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-' .g -tld t l 'be Itth you t!lis afterno,-on. I I is al.waxa a pleasure for
Sme to be with you an' h'-p you take part in tihe rud- -, you are tpr-
sui-r in concoction with your organiza ion.. As I l:ok ba#k on my
S. ollee -ccuree I rc.ard-.the rrork -lo-e -ion coinection ri-h the-reli-
dtous organizations among my moct pleasant recllections. In those
days the Y. ;:. C. A. id bnot entered very strongly into college work,
as it has to hy. As a i atter of fact .the Y.- C. A. wark 1i the
4i. United St.:.tee w'2s quite in its be&gpninR an.d -ractically unknown.
4.''" -
.There wa in. however a feeling avrong the collence sturlents that some mn-
... .-d binational, or nor.-demomiirational student organizations should take
S. ar -e of tj), religious work connected with tie institutions. fs-
S e.pcially was tli true with the tate-suprorted colleges and univer-
s ties. In those days it was-quite a common accusation frorr recta-
.riFan institutions that all state institutions, and apriculturar col-
leges in particular, *ire atheistic. Even after the Christian As
4.u, --,
sooiation bec ae quite strong in .m home college it i?,a no tan ~Jn-
coirnon thing to be accused of bei.ufp non-religious, although we ha- a
larger peroent&.me of our atudente i.n the Christianx organizations
than occurred irn some of the denominatio-nal school.
SI have been requested to speak upen the question of the Negro.
and Agriculture. The ne.-ro.question is one of the most important
that can core betDre this bolny. ie may theorize about what would.be
Sthe condition if the ne!ro were not present and what would be done
.
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under other conditions. We are, however, right up against the fact
that we have some eight or ten million negroes in the South' and they
are a factor that must be reckoned with in all of our economic 'deal-
ins. The question-of the social states fif the negro has been defi-
:: nitely and permanently settled, so whatever is said to a. has no ref-
erence to that side of the question. The part of the question I am
S dealing with is one of economics. We have thennegro here and he is
S here to stay. It is the white man's burden 0d make the hero as near-
e-- lysi ups.,orting and of as little hindrance as possible to the prop-
/ or develApent of the eononoai of the South. For the last half
century the negro has been a burden rather than a help to thy devel-
opient. He has been a subservient pawn'in the hands of the unacrup-
Lo.us. This side of the question, however, has been ably Iihtndled -
by speakers on the negro question who have appeared before you 1rom
time to time. Dr. Farr has Tiven you a rather clear state ent, and
his position on the cormiasion which was to study, -he negro question,.
S gave him unusual opportunities of understanding this problem. Dr.
S BJma and Prof. Ault have taken up ohher phases of this whole big
question.- ky part of the liaoupsibn has to do with the nerro on the
S farm and what is being done to make hia self sustaining and :elf
: up8or-ing. NHeer in the history of the United State has this been
forced upon as as during the last year, when the war has called for
S the most streomous efforts toward producing all the food and f maize
N' possible. Ho element in tJis'whrole great work h"s. .been o;or looked,
ven going 'to the extent of marshalling the labor power of sehoo1 girls.
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It is quite natural, therefore, that stress should be laid upon
ora prinoLspal labor element, the nefro population.
r'?heo ertuc.ation of the neero began of course IAt thf t ime when
the first alaves waroe,brought into contact wit1a a siuperior race.
While_eduoaton-~-generally is looked upon as eyncayaoiw with book teaeh-
ing- -i g ts i-realLy ot e. th rre Ft View If the members of the
_, ---t : ..
Y- '. .G. A. it- hno training ioti efteation' asiide froa that obtained --
'. in the aC&so rooms of-the Uitiversi : it would be very mea.re 1 :-eed.
In't.h- Y i .. -
:Flly ene-hQoi of the educational advantages to stu'tpnts o0n our oaae
pU is i.the development that ccarres fro,, ;inglia with their fellow
,- .. -
.tudrents awi ma iniglianl rlth people of .affairs.- The development de-
.: :, rived-fror seeinri and hearing the speeches or national and .inter-
5..--:"ia al f ir aures I acunt as bring we.rtlh more tliLin any one course of
` Study pursued in the olaxaf rooms. Ti1' is an unconscioue 6el'rent
f-or education that -enters into your davelopm nat while at the Uni-
l-
versity of Plor!ia.
