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Conference on
GENDER ISSUES IN FARMING SYSTEMS
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
INTEGRATING INTRA-HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS
INTO FARMING SYSTEMS PROJECTS
Rosalie Huisinga Norem*
A paper prepared for the Gender Issues in Farming Systems
Research and Extension Conference. February 26-March 1. 1986.
University of Florida. Gainesville. Florida.
Introduction
This paper is an initial report of a study designed to
survey farming systems projects which include an intra-household
focus in data collection, design and/or implementation. Farmina
systems models (Shaner. 1984) have recognized the importance of
the household as a component of the farming system, but until
recently, little has been done to systematically "open the black
box" of the household component in those systems models.
Projects responding to the survey being reported here are among
those attempting to gain a more systematic undestanding of the
inter- and intra-household factors influencing farming systems.
The primary purpose of the present survey is to assess the
types of information collected and used by projects, the methods
used for obtaining the information and some insight into how and
why the intra-household information is helpful. In addition.
projects are asked to identify types of information they wish
they did have, but which is not available, and the constraints
affecting various phases of their pro.ect.
*Department of Family Environment. Iowa State University. Ames.
Iowa 50011
Rationale
This study evolved from on-goina work to relate household
concerns to farming systems work. When the Farming Systems
Support Pro.ect was first initiated, a family task force was
organized to focus on the integration of household and family
concerns into the farming systems perspective. One of the
recommendations of this group was to develop case studies and
training materials which would promote such integration.
In a position paper on "Intra-household Dynamics in Farming
Systems Research: The Basis of Whole Farm Monitoring of Farming
Systems Research and Extension." Cornelia Butler-Flora set the
staRe for an intra-household dynamics and farming systems case
studies pro.iect which was subsequently funded and implemented.
The survey being reported in this paper will hopefully provide
supplementary information to the case studies being developed.
Concurrent with the effort to develop materials for training
about and sensitization to intra-household factors and their
importance in farming systems work, as well as other development
efforts, there is a need to become more knowledgeable about the
kinds of data currently being collected by existing pro.iects in
attempts to focus on intra-household factors, and the methods
being used to collect the data. As we seek to recognize the
nnmplnxity of household dynamics, it is necessary to also
recognize the practical necessity of finding ways to obtain and
analyze information within reasonable time and other resource
limits. Questions about how much information, about which
aspects of the household should be obtained from whom have yet to
be answered (Norem. 1983).
This is not to suggest that one "right" way of focusing on
household dynamics and farming systems can be identified. Rather
it is to suagest that by examining what is being done. and how
effective researchers and practitioners involved find current
efforts, Perhaps some Ruidelines can be identified which will be
helpful in future planning. This paper is an attempt to begin
such a systematic assessment.
It may be helpful to think in terms of differences about
which units related to the household are important for which
purposes. Overall, the unit of interest in intra-household
dynamics is the household. The unit of data collection can be
one or more household members, other informants and other
existing information. The unit of analysis can be an
individual, the household or subsystems thereof, work group. or
the farminR system among other possibilities. Desianina
parsimonious data collection and analysis procedures requires an
understanding of how these units relate in various situations.
For example, it may be possible to obtain good data on the
unit of interest from only one person if what is required is
basic demographic information such as age. gender and education
of household members. The household is also the unit of
analysis in this example. Information about the tasks
performed in the household as a unit of interest is more likely
to require data collection from more than one person, or
extensive observation or record keeping in order to permit the
collection of enough information to focus on the household as a
unit of analysis. As we develop a clearer picture of the state
of the art as it now exists. it is hoped a clearer set of
guidelines will evolve. The initial survey summary presented in
this paper is a first step.
Des in of the study
The Farming Systems Support Pro.iect and Population Council
Intra-household Dynamics and Farming Systems Case Studies pro.iect
was initiated with support from USAID and the Ford Foundation in
late 1984. In February of 1985. a request for expressions of
interest was sent to projects and individuals on a variety of
international mailing lists. Over 75 expressions of interest
were received in response to the request. These expressions of
interest were used to develop initial lists of types of data and
data collection methods being used in pro.iects. These lists were
in turn used in con.iunction with the case studies pro.iect
conceptual framework to draft a survey questionnaire. The
questionnaire was reviewed by the case studies pro.iect advisory
committee and revised accordinM~ using suggestions of the
committee.
The questionnaire (see Appendix A) was mailed to all
pro.iects who had responded to the original request for
expressions of interest in the case study pro.iect, since those
pro.iects self-selected themselves in terms of interest in intra-
household concerns. A few other pro.iects were also included in
the survey. Because of the short period of time since the
questionnaires were mailed, the summary being reported in this
paper only includes 17 projects. More responses are being
received and will be included in a later revision of .the paper.
All questionnaires received are included in the summary,
regardless of type of project. Most are farming systems
oriented, with one project beinA specifically focused on women in
farming systems. Seven pro.iects from Asia. 6 from Africa, two
from the Middle East and two from Latin America are included.
The titles and identifying information about the projects are
presented in Table 1.
(insert Table 1 about here)
Each project has a different specific target group. but all
Projects have target arouPs of farms with multiple crop systems.
