt.
Lantrna odorata L.
Genipa clusiifolia (Jacq) Griseb
Erithialis fruticosa L.
Chiocooca racemosa L.
7.1- ^^/--< A 4+
^ ^
Ma
th / "r^ t rvo we wish to look briefly
into the geologic times that had to do with the sur-
face as it is now exposed. An oceanic plateau ex-
isted during the Vickburgian of the lower Oligocene.
(Never mind the technical terms; they will confound
no one except some learned professors.) This plat-
eau about the present southern extremity.
The water at that time was shallow--about 600 feet
b e
deep. The temperature of the water ran from 70-80 F.
Tropical currents passed over its surface, Mvaterials
of an organic and inorganic nature were de sited
to a varying depth of 100 feet or more, the deepest
being at the southern extremity.
The sea bottom'.
ki& tywcd~L A/a- ->LcC ii~L~ G
*I A
6^ -aA C a'L-c-y >y-rA -t^U^^^ry -^
ik~~~~~d~ /LC *^iu -t~~e~ -~~ur P
r- i ^ r
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14
held back by old Sand. dunes and the water in this
prairie, six miles long and two miles wide, was held back
by newer dunes. When a onal was cut to tide water, the.
prairie was drained and is now furnishing excellent farm
lands.
Forest trees, especially the pines are becoming
established on the prairie.
Botanizing: The interior of the everglades are botani-
cally unknown, but there is no physical difficulty in the
way of making the exploration. The task, though an easy
one, is not inviting. The flora is rather space and un-
intersting. Over the level stretches the sedges pre-
dominate. In the muck ponds the aquatics, like the
water lilies are common. The small hammocks which occur
frequently are extremely interesting from the fact that
the number of species in an individual hammock is apt
to be very small but the number of plants of the species
very abundant. This fact proves that the hammocks are of
aAY~ 12-;R, ca-J~L~6L- -x
/ ~ ,2L--tr7P~4 ~C~
~~ -2Ve7&#r/c2
an obstruction, either as land or a counter current.
The tides have thrown up much of this material, which
has been carried furtherAby winds.
idth this hasty review of the geology of
lorida, -i: will With. y i, _I J. With
your permission, I'll pass over the general physical
geography question and take up the discussion of
Plants, their Relations and distribution. This is
touched in your text-book, Part V, p-. 280-291.
r~hat is said tonight supplements the brief and very
inadequate treatment there given.
,qysa etL> ^u-~C U c ZicL L S
/CCL ^ 5 ^
^-^froct^^ Lc~ <- ^*^-i
-^/L^L^~~Y~~L CL ^{^.L a^-^<<^^'cVt^t^t ^e
/6
PHYSIOGrAPHY.
The general trend of the peninsula as we all know, is
nearly southward. The highest lands occur west of a
line drawn down the middle of the peninsula. This is the
primary axis of the peninsula. The elevation of this
region varies from about sea level to rarely more than two
hundred feet.
,ast of the primary axis running parallel to it is a
secondary axis, varying in width up to about forty miles.
Lying between these axes is the St. Johns River and a
series of lakes terminating in Tohopekaliga, at the north-
ern border of the former everglades. The St. Johns river
is really ohly a series of fresh water lakes connected
by wide streams. The source of the St. Johns River is
only about ten feet above sea level, and as it is over
two hundred miles long, measured by its tortuous route
to the ocean, we see that there is no chance for rapid
flowing streams.
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IAINGROVE
The coast of Florida from latitude 29' on the
east to 28' on the west is practically lined with this
growth. The plants belonging to this formation not only
occur along the sea but extend ur into the brackish
waters of the many indulations. In many cases the is-
lands shown on maps are no more than acres of mud held
in place by the interlacing brace-like roots of Rhizophora
Mangle. This species is usually the dominant one.
Cocos nucifera is conspicuous below latitude 25'. Other
rather constant species are Lagunoularia racemosa,Cono-
corpus erect and Avicennia nitida. Ehabdadenia biflora
occurs as a very common liana.
225 Cocoa nucifera L.
831 Laguncularia racemosa (L) Gaertnf
831 Conooarpus erecta L.
834 Rhizophora Mangle L.
937 Rhabdadenia liflora (Jacq) Muell. Arg.
1016 Avicennia nitida Jacq.
~ ~LlA
much as we find them at present.
During the Plistocene there was a submer-
gence, but this was of short duration. At the close
of the Plistocene there was an uplift, resulting in
the present coral reefs and the Everglades of today.
The present shape of i'lorida is due in large
part to folding of the ocean floor an~shas been fur-
ther modified by ocean currents, winds and tides.
The counter currents have brought silt from northern
shores and river beds. This silt occurs in widely
separated places. The general growth of the axis
has been toward the east. The irregular outline of
the coast is the result of currents carrying sedimen-
tary materialband depositing them wherever they meet
in this region was gradually depressed, allowing a de-
posit of 1000 feet in some places. At the close of
the Vicksburgian time the plateau was elevated enough
to permit erosion in the shallow waters. At this
time some islands existed as far south as Marion County.