Ae" negro baing takenri froe 1s BsurromidiaTgs in Africa, amcng
s atraes, and- forcibly thrust -nto a much higher siviLizatiow-, this
was in itself an dbteation to him. Or.-n*riiy we thix k of education
as consisting soflely of institutions ead aorrisula. -ihen we spay-t
of he d t the ucf the eiorro, tlhrefoe2- it usual refers to op-
portunities afford4e by the elementary and secondary schools, by
cofleaes and institutions of 1hiherr larninz.
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This phase of th-r ncera problem Wvas duul'tl,:'s ta. en up by
yr. Cox, and therefore would coma outtirle of the speech I was to
present to 'ou today. ihen we come to otud;' the question somewhat
closely we find there are fairly good elgmentctry schqolrs for the
Sneproeo Thef are bett-:r tha .lo tmh elnmentaryr .cools wvrce fIi'fty- -
years ai.o in the rural portion Of the United rtatc. anfy .f our
national figures not .;-cir 6arly training in Lpg ecalool hZbuasc and
under corditliono not :.s favorable as the rural scl'ools for ner-roo
in the *tate of Florida at the preset time. SecOinl!ary ic;'ols are
maintained in some of th1 larger center aprd .thse ar'e d.i.n~' f'?.ir
work, bettor indeed thar ';ny .f the secondary schools of t",t-:r tv-
five or thirty years a.o. There are a consil or'a.blo number of sclrools
where the negroes cain secure hi.ther .ed-:c:tion in the State of Florida.'
I:ost of thi; e are denominat~fonal zchool.. There are in th:e 3.tal of
Plorida twenty-tix private a-rd hijrher =cboolb for "ne.
eludes the Agriculltural an,! MWohanical C'lleqe a1 Tallaaassee, wJhich
is supported by tUe State and TedierAl :varnmcintc. The tot'Ll value
of the property owned by these different achools'a',ounts to as)r-,thing
over a half tillion dollars,' These schools do not, however, con-
tribute rerpeptibly to the agricultural production of the. state;with
the exception of the Agricultural and M-sehanical College very little
work is done in the direction-of better agriculture hy these schools.
Aifty r::rcent of our jrioultura4 population are negroes although
the. total noaro population of the state is only-a.bout 42c. There
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are only three pf the private schools that give instruction i. gr-
dening. This is a notable edofeet in the training of nemroes in the
State. Seventy-one per cent of the negroae beinm classed as rural
it wduld seem that aariaultural- training would be -the most important
thing to emphasize in aennection with these sacools. WH miut not
judge the system harshty, iosne it haP been only a short time that
agriculture has been recognized se ano educational factor. I cr. as
late as twenty-five yeaTr ago suoe of the State universities re :-ard-
ed agriculture as not being quite worthy of recognition au euiuc.ttion-
al trailing. I halve visited tle Agrioultural and Mecohaaiical College
for Negroes, at Tallahassee, frequently during tle las t-toe y.:-rs.
:The progress male in the direction of agriculture io very eaticifao-
to+y indeed. They have a very nreditablo fuirm, rc0ona;:ly good
barns, fairly good class rooms and are giving a l'.rg-e amount of at-
tontion wad encouragingg general agriculture -and dairying.
It would be very interesting and profitable to use the entire
time allowed in tis iassaion in a disonosaon of the various fuiids and
ienoaminations that are entering into the education of thLe ne.Cro in
Florida. .-'iile apparently it haa no bearing on the adbject it has
still a very important and potent ihflunce on the general trend of
the negro eduoatidn in the State. All of tle aetivitic-e of the neFro
are lasting far behind the bent practices of o-T civilization. This
is true in education as well as in agriculture. whilee the fruaers
of our commonwealth, washington and Jefferson, i:othi insisted on, the
teaching of arrioultie, and development of this line of industry
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in the educational institutions of the United States, it toot the
man of the population a long time .o become conscious of. the fcat
that it was a mine of undeveloped wealth thEt" hA.- not been opened. .
