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Conference on
GENDER ISSUES IN FARMING SYSTEMS
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
A Paoer Presetied
at tia ConkeresAce oi
Gender issues ia Farmia Sysatms
Research and Zxtension
February 26-Marca 1, 1936
Unaieraicy of Florida
Gainvesville. Florida 32511
Ge3der Roles on' Uplaad Crop Produccion i. hrea
Auiicipalities of eastern Visayas
aegioa, Philippiaes
Dolores L. Alcober
'n3
GENDER ROLES ON UPLAND CROP PAODU TIOCrN I THREE
MUNICIPALITIES O ASfr<0i ii.Ak S
REGION, PfLLIPPINES
Dolores L. Alcober
Visayas State -Cllege of Agriculture
Baybay, Leyte, Philippines
GENERAL BACKGROUND OF ri CO'Jlf (3) (10)
The Republic of the Philippines is located close to 120 degrees east
longitude and between 4 to 21 degrees north latitude. It is about 1,000
kilometers from the southeast cost of the mainland of Asia lying on the
western margin of the Pacific Ocean. An archipelago co.nposed of 7,107 islands
and islets, the country has a total land area of about 120,000 square
kilometers. It has three geographic dimi-~so a namely; Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao.
The islands are rugged, with irregular coasts providii :. ieic)3i harbors
of all sizes. The land is mountainous with heavily forested mountain ranges
close to the coasts, leaving narrow coastal plaits. Between the mountains
however, are flat alluvial pl-ia., ;File large ri~ar ace few, there are many
short but swift streatss as well as number of lakes.
Located in the tropic zone, the climate is characterized by periodic
changes in wind directions. Its temperature varies between 75 to 85 degree-
Fahcieheaii (25 t 33 degrees Centigrade) duriag the year.
Agriculture is the most significant form of land use in the Philippines,
in terms of the amount of land utilized and the perCYcenj .:- .,' ai3ple
involved. As of 1970, about 51 percent of the econo.aically active oppalatioa
was engaged in agriculture.
EASTERN VISAYAS REGION (8) (9)
The Philippines is not only broken up geographically but is also divided
into 12 regions. The Eastern Visayas which lies in the central eastern part
2
of the country, comprised Region VIII It is situated between 100 to
12040' latitude and between, 124 to 126 longitude.
The region includes the two main islands of Samar and Leyte. These
islands differ markedly from each other. WhLle Leyte has vast plains
bisected by mountain ranges with peaks ranging from 700 to 100 feet above sea
level, Samar has no interior mountain ranges. Its interior is consist of a
broad upland mass with na'ecrous deep valleys 4it'i 1:,l.tii areas along the
coast.
The provinces that comprise the region are the following; Leyte,
Southern Leyte, Eastern Samar, Northern Samar and Saiar and the Sub-province
of Biliran. The total regional land area is 21,471 square kilometers which
is 7,2% ou the total land area of the country.
The region has abundant rainfall throughout the year with November,
December and January as the rainiest months. Typhoons through the region are
usually during the months of June through November.
The total population of the region as of 1980 is 2,799,534 which is
about 5% of the 'country's population. Waray-and Cebuano are the uain
languages spoken by the populations; a few speak Tagalog.
Eastern Visayas' economy is basically agii.clt.lhr, Ir., :ntL~ products
are copra, sugar, abaca, rice, corn rootcrops, and banana.
THE ST'UD AREAS
The study was conducted to (1) describe the general features of sweet
potato, corn and upland rice production L t'te region, (2) identify specific
Earmin-g operations and related activities performed antd decided by aItl1 A.-.
4omen and (3) detertaiiie the ceas'.it 4ly .aa-pr-i',r.t'.d :, 4 i l.ar farE
activity.
Three of the six municipalities covered by the Farming Systems
Development Project -Easteci Vi-ayAs (F3OP?-37) sare chosen as areas for the
study. These were Matalom and Villaba in Leyte and Gandara in the province
of Samar.
