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This surviving fragment of a map, drawn by! an Indian guide on birch bark in 1 728, helped Pierre de la Virendrye
~follow the canoe and portage ;route ~between L;ake Superior (of map at right) and the Laike of the U'oods Jleft).
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3.14* one !,..f te prisoners ~being bm'nt to death'lon~ fl~r. me
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the Mississippii River in 1673. Courtesy August- A. Busch, Jr.
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CHAMPLAIN, Voyages, 1613
Champlain's Quebec headquarters, pictured in his
1613 Voyages,
had a fur storehouse, platforms for cannon (N), pigeon loft (B), and
.sundial (E). Ilt was entered by a drawbridge* leading to the main
(H): in 1635.
door. (I).
Champlain died in his- of~cial residence
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IIo moutn of SaskacheWan R.) (runal -
Fort Dauphin WI-S' o g~ug
;ort a as or
La Ptaurre Portage
Fort La Butt Fort Se a
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,I~~FEC MISSISSIPPI-~at C~t
Santah an/bt"o Fe~P EX~PLO rmrRuqATION
:\an ParesQ Marquette 1673
H111Sor der SantDei 1714ronlpo
det Borgen 1724~
x; ... Siu el tedy
and sos1714
oi portage' a fort"ehf ttic
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.aci~ally native-produced-
f~a~ oodsrnZ~~clituffs were important
occupation. Indians gathered
blueberries and each spring
tapped maple trees a few
miles from the fort for syrup
which was made into sugar.
John Porteous, an early
English visitor, observed that
without~ this source of sugar
Indians at times faced
starvation. The Ottawas at
Arbor Croche sold Indian
corn and beans to
the inhabitants.
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(ardening by French families lessened the reliance on the
canoes and Indians. Every man had his plot of land behind
protected by low~ picket fences, where he grew corn, cabbage,~
potatoes, parsnips, onions, buckwheat, and squash. Most o~f th i~
vegetabless could be dried for preservation in small, four by eight~~i
board-lined r~oot cellars. Recently bags of charred corn and rice H~
uncovered by archaeologists in a corner of such a cellar, where ti
been placed over twvo hundred years ago and preserved though ,:~
carbonization by the burning ofthe~ building above.
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the French priest, soldier, v1.~i
Sor trader was wiingto dp i
I! ~environment, he was far less w~bingtsi
ii Throughout the French period the b
brought both cloth and clothing tooPFi
f ort's residents to live and look Uke the I~~
were. Of course, dressed bid of whil ii
.or inckets and coats and bed coverings, lq
atmong the mouilrr :s debois, but ihey g~
itre a kid out ther fort gale for the legytiae te
ha\t been difificuit to di~stingluish From thjl
'.geydetachment that built the fort IA. ~
C`0 dand d~ri Uth, such a5 Fathur Pierrg ib~t
h\e sen ed many years at Mcilak
dlr weld simnilarly to their counterparts in
I:lprlec: ~They shaved their beards and~ .C t
ha r shortr. Their coats were long and .
M~aik,.rteaching almost to their shoeet.rrl
;inbtly firttd. There wras a long row~WI
d.,wn the front. Some of the FatheA!r(ii~~~
M'ar-k hoodsp or conical caps with. .fr
a :sta e on top.
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Vairiatons of waistcoats we' durlt
(which, when worn with the outerk
oant, gave double w armth ) and jer ins.
Jackts of leather were worn by
workmen and were laced in front.
Louvignry brought one jerkin and six
doublts to the Fox war an -75
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T/als and waistcoats were distinrctilve malte appareL The
outer coat was long, reaching to and below the
knees. Sleeves with very wide cuffs were sorwt, to show a.
length of white shirt. Waistcoats or vests reecked .
below the waist (hnc~e thet nameC) and weM~CRe
had a mnultitude of buttons and large sainij 1~
pocket. An outer gaIrmentcrae
hood) was loose fitting and
function as thei pna~~:';~.
subsl'titutd~~~ forij
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i ir e welve ordinary and tw;o bordered hastouvigny
ought~1~~( 1C to Michilima(. inac- weret low-crowned,
t-ro~ad-brimmalI~C filt or heaerT and typical of male
hcrrec:s new f thec enlltr 18t~h century. By 1715 hrats tended
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esseses were long and full with
the skirt expanded frequently through
the use of a farthingale, a bell-
shaped metal or bone frame-
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grey, blue, or bronl. Many wor. a
silver cross around their necks.
i) I ~The pointed bodice of the underdress,
~IF~ filled with ruffles and folds, was stiff in
front with a low square-cut (decolletage)
neckline that exposed thre upper half of
the breast. Sleeves were short and baggy.
*. I An undergarment called a chemise, made
of linen and cotton, was also worn.
Cloaks, simple fitted capes, and buckled
shoes completed the basic wardrobe.
M~ost common materials were brocade,
damask, velvet, satin, cotton, and wool
in brilliant colors. John Askin"f who
spent Iwetntyr years at Mi~ckiimackinac,
ordered from M~ontreal a wedding gown
I of light blue satin "in the French fashion."
111 1
he mrost widely used military musket was the
'"Charleville,"" I be flintlock had a 47-inch barrel and .69 caliber
bore with an eff~ctive range~ of not much over 1001 yards.
French militia carried their own IUpg1-barrelled
mu:lI together writh pistols, lead, gRauges, and
gu~n [lns, p~rimr~rr ng p. Jr, paper for t'rl wads, tin
ri~imin, bore, so;1 n sheaths, and gun wvorms.
A flint forr the~ 0 harles~ill k\J wa good nl~
for 1\thnl 1 Is thirt\ shoals.
,*
7 ;
he French took no chances in 1'15
brought alone! enough arccowserice
conduct a major operation:
powder barrels, 1.000 grenades,
Cannon balls, bomb fules, slJon
arch,' grenade fuses, paper for cannon
artridges, wsad hooks, match tubs,.
(d rammer heads. In addition, the
uarte.master supplie'd an arqkuebus, o~r
- sersized musket set on a forke
tad. It wads particularly- effective -
gainst groups of persoCnnel anti could
Mounted on a stockader wall.
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ni.~rlli blhr 11athay..an expert on 18th century guns who has
.J ad1\I~ l]he Lllnsicj.dtral Jrchaeological finds at Michilimackinac,
)'' Ind thJt trailn I' to 19k4 a total of 3,8,50 gun parts and
""""'ere in he ortcompound, including 2,008
unni thnRn mu l bkills, andl 1,110 weapon parts: WVith the
lvcr plison ofI the brass cannorn, the parts confirmed the presence of
rnreapo~ns carriedJ in the Fox inventory. Flintiock hammers,
beaurifulls decorale~d brass and silver escutcheons, broken barrels,
ramedt Kuides, butt plate*., worm screws, grenades, and engraved
trigger guards turned up in the archaeologists' excavation.
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Fort Crcve ~ocur, near the present site of Ptoria, Illinois, was established
by Ln Sn lie a nd Dc Tonti in 1680. Frorn The Streckf us Line Maga zinc, 1931
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River landing at -Sainte Genevieve, Missouri, in French colonial times.
.Mural by Oscar E. Bernlinghous in the Missouri State Capitol- in Jefferson .
City. Courtesy State Historical Society of Missouri
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;O)efessat of Captain Itui's Spanish expedition,
1 three yeors after the founding of Saint
byr 1.aeded. Copy in collection of the
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