1 ,se shown you that ie general t and of ay.propriatians fror, both
l diidual and deseminational oourcee for the education of trhe negro
Is in the direction of classic or adahlomic education rather h than
industrial pnd agricultural. It is not to be wondered at therfSore,
that a larre paroentage of thoe negro race 1 ok upon education as ao--
moans toward culture, a means toward "cIvilizqtfn. ihis is zan u-
usual point of/vie. If' you. ilJl take time to Study the motive for .
settinr- asite th'eqo la;-:e a:-o intu of' money that have bose Rivfe for
the education of' the negroes in Siorida you will fCiid tiiat it waa al-
truistic wian had for its object the elevation of the~ne.ro race.
TIie donors of the fun 1,. however, cUid nut have th e clar vision of
how development would occur tl;at Washin-'ton a-. Jefferson had.
I thin- k 'itJh one exceptio. .i the Je 1nx Fupndthe donors amp.a -
ized the importance .f academic education. the Jea5ts Fund, however,
permitted a con iderable amount of. rioney to be used for what is ee-
sentially the same work as is being eone through tle cooperative dea-
onitration work.
I h ove now niaced before4 you a v ry brief, but somewhat clear
outline of the academe educational situation among the negroes in
Plarida.
-- .-... -.
existing institutions, their report being mante direAtly to the Jeanm
nd Corporation. e r r is out o hrn .ith
t1t, being..ilf oneithcr locally or in the State. For iitaunce, one
of the ts is located in Jtionedkson Cothe Jeanty gives instrucension
to the rural negrer in gardening, ti fundg, are in ep and other work
of that kind.
extine printitu ~nr, ericur ropr et beion orke drone in the Jean~
'" fund Corporation. 'e ro, how/erer, is not out oi harcno o'-ith
i thant beiini. onc either locally or in the State. For ir.tansce, one
: of the events is located in Jackson County eja. gives instructions
to the rural negDpes in gardening, canzning, sewing, and other w-rk
of that kind.
The priracip'l ac-ricultural e:t nlsion work dons in tlie state
Sof Florida i. through the ixtension Divioion of the Agricultural
1: .- .
College. 'The busis for its support is the Smith-Lever y~ud,of
the Departmrerit of Agriculture FPund anx: the Emergency Pund.
D:;eteiled dietuaaion of th'f work Is unnecessary. j3riefly
i" s~.~ated, by agrcoment between the University of Florida and the
U S. Department of Agriculture cooperative forces carry on the
extension work in agriculture ir the State of Florida in a coop-
erative wry. the two aagenisfhe-hbve pooled their funded and agreed
that all work of a lemonstratio-r nature. will be carried on after be-
ing agree'l upon by the two ageencie:, and that neither party will
.. undertake lin,;a of demonstration work, or arxry on demonstration
wor k not aq eed to by the otler party* The pooling of these funds
gives us sormthing like $100,000 between the two agencies. This
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l. i the basis of our work in Cooperative Demonatration and Home eoP- -
Sa. oloes in the State. Outside of the field of demonstration there
lies considerable agricultural territory.On the one hand wl have the
regulatory which is carried on in two principal directions in the
SState ,-the Plrnt Board, cooperating with tle Bureau of Plant rndus-
Stry, hnd the Live Stock Sanitary Board, cooperating with thl' Bureau
S of Animal Induswtry. T.is refulatorory.worLk 1 'a separate oreaniza-
^ %tion from the demonstration work. The nvestinational work, pc:p
alarly spoken of as the Experiment Station work lies on lthe other
:14e of the Demonstration work. If you car define clearly juot
where tle line of demarcation is between the demonstration and regu-
latory work on the one hand, and between the .demonstration and inves-
tig.titonal work on. the other hand, you will have in mind clearly <
; wlat the demonstration work is.
S,.,ra Dennstration i l *
'The University of Florida has a cooperative arrangement wih -
: the Agriculttdral arrn Keehanncll-College for Negroes at Tallahassee,
whereby arrioultural and home econo tic demonstration work in the
State in carried on. The importance of thin work will be apparent
When it is roneme ered that whatever eoademic instruction in agricul-
Sture and home econeotes is gitelj the negro race comes mainly, or
Snaarly altogether, from the'Agrieultural a dt MiechE.nial ColleRe for
N earoe at Tallahassee. It is very important in this dcraonstration
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work that.whatever is taihtt shall be in accordance with the princi-
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Sples laid down at the technical institutions, in other words, the
-negroes in the field thouler be tauJdt In. accord:rince with- the best
lines of teaching at tl-e Agridultural aMnd Meeh:Lnical Collere.
l'. lier tl-:i cooperative arranement went Into effect, Pros.