Sample respondents were selected in two stages. First, the population
was classified into three strata acc;,r;,io ti 'he kind of crop growl Tiheae
are sweet potato, corn and upland rice growers. Then, the cadndon selcitLoa
was s~;ployed to choose 90 household respondents per stratum.
The case study method was used to collect the information needed. The
research sttfF 'tdye'l ;.i ''it .~-- villages s to observe, participate and
monitor the activities of the members of the household respondents.
Dialogues and personal interviews both informal and formal using a pre.ar--1
chec-klist -ee~r as3:iii:t1l. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze and
present the information collactel,
cIatalom
Matalom is southernmost municipality on the west coast of the LeytC
ProviLce. Comprising 30 barangays, it covers an area of 11,080 hectares. It
has a narrow coastal strip with upland hills cihauigi. t.j rugged mountainous,
uncultivable lands as one-moves towacrh-1 tIhe ean ().
The municipality falls within Climate zone IV whose principal
distinguishing characteristic is no pronounce maximum rainy period and no dry
season. R Lt S.ll .o::ur throughout the year with an aveufc ,i- ft'tl
-t.c:mulation between 100 to 300 millimeters with Iighest rainfall in July,
October and November.
Matalom have mostly red clay Maasin soil with pH of 4.0 to 5.5. The
southwestern part has Faraon black claysoils with pH 5.0 to 8.7 (4).
Majority of the farms are located on moderately sloping areas while the
rest were either on steep slopes or flat lands. About half of the total land
area of Matalom is being used for agricultural purposes. Its common crops
grown are corn, coconut, rice and rootcrops. Farmers mostly utilize their
crops for home consumption, while a few market their produce t.o finance their
farm activity. The household is the major source of farm labor although a
few farmers sometimes hire laborers. Farm activity are usually done by
manual labor. Carabao is their main source of farm power(l).
Formal credit institution are not available in the m.nii-2a.i-i.y, rt.'
reaidents obtained credit from aoli-formal credit institutions such as private
money lenders, neighbors, friends, parents, middlemen and relatives (1).
Villaba
Villaba is located on the northwestern part of Leyte. It is composed of
35 barangays covering a total land area of 12,600 hectares. Appro_ 'iaataly
one half of Villaba'is mountainous and hilly. It has less plains compacad to
Matalom and Gandara. Being a hilly place, it sometimes experienced erosion
especially during continuous heavy rains (7).
The northern one-fourth of the municipality is on the very hilly to
steep, mutual, black surfaced, well-drained clay soil known as Lugo. The
southwestern half has a very hilly brown soil with reddish lbro-# sibsoil,
developed, from shale (6). FaraoL clay, Palompon clay and Hydrosol are also
found in the area (7).
Villaba experiences a more or less evenly distributed rainfall
throughout the year.. The heaviest, rainfall occur in January. During summer
months, rainfalldecreases from February to April and increase gradJU,.ll-y t,
t3 the end of the year (7).
People in the place rely heavily on agriculture as their sources of
income. Most farm households grow corn and coconut as their primary crops.
Other common crops grown are :ice _and rootcrops. Coconut production and Sother
tree crops pe -donil-tiS e the aosoIathe hal of thea Rialitie ~;t L,;it l ia the
northern half are extertnsve cattle grazing lands and. large ranch eiltaici;.
(5).
4 bulk of the total production of the food crops .r- uiseld mainly for
direct home consumption which- oaily iLdi-~:cte -iV. _aciec3 in the area are
subsistent. They seldom raised crops for commercial purpoe- J',:- d,-. t-r t i 3Lze
of their farmholdings, tenure status and pcodictiity > the lands.
Most upland farmers worked as hired laborers ii the lowland especially
during planting and harvesting season. There are also those involved La a
labor system known as "prendis". In this labor system, farmer weeds/plants
ina certain field without being paid in cash. they are only as.ir'- i:;
harvest the portion which th-y have wor'k,.i E.r and are given a share which is
a little higher than those who did not participate (7).