Fourteen projects report farms in their pro.iet also have
livestock, most for multiple use, including cash income, food,
traction, wealth and prestige. The average land holdings for
farmers in the projects ranted from .89 hectares to 30 hectares,
with an overall mean of 9.74 hectares.
Results
Types of intra-household data
Each pro.eot was asked to indicate whether or not they have
data about five general categories: (1) demographic information.
(2) household member's participation in activies. (3) household
member's access to production resources, (4) household member's
participation in decision-making and (5) income and expenditure
data. benefits from farm production, food consumption and
nutrition. Each of these categories include several specific
kinds of data. Table 2 Presents the information for each type of
data. indicating the number of projects which collected each type.
(insert Table 2 about here)
Table 3 summarizes the ways each type of information was used or
is being used by the projects which responded to the survey.
(insert Table 3 about here)
Demographic information.
The most frequently used methods for obtaining demographic
information are pre-existing national surveys, formal project
surveys, participant observation and sondeos. This information
is summarized in Table 4 for all types of data. In addition to
(nS-ert tPble 4
the most commonly used methods, other methods are used by from 2-
4 pro.iects in the survey. Demographic information is also
available through pre-existina anthropological studies and local
village records for some pro.iects. Other pro.iects. collected
information through farmer records, community informants, time
allocation studies, team members personal knowledge and in-depth
case studies.
Nine projects collected demographic data before the pro.iect
began. 5 during the diagnosis stage and 7 parallel with on-farm
testing. Ten projects collect demographic data on an on-going
basis.
All pro.iects report collection of demographic data involving
household structure, membership and size. Most also have
information about education and ethnic identity. Migration
patterns and variation in household structure over the life cycle
are included by 7 and 6 projects respectively. When the patterns
of utilization of demographic information are examined, it is
apparent that demographics are important in the early planning
stages of pro.ects. Respondents were asked to identify the most
helpful information for each type and to give an explanation of
how or why the information is helpful to their pro.iect. They
were also asked to indicate any information in each type of
information that they did not have but wish they did. These
open-ended questions provide more detail related to intra-
household concerns than the tabulated results shown in the
tables.
The specific demographic information identified as most
helpful to a pro.iect varies according to pro.iect as one would
expect. However, some generalizations can be made. Gender and
age structure of the household is mentioned by several
respondents, sometimes sinrlely and sometimes in conjunction with
other information such as labor and income. The information is
useful in identifying target groups and designing trials which
consider labor bottlenecks and total household activity patterns.
Household structure is also reported as an important
consideration in designing extension efforts. Ethnic information
is second most frequently mentioned as the most helpful
demographic information, because farming practices and values
about female participation vary according to ethnicity.
The two kinds of demographic information least often
available, migration patterns and variation in household
structure over the life cycle are also the most frequently named
in response to the question ."Are there demographic data you do
not have that you wish you had collected?".
Household member's participation in activities
Formal surveys, participant observation and community
informants are the most frequently used methods to obtain
information about the participation of household members in
various activities. (see table 4). As with demographic
information, there is considerable variety in the ways pro.iects
obtain this information. All of the methods listed above for
demographic information are used by at least one pro.iect to
obtain activity data, with the addition of group meetings as a
source of information about household member's activities.
Three pro.iects collected activity data before the project
began. 5 during initial diagnosis, and 6 parallel with on-farm
trials. Nine pro.iects collect activity data on an on-going
basis.
Specific questions were asked about type of activity data
collected and method of dissagregation. Ten projects collected
task assignment data, disaggregated by gender and age. Seven
pro.iects disaagregate by position in the household as well. Four
pro.iects have information about time allocation.
Eleven projects report collecting some information about the
participation of household member's in various activities. Most
frequently (N=11) collected information is about activities
related to production of cash crops, with subsistence crops and
livestock production information available for 10 out of 17
pro.iects. Other activities within the household receive less
attention as indicated in table 2. Table 3 indicates that
activity data are used less often by projects than demographic
data. Assessing time and labor constraints is the most frequent
use of activity data.
Respondents report household member's activity information
most helpful for decisions about designing research and
targeting interventions especially in terms of labor constraints.
They wish their pro.iects had more detailed information about non-
production activities and several respondents express a desire
for activity data which cover a period of time up to a year. The
complexity of activity, data is pointed out and difficulties with
processing such data are mentioned.
Household member's access to production resources
This study breaks production resources into sub-categories
of land, labor, capital, innovations and credit. The projects
represented use a variety of methods to obtain resource
information: the most frequent are pre-existing national surveys.
pro.ect-conducted formal surveys, participant observation and
team members personal knowledge.
Six projects collected access to resources data before the
project began. 7 during initial diagnosis and 7 parallel with on-
farm trials. Five project collect these data on a on-goina
basis.
As indicated in table 2. this category of information about
households is available for most projects. Fourteen of the 17
pro.iects have some resource information. However, examination
of table 3 suggests that the use of this information is somewhat
more limited than for demographic data in terms of actual number
of pro.ects. Resource information is used by more projects for
a variety of purposes than activity data. but more projects
report use of activity data overall.