The outline of the plateau was practically the same as
During the Apalachicolan time the uplift was
sufficient to produce a considerable along the
longitudinal axis, separated from the mainland by the
Suwanee Strait. during the latter portion of the
Apalachicolan time the oceanic waters became much cool-
er and the deposit was mainly from the land.
After this period the sea bottom again sub-
sided (that is in the early Miocene). The Suwanee
S TRATND
Monathochloe littoralis Engelm
Uniola panioulata L.
Eleocharis capitata L.) R. Br. (Hear coast)
Serenoa serrulata (Michx) Hook
Alternanthera maritima St. Hil
Chrysobalanus Icaco L.
phyllanthus Garberi Small
Opuntia austrina small
Persea litioralis Small
Ipomoea Pes-Capras (L.) Sweet
Solanum Bahamense L.
Lycium Carolinianum Walt.
Lant7na odorata L.
Genipa clusiifolia (Jacq) Griseb
Erithialis fruticosa L.
Chiococca racemosa L.
Ernodea littoralis Sw.
Coccolibus nuvifera
Cocoa nucifora
Strait disappeared and we have the Apalachicola Sea
of about 100 to 150 feet in depth. At this time the
waters were much cooled by the cold counter current
along the shore, and our temperature was about that of
Cape Hatteras at present. Toward the close of the
Miocene period we have a general uplift closing the
Suwanee Straight.
During the fliocene we have a submergence
of about hElf the present land surface. The entire
St. John's Kiver valley and across the State at Lake
Istokpoga. The water for the most part was shallow,-
between 20 and 30 feet deep.
At the close of the Pliocene was a general
uplift, reaching probably 250 at its maximum. The
land was broken up into various parallel ridges, very
a7
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THE SAND DUTE OR SCRUB.
This formation is characterized-by the almost
invariable presence of Pinus Clausa amd which at the
same time is the dominant species. The number of
species present is very small and all are well adapted
to the zerophytio existence. In brief the scrub may
be described as an island or an extinct sand dune. The
species peculiar to the scrub are Pinus Clausa, Quercus
Myrtifolia, ceratiola ericoides,
and cassytha filiformis. The latter occurs also on
the pine woods formation but attains its fullest develop-
ment in the scrub. Here- this parasitic cuscuta like
species often covers several rods of area, or may complete-
ly envelope a tree.
Pinus clausa Chapm.
Serenoa serrulata (Michx) Hook
Querous myrtifolia Yilld.
Ceratiola ericoides Michx.
Cassytha filiformis L.
Bejaria racemosa Vent.
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seated by sand ridges and by sloughs. The ridges are
the remains of former dunes. The sloughs are tortuous,
retarding the flow of water to such an extent that it is
difficult to tell which way the water flows. Before the
elevation of this region had been determined by engineers
it was supposed to be at tide level.
From the foregoing it will be seen .hat the
engineering feature of draining of the everglades is
comparatively simple but of considerable magnitude. X
Canals of sufficient capacity and at close enough intervals
to carry off the rainfall during its maximum, is all that
is necessary. Many of the smaller glades, or rrairies as
they are called locally, have already been reclaimed
until from 50 to 100 thousand acres of Glade land is in
use. These reclaimed glades are for the most part
located near the ocean or Biscayne Bay. The Baynton prairie
is a good illustration. The water from the everglades is
spring months are usually dry. For these the average
is about two and one-half inches per month.
If we keep the map of Florida in mind we will
see that it is a rather broad peninsula with no ele-
vations rising above 375 feet. Consequently the cli-
mate cannot be influenced perceptibly by the altitude.
The State, however, stretches through 5- degrees of
latitude which has a very perceptible influence on the
character of the vegetation. The southern portion
of the State is still further favored by the presence
of the Gulf Stream which flows along the banks and
strikes the coast at latitude 27 degrees. The soil is
uniformly sandy.
44
comparatively recent origin. The impenetrable overglades
is as elusive as the great American Desert. In our
botanizing excursion we found" it no more difficult to
penetrate this impenetrable (?) region by means of horses
and carriages than would ordinarily be experienced in
traversing other unknown regions. We made a journey of
ten to twelve miles in a single day.
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THE EVERGLADES.
Location:- The Everglades stretch from about 27'N
T gptitude to nearly 25'IT. Or beginning at the upper
end of Lake Okeechobee to Cape Sable, a distance of about
150 miles. At its upper breadth they measure about 120
miles, roughly speaking they form a triangle with the
anox at Cape Sable. This vast area includes about 7500
square miles, an area equal to one of our smaller states.
There are nearly five million acres in this vast area,
nearly all of which can be eaily brought into cultivation.
General Contour.- The highest portion which
rises about 40 feet is at its northern extremity and east
of Lake Okeechobee. The watehin Lake Okeechobee stands
about 18 feet above sea level and sheds in three directions,
aast, South and West, find outlets through many small
tortuous streams,
Along the eastern shores occur higher elevations
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