The common sources of credit in Villaba are non formal leading
institutions.
Gandara
Gandara municipality is located 120011 east longitude and 124023'
north latitude (10). It is_ 152 kilometers from the regional capital,
Tacloban City. The place is approximately 674 square kilometers in area and
comprise 84 barangays (11).
The municipality is mountainous. However, between rolling hills ace
vast expanses of valleys/lands sliced by navigable rivers and their branching
brooks and streams.
Gandara falls under Type II climate in which rainfall is more or less
evenly distributed throughout 'the year. ieavy rainfall occur in the months
of November. to January and relatively dry months are March, April and May
(6).
The predominant type of soil in Gaadara is the Cathalogan clayloam which
,is brown and strongly acid. Other types of soil found in the area are the
Faraon clay, Bigan loam, San Miguel clay loam and Hydrosol (4).
0
The municipality of Gandara is basically agricultural. Its economy is
approximately 90 percent dependent on farming. However, only 14.06 percent
of its total land area is cultivated to economic crops. Some 68.18 percent
of its land area are arable, already classified as alienable and disposal,
but are still uncultivated. The economic crops cultivated are rice, cora,
coconut, rootcrops, vegetables, peanut, banana and abaca (6).
Although most of the farmers work on the field themselves and prefer
family members to help them, it was also necessary for most of the nousenolds
to hire laborers during peak periods. Wives and school children only wror.
part-time on the farm. Hiring laborers was done either on a daily or a
contractual basis. t all the barangays, some exchange labor (tidlos) was
also practiced by farmers (11).
T'he Rural Bank of-Gandara, Inc. is the only credit estaolisnenet cnat
::.:caters agricultural andd commercial loans to farmers and merchants wicn a
maximum amount of fifteen, thousand pesos However, oftentimes serving
S-sources of credit among farmer are only those non formal' lending institutions
(6)....; :
ED -DIflOAL ATTAIMiEiNT OF THE RESPONDidTS
SLa general, the level of education of the respondents was found to oe
S relatively" low. Majority of the sweet potato growers reacned only tne
- elementary level: (Table 1 The average educational attainment of tne
S' husbaosda was; 4, wives 4, sons 5,_daughters. 5 and others, 4 years.
O :. a the othe-r heandj the- average educational attainment of corn growers
Swas grade four. There were also a 'considerable number of husbands (22Z) and
wives (15Z) wh- were illiterates. Almost the same trend can be observed
among farmers .engaged in rice production. Quite a number of husbands (24X)
*-and wives (16%) did not. have formal education, however, 2 percent of tne
..husbands and wives completed college.
SINVOLVEMENT AND DECISLONI MAKING IN SWEET
POTATO FARIlI. A.JCI CLES
Involvement of Male and Female Children and Helpers
A. great number of the male children and helpers were involved ia weeding
and planting. Majority of them belonged to the age brackets from 15-19 and
20-24 (Table 2).
Comparatively, there were more male children and helpers than female who
assisted on the different activities in sweet potato farming (Table 3), .'one
of the females was involved in land preparation but many were also
participating in weeding and planting.
Land Preparation
Bolo or- plow was used to prepare the areas to be planted with sweet
potato. Bolo was utilized especially by those who have limited areas to
cultivatete, without working animals,a aad no available primary tillage
equipment .-
Sr general this activity was done by the husbands (86X) (Table 4).
Others were assisted by their sons (43%) and htral 14h-cre.:3. Those with no
carabao were- usually assisted by their wives in order to finish the work 'j:
time. A fe :-'of: the wives mentioned that their assistance is really t.ed .I
because their children are not yet capable of helping in the farm. Besides
they cannot afford to hire laborers
Decisions reLated .to this task like the sequence of each opturati>i,
tiaiiog of operation in relation to rains,, equipment used in each operation
"and variation on method with seasonal condition were mostly made by the
Husbands.