The answers to questions about the most useful resource data
and why and how it is useful indicate land resource information
is perceived as most helpful for more projects than other kinds
of resource data. but the responses also indicate the usefulness
of resource access data is very project specific. Access to
resources data is likely to be helpful in research design and
selection of field trial locations. There is a pattern among
responses about the kind of resource information respondents
would like to have had but which was not "available. More
information is wanted about monetary income, including gifts and
remittances is mentioned in several contexts, including credit.
opportunity costs for innovations and access to captial.
Household member's participation in decision-makina
Twelve projects in the survey have some data about
decision-making within households. These data are collected most
frequently through formal surveys, team member's personal
knowledge and participant observation. Other methods are used,
but in a pro.iect specific manner. Only two projects report
having decision-making data to use in initial project design.
One pro.iect collected decision-making data during the initial
diagnosis, and four parallel with on-farm trials. Six pro.iects
collect decision-making data on an on-goina basis.
Table 2 indicates that the projects which have decision-
making data have information about most of the categories
identified, land use. labor use. technology use, cropping and
cultivation practices and use of Production outputs. Table 3
suggests that projects are not using decision-making data
extensively. Seven pro.iects use decision-makina data to assess
time and labor constraints, and this is the most frequent use
reported.
Responses to open-ended questions about the usefulness of
decision-making data are general, in terms of a better
understanding of household dynamics permitting more knowledgeable
identification of target groups. Seven respondents indicate
their projects could use more detailed decision-making data which
would allow them to know more about the effect of decision
patterns.
Income and expenditure, benefits, food consumption and nutrition
Six projects have information about this category of data.
Formal surveys and participant observation are the most common
methods of obtaining the information. There are some differences
among the sub-categories, however. Participant observation is
most likely to be the source of information about food
consumption and nutrition information, and is not as likely to be
a source of production benefits data but formal surveys are used
by several pro.iects for all three sub-categories.
Only one pro.iect had data from this category before the
pro.iect began. Three projects collected the data during the
w initial diagnosis, 4 parallel with on-farm testing and 8 collect
the information on an on-goina basis.
Table 2 tells us that 10 projects have information in at
least one of the three sub-categories represented in this
section. Income and expenditure data are least frequently
available as a sub-category. Table 3 shows a fairly equal
distribution of the use of specific kinds of available data in
this category over the various phases of the pro.iects, especially
in the design and implementation of field trials.
Since there are 3 sub-categories in this section, the
answers to questions about which information is most helpful and
why and how. are somewhat complex, but they also point out the
need to integrate information about overall production and
consumption patterns in the household. For example, respondents
mentioned the importance of looking at off-farm income, cash
income from food crops and understanding the reliance on the
local markets both for food and income as well as the need to
assess the opportunity costs of innovations based on total inputs
and total income generating possibilities.
The response to the question about information which the
project did not have but wish they had was primarily better
income data. monitored over time. by household member. Several
respondents mention the difficulty in obtaining reliable income
data. but indicate they believe it is important to find better
ways of obtaining such information.
Other information
Respondents were asked to identify any other kinds of intra-
household data they have which were not included in the previous
5 sections. There are few responses to this section. Table 3
indicates how the data are used and the footnote points out the
kinds of information included. These are religious information,
inheritance data and information gathered from both husband and
wife together.
Most effective methodologies
Respondents were asked to select the study or activity of
their pro.iect which was most effective in collecting information
about intra- inter-household variables relevant to farm
production and which were most useful in determining project
decisions concerning research priorities, cooperating farmers.
technology acceptance, etc. Nine respondents name the formal
survey as most helpful. This is usually done at the beginning of
the project. Eight respondents identify participant observation
as the most useful activity for obtaining household information.
This tends to be on-going. Three respondents name the sondeo as
most useful. The sondeo took place anywhere from the beginning
to the third year of the project. Ten respondents report the
head of household as the primary informant, whether male or
female. Six projects tried to include at least one other adult
household member. Three relied on whoever was at home with a
preference for the head of household. One case study involved
all members of the household.
Constraints to projects
Respondents were asked to identify constraints which
effected the study design. sample selection, conduct of the
study, data analysis or applications of the data to their project
or activity. These responses are summarized in table 5. Ten
Projects report physical. logistical or resource constraints on
sample selection for their pro.ects. According to the detailed
information provided in open-ended questions about how these
factors are constraining, the most common constraint is
transportation, either in terms of availability of transportation
means or because of difficulties related to terrain.
In order of decending frequency, other constraints which are
mentioned are funds, language, personnel, a political situation.
and ethnic group considerations. In many instances the
constraints are named in conjunction with one another, such as
ethnic concerns and language difficulties.
Summary
Since the survey results presented in this paper are
preliminary, any summary must be considered tentative. However.
some points can be made at this stage. First, there is a wide
variation in the kind of data being collected about households,
with a common focus on the household as a unit of interest.
The data are most often collected from heads of households, so
for some kinds of data there may be difficulty in using the
household as a unit of analysis. For example, decision-making
data try to describe a dynamic intra-household process but
process data involving several household members probably require
complex data collections procedures. It is important to examine
alternatives in context of which information is important for
which stage of a project and how it may be obtained as
efficiently as possible. One respondent pointed out the
difficulty in designing more standardized methods of data
collection and analysis because of the unique aspects 'of any
given project, but also emphasized that anything that can be done
to move in this direction will save significant resources and
hopefully eliminate the need for each future project to make the
same mistakes.