:F'" B. Young, of the .:e1ro colleRe was instructed to find a asita-
blo manm ..)r hracling this line or work in tlhe Statn. The under-
.. standing with tha-t institution io that this aren't shall be retained
S orny so long as he is m'itually satisfactory to both, the Urnivrsity
of Florida &:Ad 'he ,AgWc"ltural and Mec)lari':. a folle'?e for ecrooe.
SA. A. Turner, a graduate of Tuskeetsee,. wxtB e-rloyerl; he w.as also
a grrduhate o toc Ohio t:t.tc Univearity, and h'A h-a.d h,'onsidera. le
..-- excrience in arriculturil work before 1. -n riding college. r ring
t" tle first yc urrlo was instructed to visit various counties and
bsec. e e f a.iliar with Cl! c ;egroes in tone. counties, forming farm
Sand hor.:: maker' plubr an:oir the negro youth. These would be
', :r irectly conineted with the rural school in the various ounit on.
Si s activities were limited to seven countieV i:: order that he
Might have aa: orportuaity to visit these at freqtmnt intervals
and give .nstruation by Aeronqtrationor lectures, and otherwise
comne into direct contact with the negro youth. 'During the next
y a-' Turner confined his attention to the counties in whioh the
nenro population wea heaviest -and -yet tear enough, to Tallahasee
: not to cons-req too great an a;:oun) of his time in. pettin to 'these
S'counties.- aI the asking of tihe year an advance waa madd in thl
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S- ert aount-te. these were a:ainta: a toTurner and wei e w rk in
uxidur Iris ritroctior. and, inspiration,. For appointment it 1 ro
quirod that the io;a-l man hbhouald be accwptablo -to the (%'uity ouperi*-
tehdolit ajtd tha.t he. should iv:e Itaught sciol The first ..relu iro-
-ent. -wasa marle' to ensure U1tat thera woUld'be no fricttln btreen the -.
County Aqp:erinttenrtent andfl-to colored county loader. L-The. acuo)a re-
tr... ors in m- elect o- -of ee w a
qf-the Quetio. Iw.y de-id Bld
t- a:
Amoirted --- I l on r o-'nartion of r tho -7iB mai'.t e uperi ten rnt rn-
stra ii a-n Jo whte -resiFonii6t e elounty,: o or te'e Er'-t ;!ti a a-
tion itnt- I1, th a;e or o will inelubcr t hie yagt e b -.
i^.mp *' -.3'ta uat l to oft ai-, tgro o e n r f3ro d lio -rn. ont can ne s or ytiint o '
-s .- r
v- f orw-.. -k b y
p oaa far whita rnu s uisnts -a- t County, bu- tbey wovearam-n' -i
..'-,.:.. .nioaJ@ y wale't assj.st_.nts to t..e County 1Scri1onstrai o irst.-- -
"- n n o c p T -- us "".to pa e
a441- .**tioat. wo-rksn o iAn, ..o th e ild ay ot-rbr: sute n forward w nas takena b-y
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j^.-_ -.- -" .ai -,;..gecyh fo r:l ,ork i'nce eor p r c t < d irifs,. elgr.n. ednt ns to plaed n *t o
1-.. t ie na i c ff -tt, fi:a4:. A a sfAru-9t .M'
^:'--'. -nsployi.a: _. B tE for oaj-ryAri^ Apyinr
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and general crop .onaervLtion programs. It in very gratifying indeed
to know that ther-e gare aWMniw -the nsero population many earnest work-
ers wto have a real zeal for'the 1atterm ent of the race. In MoOst
eases the compensation .attnthed to the oeofia was a minor consirl-
eration, wh1le the do~tU of tIe work was the principal poti ee -for en-
gaging inr -f en-erprise The handling of the work conducted by,
the neoro wu~rn .a a very difficult problem. aowherre-in the .1tate
ceuld ari adequate nuAmber of women be tomnd who3 hact been trained
in home eoonomios and naturally every negreca who had a fair knowl-
sedre of E:-glieh considered herself compritet -to instruct Jhor rr-ae
in tFis line of ork, -
We niw have every County in the State covered by a Count.y
DeNrnstaratlorn Ariget and a reMe Demonrjafatiort Agent. In sore couio
ties the av-ent Ls working only pai-t time, while in a few inr:tancee
It-
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tie agent work
hB is entire time and gives jiLs attention 'to two or
more Counties.