Planting
Sweet potato was normally planted on ridges. Vine cuttings obtained
from previous season's crop were used as planting materials. There was a
. -*
great variation in the number of vines/cuttings planted from one, in pairs to
more than two cuttings per hill. Usually the farmer repi-de it-, ,lai.tedl 3-'
cuttings per hill.
Planting was reportedly done by the majority of the husbands (82%) and
male children (74%) (Table 4). However, wives, especially those who.e
children are already grown-ups, also helped because they felt bored and
guilty to stay idle at home while the other members of the family are busy in
the farm. Fifty nine percent of the daughters were also involved in
planting..
Decisions related to planting were mostly done by husbands, especially
on the. variety used (62%), time of planting in relation to rains (73Z) and
spread of ,planting dates (79%). Husbands also mostly decide on wheiathi ::o
iit eccop and replant the field immediately after harvesting the s;eet potato
tubers. -
: feeding -... .-
W. -eed competition at all stages of sweet potato growth is detrimental to
yie.ld,..hence hand.weeding with the use of bolo was done by farmers. iLone of
the respondents jtilized herbicides to control weeds.
Similar to planting, this activity also utilized family labor, the
husbands (584) being mostly involved. Seventy nine and seventy percent of
:the sons and wives,, respectively, helped i weedii~, i'.^wae. a "i-
paecentage of a the daughters (78%) was involved in weeding than in any other
i -sweet potato farming activity. To speed up the operation and free from work
at home were the reasons given by the housewives.
S. ..Decision making in weeding was mostly done by husbands alone.
Harvesting
Because sweet potato is highly perishable anid normally not stored,
staggered harvesting of the tubers was the usual practice of the farmers.
9
They only started harve-ti.4 the *:r.., iLI Its expected maturity had already
bee i reached. The common implement used was either a pointed zooden/iron
stick or a pointed bolo. Each hill are dug with -are during harvesting.
This was the reason of the husbands why the women are usually doing the
harvesting, Besides, this task was considered "light and easy" by the men.
Although the job of harvesting the crop wa4H costly y done by housewives
(90%), there were also husbands (36%) who helped in some occasions.
Children's (male and female) participation in this task was less. Aside from
housewives" involvement, decisions related to the work was also carried out
by them.
Transporting and Carrying the Product
S In some cases, transporting and carrying the harvest to the house or
-.market wasa doae by the husbands (67%). Some of the sons helped as well.
R-.ousewives' '.5.1Z) :involvement was also high because after harvesting they
" usually carry their harvested, crop to their homes. This was especially true
i;f the- sweet potato field was just near their homes. Decisions related to
this activity 'er miade e it..a c ay the husband or wife.
Marketing
: .Very.fe''o f the aweet, potato household re.spi,,,-l.). :i .,*'..: :'.
.- re~ ., ., ~"~ tenatimes,; buyers went to the producer's house to buy. A few
-:eportedly deliver their product to the town proper. Housewives being
Sincharge ,raoaey matter -were also mostly i.-i1race in marketing.
4:Processing '* '. -:
-- Therre r severaL 'way of processing sweet potato. However, the most
co~ioa practice i'the" region is by boiling. Housewives were most often the
inchaige of. processing and making decisions on matters related tl, i;:
CORA FAR4lA ACTIVilTlS
Involvement oi data aad Female GCaildren and gelpers
The male caiLdces and helpers were involved ia planting, narvescia-,
weeding, husking, transporting and carrying farm produce and land
preparation. dany of them were within the age brackets from 15-19 and 2J-24
ablee 6) On the other hand, female cnildran and aelpers involvement was
more on husking, harvesting and planting. Iney were mostly witcnaa cne age
range of 10-14 and 15-19 years old (fable 7).