REFERENCES
Feldstein.
1985
Flora. Cornelia
1984
Hilary
"FSSP/Population Council Case Study Project.
Intra-household Dynamics and Farming Systems
Research and Extension." Case study format.
Butler
"Intra-household Dynamics in Farming Systems Research:
The Basis of Whole Farm Monitoring of Farming Systems
Research and Extension." A Position Paper.
Department of Sociology. Kansas State University.
Manhattan, KS.
Norem. Rosalie Huisinga
1983 "The Integration of a Family Systems Perspective
into Farming Systems Pro.iects." Conference
proceedings. Family Systems and Farming Systems
Conference. Virginia Tech. Blaoksburg.
Virginia.
Shaner. W. W.. P. F. Philipp and W. R. Schmehl
1982 Farming Systems Research and Development:
Guidelines for Developing Countries. Boulder.
Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.
Table 1. Proieote responding to survey
Region/ Project Title Source Contractor and Unit
Country of Funds in Charae
Asia
TROPSOILS
Soil Management CRSP
Farming Systems
Development Proiect
Eastern Visayas
now-Farm & Resource
Management Institute
USAID University of Hawaii
with Univ. of North
Carolina & Cfnter
for Soils Research
SAID
Ministry of Agricul-
ture and Food and
the Virginia State
University
Agricultural Research
& Production Pro.ect
Farming Systems Research
& Development Division
USAID Winrock, Int'l.
Ministry of
Agriculture, Dept.
of Agriculture
Women in Farming
Systems
Role of Farm
Women in Decision
Making Related to
Farm Business
Balinsasayao
Aaroforestry
Project
Philippines Farming Systems
Development Project
Eastern Visayas
Snow-Farm & Resource
Mgt. Institute
Bangladesh
Agri.
Research
Council
Haryana
Agri.
University
Ford
Foundation
SAID
Bangladesh Agricul-
cultural Uiversity
Haryana Agricultural
University
Silliman University
Research Center
Cornell University
Ministry of
Agriculture & Food
& the Visayas State
College of
Agriculture
Indonesia
Philippines
Banaladesh
India
Philippines
Nepal
Table 1. continued.
Region/ Project Title Source Contractor and Unit
Country of Funds in Charge
Africa
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Fulbe Aaropastoral
Production in Southern
Burkina Faso-for USAID
Aa. Sector Grant
Income & Agricultural
Investment in a Bobo
Village
SAID
NSF.
Wenner-Gren
Foundation,
Univ. of
Illinois
Frederick Sowers
University of
California.
Berkeley
University of
Illinois
Adaptive Crop
Research & Extension
Project (ACRE)
SAID &
Gov't.
of Sierra
Leone
REDECASH/BIRD BIRD &
Minimum Tillage REDECASH
Techniques for Cowpea
Production
Agricultural USAID
TechnoloAR Improvement
SProject
Kenya Dryland Farming
Research &
Development
Kenya
Gov't.
FAO/UNDP
Southern Ill.
Univ., Louisiana
State Univ.
Ministry of
Agriculture &
Natural Resources
Bureau of Integrat-
ed Rural Development
(BIRD)
Midwest Int'l
Agricultural
Consortium (MIAC)
Kansas State Univ.
Ministry of Agri.
National Dryland
Farmina Research
Station
Sierra
Leone
Ghana
Botswana
Table 1, continued
Region/
Country
Pro.ieot Title
Source Contractor and Unit
of Funds in Charge
Middle East
Irrigation Inno-
vation and Family
Farming Strategies
in Israel
City Univ.
of New York.
Faculty Research
Grant
Syrian Households: ICARDA &
Women's Labor & NEAWARDS
Impact of Technologies
Andrea Rassam
Latin America
Livestock Production
Systems in Central
State of Veracruz
Universidad
Nacional
Autonomo de
Mexico
(UNAM)
Honduras Agricultral USAID
Research Project
Centro de Inves-
tigacion Ensenanza
en Granaderia
Tropical (CIEEGT)
Facultad de Medicina
& Zootechnia UNAM
Consortium for
International
Development,
New Mexico State
University
Israel
Syria
n. a.
Mexico
Honduras
Table 2. Types of intra-household data collected by projects
responding to survey
No. of projects
Type of Information (N=17) with information
Demographic information
a. household structure, membership & size /
b. education 15
c. ethnic identity 15
d. migration patterns 7
e. variation in h. h. structure over the life cycle 6
Household member's participation in activities
a. cash crops by crop 11
b. subsistence crops by crop 10
c. livestock production 10
d. other primary income generating activities 7
e. ma.ior tasks of household reproduction 9
Household member's access to production resources:
Land
a. in general 11
b. by tenure category 9
c. by production potential (e.a. irrigated.
non-irritated) 6
Labor
d. family 11
e. hired 13
f. exchange 10
Capital
a. seeds 12
h. tools 13
i. equipment 14
.i. animals 13
Innovations or improved production inputs
k. information (extension contacts, training. etc.) 12
1. technology inputs requiring cash or credit 8
Credit
m. informal 11
n. formal 10
o. other 1
Table 2, continued.