In the negro work we have negro a enta for the rural
fural work in the following Counties
S AlachUa killasboro- Leon
Columbia iHadlton .adison
/ IUval Jbkseon Marion
Gadaden Jefferson Putnam
-. Suwanzmee
and in the. f -lowi ina counties we have negro women actts, -
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SAlacinia Jackson Oran oe
0 Ouimbia Jeff or n Putnam
Sc..;.. ia L on Su':ann e
Gads;ici ixadison _.lu-.ia
.i- i llhJ bor. '.!. i on Waniinrton
In both cases, the men and women, the nePro agents ;aive their tire
to instructing the people' of thelr -owr race.
The foroegAng I hope has given you a tangible idea of what
we are duing for the eduoati.onr of the negro to o maao him a better
economic indtrtdual. This of oourre relates to our -work solely as
t is carricd out for the negro race and by the negro race. It
does not included the large b.t intangible a.:outqt of work we arec oing
i;' for the negro race directly anti indirectly. The de--onstrat'o!. ";,rk
carried on by the white a-ornts is as potent a factor in the develop-
ment of hegro race &s it is for the whites. The ieaRoea consult the
White county agent freely and are given a large waottnt of attention.
S That, however, is work that is not directly segregated and in dif-
ficult of bringing forward in etatieti4l form. There is practically
Fi no County or Honme Demonstration Agenft n the State but has lectured
and.i demonstrated before negro audiences and I ar told by leader of
S' the nero,eas themselves, that they prefer a white lecturer'to oi.e
i: of their own race. Bullotinc, printed matter, posters, and all other
: material soes as freely to the negro farmer agd to anyone else.
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The following auaar.y of the work dloi last year among.the nesroes
will give you a Cawprehenoire idea Of what han beIen asomplishe{.
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-(1) T elo e to of ne go in th Stat to
-Te a-eq-iata, tn vie .wd from.the standpoint -of'
7 it Mighrt 1e.8 but i.s not so bad waen vm wedt fro thet I
Ezt&ad point of what edudatlon in a- Reneral way was in the
ted Statep fifty r ao nealy cona._-
IV.
th^ m "w -.' *q .. .. .
...e. -it Blefr-the zi-ividt2l aAekiaR earnestly.
for'- an elementary Ot nation. to adeure it.
S () The. ea."nUry and id.gher. education for ne gr oe I the tate
:of Pa or e. eaa asiat aw trongly tm .asadtheo 3athero than the
--he :"AgricultiW&l iqHaeancal.Coll"e for. eexcaeos at Taller- .
-o has of wht e facilities fior arrying-out -Ita s Iork n t
-.:,U ,t Bi i .e xc .- go, n eal cowm i
S- AFlengs a ist rural ine fot Its equvidpment and appoetunestl -
e. ,^ .q- ....- .
-- -~for m e]enntar-y -ru-ation t r beture 1t4 f c
or instr acting thie. n*eronet ate better than occurred tin
',' -. o atN aRs
--'- a;'r nthd amp r "otl l ...Q. f i f -- .arri go t a-it w ork- -
...-. .- .. .msiuta2._ c- lle s -twon.t-rf i .a years "..o
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(4) The lar-eat adI most.important single factor for extendirig
and inculcating correct agricultural kJnowled.m.. and a.rrioul-
tural practices in the State of Florida is' the wirk done tiou g
the ERtensioA Division of the University. 3tatistioal resorts
show that many thousands of neroes are reached through this
me :3n8.
(C-) In conclusion, though thiu is not broinlbt out in the. paper
itself, the locl1 corrmunities, cities ani counties are -
recogni ing te- value of this work by Rivin.; financi-.Al aid
_to:,lIto extension work among the negroes.
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