No. of projects
Type of Information (N=17) with information
Household member's participation in decision-making
a. land use
b. use of family labor
c. use of hired labor
d. use of exchange labor
e. use of technology inputs
f. use of credit
9. dropping choices
h. cultivation practices
i. uses of harvested crop & residue
.i. marketing
Income and
a. each
b. each
related to:
11
12
10
8
13
11
12
12
12
11
expenditure data:
household member's sources of income
household member's expenditures
Benefits from farm production:
a. use of end products from crop production
b. desirable characteristics of each crop or
crop product
c. each household member's access to or control
of end products
Food
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
consumption and nutrition information:
diet survey
nutritional adequacy analysis
food preparation practices
food preferences
on-farm household food production
Table 3: Use of types of intra-household data by projects
responding to survey
No. of projects reporting use of information
by type of information*: N=17
Use of information Type 1 2 3 4 5 6*
initial project design
selection of a target group
identification of
recommendation domains
choice of research topic
designing trials
selection of participating
farmers for field trials
evaluation of field trials
redesign of trials
technology recommendations
extension efforts
pro.iect evaluation design
assessing time and labor
constraints
assessing opportunity costs
for innovation
12 10
6 7 1 1
4 2 2 -
*Type l=demographic information. Type 2=household member's
participation in activities. Type 3=household member's access to
production resources. Type 4=household member's participation in
decision-makinga. Type 5=income and expenditure data. benefits
from farm production, food consumption and nutrition. Type
6=other.
**Other kinds of information collected include religious
affiliation, inheritance data and information gathered from
husband and wife together.
Table 4. Most frequently used methods of data collection by type
of data
Data collection method
demographic information
household member's participation
in activities
household member's access to
production to production
resources
household member's participation
in decision-making
income and expenditure data.
benefits from farm
production, food consumption
and nutrition
national surveys
formal surveys
participant observation
sondeo
formal survey
participation observation
community informants
national surveys
formal surveys
participant observation
formal survey
team member's personal
knowledge
participant observation
formal surveys
participant observation
Table 5. Constraints influencing projects
Type of constraint
physical, cultural.
logistical. social.
Phase of project resource political
study design N5= 8 N*= 5
sample selection 10 3
conduct of study/activity 6 6
data analysis 6 1
application of data to project/
activity 2
*number of projects reporting constraint, total N-17
Type of data
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
APPENDIX A
INTRA-HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS IN FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
FSR Project Survey
I. General Information
Project Title
Country__________________________ Region
Funded by
Contractor
Contractor's address
Government agency or University in charge____________
Name of persons) completing form
Position in project
Please define your target group in specific terms other than
small, resource poor, subsistence, rainfed, etc. (i.e. what is
really meant by small or resource poor in your area?)______
Are one or more of the following included in the target group?
Please check all that apply
a. households capable of producing most of what the family eats
yes_--_ no..
b. producers oriented toward the market yes____ no..
c. households who rely on remittances from wage labor to finance
farm/household yes____ no__
d. households who rely on hired labor to do work on the farm
yes __- no.
e. female-headed households yes____ no
f. inter-household work groups yes___. no
What is the average farm size for your target group?_____
What are the main crops produced?__
(Please go on to the next page)
is livestock a factor in the farming systems for your target
group? yes____ no..
If yes, how? check all that apply cash income____ food__
traction____ wealth____ other (please specify)_______
Local professional staff involved in project (including
administration). Note number.
BS ; MS___ .. PhD __; Non-degree ___; Men____ Women___
Number in plant science___ ; animal science ___; economics____;
other social science_ ; extension
Define the study region in geographic terms: (i. e. location,
size, distance between farthest experimental farm sites in kms.
and between sites and headquarters)__________
Numbers of field site locations (not individual farmer plots)
What factors influence the choice of field site locations?
Strong Moderate Nil
Political
Production potential
Equity
Type of crops grown
Type of environment
Proximity to research station
Other (describe)
II. Following is a list of types of information which may be part
of intra or inter household information collected by FSR
projects. These have been divided into six categories, based on
a review of submissions of interest to the Intra-Household and
Farmings Systems Case Studies Project. For each category, we are
interested in whether your project has the information; if so,
how the data were collected and how you have used or plan to use
the data for your project.
Please respond in four ways to describe your project.
i. Check all types of information your project has
available about household variables.
2. For those types of information your project has
available, indicate the data collection method used to obtain the
information.
3. Check all uses your project made or plans to make of
each of the categories of data you have available.
4. Provide some more detailed information about the
most effective and most useful study(ies) and/or activity(ies) of
your project related to intra-/inter- household concerns.
(Please go on to the next page)
If there is a category of data which does not apply to your
project, simply skip over that whole series of questions. For
instance, if your project has no household activity data, go on
to the section about access to production resources.
Types of information Project has information
i. demographic information
a. household structure, membership and size yes____ no___
b. education yes____ no ..
c. ethnic identity yes____ no__
d. migration patterns yes____ no___
e. variation in h.h. structure over
family life cycle yes ._ no ..
If you marked a "yes" for any of the above information
categories, we are interested in how you obtained the
information. For each category you marked "yes" please put that
letter in front of the appropriate data collection methods)
listed below. For instance if you had information about
household structure from existing national surveys and from a
formal survey your project completed, you would put an "a" in
front of those two methods listed below. List as many as you
marked above.
1. Pre-existing secondary information
la. national surveys
I--------------b. anthropological studies
-------------c. other specify)______
2. Project conducted studies and activities
--------------- 2a. participant observation
--------------- 2b. rapid rural appraisal (sondeo)
2c. formal survey
2d. farmer records
2e. community informants
2f. time allocation studies
-------------- 2g. team members personal knowledge
--------------2h. group meetings
--------------- 2i. in-depth case studies
--------------- 2j. other specify)
(Please go on to the next page)
Did you use demographic data including household information for
any of the following? Please check all that apply.
initial project design yes ___. no _
selection of a target group yes ___ no __
identification of recommendation domains yes..__ no____
choice of research topic yes -.- no
designing trials yes____ no____
selection of participating farmers for
field trials yes ___ no
evaluation of field trials yes____ no__
redesign of trials yes..._ no__
technology recommendations yes ... no
extension efforts yes ... no_
project evaluation design yes ... no
assessing time and labor constraints yes____ no__
assessing opportunity costs for innovation yes .._ no
other (please specify)
Are there specific parts of the demographic information you have
available which are most helpful to your project? yes___ no____
If yes, which are they?
How are these data helpful to your project?
When were the demographic data on households collected during the
project? (check all that apply)
before project began, i.e. during project design
yes _.. no.
during initial diagnosis stage yes____ no._
on-going yes____ no____ be specific about frequency
parallel with on-farm testing yes___ no .
other (please specify)
Are there demographic data which you do not have that you wish
you had collected? yes____ no..
If so, which data do you wish your project had collected?
(Please go on to the next page)
Now, please respond in the same manner to questions about the
second category, household member's activities.
Types of information Project has information
2, each household member's participation in activities related to:
a. cash crops by crop yes ___ no
b. subsistence crops by crop yes ___ no
c. livestock production yes__. no....
d. other primary income generating activities yes__ no .
e. major tasks of household reproduction yes___ no .
f. other (please specify)________________
If you marked a "yes" for any of the above information
categories, we are interested in how you obtained the
information. For each category you marked "yes" please put that
letter in front of the appropriate data collection methods)
listed below. List as many as you marked above.
1. Pre-existing secondary information
la. national surveys
lb. anthropological studies
I--------------- c. other specify)__ ____
2. Project conducted studies and activities
--2a. participant observation
2b. rapid rural appraisal (sondeo)
2c. formal survey
2d. farmer records
__ 2e. community informants
2f. time allocation studies
--------------- 2g. team members personal knowledge
2h. group meetings
2i. in-depth case studies
-------------- 2j. other specify)_______
2B. What kind of activity information have you collected?
-task assignment disaggregated by gender __age .._position
in the household__ other (please-specify)_________
-time allocation of individual household members
yes ___ no
(if not available for all household members, please indicate who
is included )
(Please go on to the next page)
Did you use household activity data for any of
Please check all that apply.
initial project design
selection of a target group
choice of research topic
designing trials
identification of recommendation domains
selection of participating farmers for
field trials
evaluation of field trials
redesign of trials
technology recommendations
extension efforts
project evaluation design
assessing time and labor constraints
assessing opportunity costs for innovation
other (please specify)-------
the following?
yes____ no___
yes____ no___
yes____ no___
yes --- no
yes no ....
yes _-- no___
yes___ no..
yes --_ no ...
yes____ no___
yes_-- no-
yes_- no___
yes____ no_
yes___ no_
Are there specific parts of the household activity data you have
available which are most helpful to your project? yes__ no____
If yes, which are they?_________________
------------------------ ----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
How are these data helpful to your project?
--------------------------------U-------------------
-----------------------------------------------------
When were the household activity data collected during the
project? (check all that apply)
before project began, i.e. during project design
yes.... no
during initial diagnosis stage yes____ no
on-going yes____ no__ be specific about frequency
---------------------------------------------
parallel with on-farm testing yes__ no
other (please specify)
--- -------- ------------------------
Are there household activity data
wish you had collected? yes____
If so, which data do you wish
which you do not have that you
no
your project had collected?
(Please go on to the next page)
-'---- '--------------------------------------------
The third category is about access to production resources.
Types of information Project has information
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3. each household member's access to production resources:
-land:
a. in general yes____ no
b. by tenure category yes _- nou__
c. by production potential (e.g. irrigated,
non-irrigated) yes___ no
--labor:
d. family yes no_ .
e. hired yes no ---
f. exchange yes no --
-capital:
g. seeds yes no ...
h. tools yes no ..
i. equipment yes .. no
j. animals yes_ no__
k. others (specify)_......._.._........_-----------
-innovations or improved production inputs
1. information (extension contacts, training, etc)yes .. no
m. technology inputs requiring cash or credit yes.... no .
-credit:
n. informal yes .. no ..
o. formal yes____ no
p. other (please specify) ...............
(if not available for all household members, please indicate who
is included )
If you marked a "yes" for any of the above information
categories, w are interested in how you obtained the
information. For each category you marked "yes" please put that
letter in front of the appropriate data collection methods)
listed below. List as many as you marked above.
1. Pre-existing secondary information
la. national surveys
I- b. anthropological studies
I--c. other specify)_____ _
2. Project conducted studies and activities
2a. participant observation
2b. rapid rural appraisal (sondeo)
--------------- 2c. formal survey
2d. farmer records
--------------- 2e. community informants
2f. time allocation studies
--------------- 2g. team members personal knowledge
2h. group meetings
2i. in-depth case studies
2j. other specify)_______
(Please go on to the next page)
In cases where household members did not own or control resources
did you collect information on the conditions of their access to
resources?.? yos____ no____ If yes, how did you gain this
information?
Did yto use access to resources data including household
ini. .. ....... ..: .. .y *, ..ie following? Please check all that
apply.
initial project design yes____ no
selection of a target group yes____ no__
choice of research topic yes ... no
designing trials yes .__ no_
identification of recommendation domains yes ... no
selection of participating farmers for
field trials yes .__ no
evaluation of field trials yes____ no__
redesign of trials yes no_
technology recommendations yes --- no
extension efforts yes --- no
project evaluation design yes____ no
assessing time and labor constraints yes___ no_
assessing opportunity costs for innovation yes____ no _
other (please specify)
Are there specific parts of the access to resources data you have
available which are most helpful to your project? yes___ no___
If yes, which are they?
How are these data helpful to your project?
When were the access to resources data collected during the
project? (check all that apply)
before project began, i.e. during project design
yes____ no _
during initial diagnosis stage yes____ no..
on-going yes____ no__ be specific about frequency
parallel with on-farm testing yes____ no ..
other (please specify)
Are there access to resources data which you do not have that you
wish you had collected? yes___. no..
(Please go on to the next page)
If so, which data do you wish your project had col ecteea:
The fourth category is about decision making.
---------- -------------~-----'---------'--"----------
Types of information Project has information
4. household member's participation in decision making related to:
a. land use yes ___ no
b. use of family labor yes ___ no
c. use of hired labor yes__ no ..
d. use of exchange labor yes___ no .
e. use of technology inputs yes_ no ..
f. use of credit yes____ no
g. cropping choices yes no ..
h. cultivation practices yes___ no .
i. uses of harvested crop & residues yes __ no .
j. marketing yes___ no
k. other (please specify)
(if not available for all household members, please indicate who
is included )___
If you marked a "yes" for any of the above information
categories, we are interested in how you obtained the
information. For each category you marked "yes" please put that
letter in front of the appropriate data collection methods)
listed below. List as many as you marked above.
1. Pre-existing secondary information
la. national surveys
l--------------- b. anthropological studies
Ic. other specify)______
2. Project conducted studies and activities
2a. participant observation
2b. rapid rural appraisal (sondeo)
2c. formal survey
2d. farmer records
-----------2e. community informants
2f. time allocation studies
--------------- 2g. team members personal knowledge
--------------- 2h. group meetings
-----------2i. in-depth case studies
------ ------2j. other specify)_______
(Please go on to the next page)
Did you.u use household decision-making data for any of the
following? Please check all that apply.
initial project design yes____ no___.
selection of a target group yes __ no___
.,... rei research topic yes____ no__
designing trials yes .... no_
identification of recon. .........-.. ... ......... yoes no_
selection of participating farmers for
field trials yes____ no
evaluation of field trials yes ... no
redesign of trials yes____ no ..
technology recommendations yes ._ no___
extension efforts yes .._ no__
project evaluation design yes .__ no__
assessing time and labor constraints yes____ no__
assessing opportunity costs for innovation yes____ no__
other (please specify)
Are there specific parts of the decision-making data you have
available which are most helpful to your project? yes___ no____
If yes, which are they?__
How are these data helpful to your project?
When were the decision-making data collected during the project?
(check all that apply)
before project began, i.e. during project design
yes.__ no
during initial diagnosis stage yes____ no
on-going yes__ no____ be specific about frequency
parallel with on-farm testing yes___ no
other (please specify)
Are there decision-making data which you do not have that you
wish you had collected? yes____ no__
If so, which data do you wish your project had collected?
(Please go on to the next page)
Category 5 is about income and expenditure data, benefits from
farm production, food consumption and nutrition.
Types of information Project has information
5A. income and expenditure data:
al. each household member's sources of income yes____ no ..
a2. each household member's expenditures yes __ no__
5B. benefits from farm production
bl. use of end products from crop production yes____ no
b2. desirable characteristics of each crop or
crop product yes no ...
b3. each household member's access to or control
of end products
5C. food consumption and nutrition information:
cl. diet survey yes____ no ..
c2. nutritional adequacy analysis yes ___ no .
c3. food preparation practices yes____ no .
c4. food preferences yes ___ no .
c5. on-farm household food production yes ___ no .
c6. other (please specify)________________
If you marked a "yes" for any of the above information
categories, we are interested in how you obtained the
information. For each category you marked "yes" please put that
letter in. front of the appropriate data collection methods)
listed below. List as many as you marked above.
1. Pre-existing secondary information
--------------la. national surveys
I-------------- b. anthropological studies
I------------ c. other specify)_______
-.. project conoucteo studies and activities
2a. participant observation
2------------ -2b. rapid rural appraisal (sondeo)
2c. formal survey
2d. farmer records
2e. community informants
2f. time allocation studies
--------------- 2g. team members personal knowledge
__ 2h. group meetings
2i. in-depth case studies
-------------- 2j. other specify)_______
(Please go on to the next page)
Did you use income and expenditure data, benefits from farm
production, and or food consumption and nutrition data for any
of the following? Please check all that apply.
i rni 1 al project design yes n_ no
selection of a target group yes____ no_
identification of recommendation domains yes no
choice of research topic yes____ no
designing trials yes____ no
selection of participating farmers for
field trials yes____ no
evaluation of field trials yes____ no__
redesign of trials yes____ no__
technology recommendations yes.. no
extension efforts yes____ no
project evaluation design yes____ no__
assessing time and labor constraints yes ___ no__
assessing opportunity costs for innovation yes ___ no__
other (please specify)
Are there specific parts of the income and expenditure data,
benefits from farm production, and or food consumption and
nutrition information you have available which were most helpful
to your project? yes___ no
If yes, which are they?
How are these data helpful to your project?
When were the above data collected during the project?
(check all that apply)
before project began, i.e. during project design
yes____ no__
during initial diagnosis stage yes____ no___
on-going yes ___ no____ be specific about frequency
parallel with on-farm testing yes____ no .
other (please specify)
Are there data from the above category which you do not have that
you wish you had collected? yes____ no
If so, which data do you wish your project had collected?
(Please go on to the next page)
Finally, if there are types of household data which have not been
included above and which your project collected, please indicate
what those are in the space provided below and tell us how you
obtained the information.
-----~--------------------------------------------------------
Types of information Project has information
------------------------------------------------------------------
.6. other types of information related to the household:
d o------------------------------------------------------------------
data collection method___
data collection method_____--------------------------------
-------------------- ----------------------------------------
data collection method__
Did you use data identified under number 6
following? Please check all that apply.
initial project design
selection of a target group
identification of recommendation domains
choice of research topic
designing trials
selection of participating farmers for
field trials
evaluation of field trials
redesign of trials
technology.recommendations
extension efforts
project evaluation design
assessing time and labor constraints
assessing opportunity costs for innovation
other (please specify)
Are there specific parts of the information
number 6 you have available which are most
project? yes___ no____
for any of the
yes___
yes --
yes__
yes ___
yes-
yes____
yes ...
yes --
yes _.
yes .__
yes____
yes ___-
yes____
no
no
no
no
no_
no_
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
identified under
helpful to your
If yes, which are they?
How are these data helpful to your project?-------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------"-------
- ----------------------------"'--------
(Please go on to the next page)
When were the above data colle-cted during the project? (i
all that apply)
hefrore project began, i.e. during project design
yes____ no__
during initial diagnosis stage yes ___ no__.
on-going yes___ no____ be specific about frequency
check
parallel with on-farm testing yes____ no___
other (please specify)
Are there other data which you do not have that you wish you had
collected? yes____ no____
If so, which data do you wish your project had collected?
Now please select the study(ies) or activity(ies) of your project
which were most effective in collecting information in intra-
inter- household variables relevant to farm production and which
were mgaf ys1efy in determining project decisions concerning
research priorities, cooperating farmers, technology acceptance,
etc. For thing tiy 2C g ativit please answer the questions
asked below and add any additional information which would be
helpful to others engaged in this kind of research. If you have
more than one study or activity which was particularly helpful,
please fill out a sheet for each one.
This study/activity was:
most effective in collecting IHH information yes____ no_
most useful in project decision making, design, etc.
yes____ no_
both yes____ no..
Characterize the kind of study or activity:
survey, participant observation, etc.)
(sondeo, formal
At what point in the project was this study/activity undertaken?
How long did it last?
How frequently were farmers/households/groups surveyed/observed/
etc (once during the study, once a week, once a month, etc)?
Sample size
Percent of total population being studied-____
Sample selection criteria (please describe in detail)
Who designed the study?
(Please go on to the next page)
Who carried out the study? Please designate numbers carrying ouk.
the study? the number of men and women? their degrees, training,
occupations or discipline speciality if applicable (e.g.
extensi on agents, secondary school students, loca ll y hi red
enumerators, etc.)?
What data were collected? Please describe as specifically as
possible and if you like enclose a sample questionnaire, record
sheet, etc.
From whom were data collected? (Head of household? whoever was
at home? more than one member of the household? etc.)
Who collated and analyzed the data? How long did it take after
the end of the data collection period?
How was the information gained from this study or activity used
in the farming systems project?
Did physical, logistical, or resource constraints affect:
-study/activity design yes___ no____
-sample selection yes___ no___
-conduct of study/activity yes__ no___
-analysis of data yes..__ no____
-application of analysis to project activities yes____ no
Please describe as specifically as possible.
Did cultural/social/political circumstances affect:
-study/activity design yes____ no____
-sample selection yes_... no...
-conduct of study/activity yes____ no____
-analysis of data yes____ no..
-application of analysis to project activities
Please describe as specifically as possible.
Were any special measures taken- to overcome
constraints listed above? If so, please describe.
yes____ no____
any of
the
Please add any additional comments concerning the means by which
the study or activity was undertaken or its usefulness to the
project.
Instructions for returning the questionnaire are on the following
page. Thank you for your time and help.
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