Land Preparation
Corn was one of the major crops grown in the three selected
municipalities included in the study. To have a good stand of the crop,
farmers usually prepare the land thoroughly by plowing it for two to career
times with alternate harrowing. Plowing and harrowing were usually doan waea
the field was at the right moisture content (after enough rain). rhe Latter
was done again within two days before planting to level the soil.
the men were mostly involved in this tasa (husbands 7U and sons 514).
The few women (9Z) iavol\ved, were those with cora farms located in ally
areas and that land preparation requires more persona because ic is doae' oy
hand weeding with the use of bolo (Table 8).
Planting
Generally, this was done by sowing seeds on furrows. jionliag was
practiced in Gandara when the field is newly opened/cultivated. Some farmers
treated their seeds with petroleum shortly before planting. Family laoor was
mostly utilized in planting corn (fable 8). Oftentimes the wives were tne
ones sowing the seeds, while the husbands were preparing the furrows.
thinning
Thinning was not practiced by all farmer respondents because caay
11
claimed they sowed enough wnich was 3-5 seeds/nill. Owners believed its a
waste of time and planting materials. Of tnose adopciag cais practice, tne
husbands (46A) were mostly doing tae cask (Taole 8). Wives (234)
participation was only when they visited the field during their free time at
home. Aale (71) and female (71) children participated less. dusoaad alone
mostly made the decisions on the activities related to this tasi.
Weeding
The common farm implement used in weeding was bolo. Others employed
plowing not only to control weeds but also to hill up. this was usually dona
when the crop is one month old from planting. Usually, weeds were just left
to wither between furrows.
All household members especially the husband (911) were greatly involved
in weeding. To finish the work early, was the major reason given by most of
the wives, and the children (male, 741 and female, 674) wno assisted in cae
task. (Table 8 -.. The husband still dominated in mating decisions relative to
this activity.
darvestiag
Timeliness is the most important consideration in harvesting. Jora is
ready for harvesting when leaves and husis are dried and kernels are nearly
glazed.
The respondent harvested their corn by hand picking after whicn cne
stalks, were cut down. Some cut down the stalks without picicing first cne
ears. The cora stalks were either used as feeds for caraoaos or left to roc
in the field. .In cases where the area is to be planted with another crop
shortly after harvesting, stalks were either burned or thrown away.
Family labor was' also utilized in harvesting corn. iNoteworthy is the
dominant involvement of the male (80Z) and female (784) children. Aost wives
12
(70%) reasoned out that their assistance was needed in order to speed up tne
operation. Sometimes their rble was to manage tne harvesters wnile tneir
husbands were doing other work in the \farm. Lo get a snare was also anocner
reason mentioned. The husbands made the decisions on the different
activities related to harvesting.
dusking and Shelling
the corn -ears- were- usually husked after all nave been picKed from tne
stalks. For ease in doing it, some used a .pointed bamboo stick to open up
the husk. The husis were either thrown away :or burned in tne field. Jives
(78%) and children (male :67Z, female .85%) participated in the job Decause
this is easy to perform. About sixty three percent of the husbands also
assisted. (fable 8).
After husking, the harvest i, dried and lacer, shelled by a locally made
shedder or bolo. Some farmers separated the kernels\from the cob or ear by
hand. Most women were-involved in shelling because it is easy to do.
Furthermore wives who cannot leave the house because of their babies eare
able to help the task. Shelling is usually done in the evening. rnus, some
husbands were able to help. to speed up the operation, some farmer
respondents hired children,from' neighborhood and paid them in cash.
Decisions on the activities related to husking and shelling were made oy
either the husband or wife or both.
Storage.
Corn was stored as shelled, unshelled,'or unnusked. A common method of
storing unhusked corn was by hanging them up in rows near the iitcnen. Cne
husk served as a protection of the ear. This practice was usually done for
corn stored for-seed purposes in the next cropping.
Since storing corn was done in the house, housewives (91%) mostly was
the one doing it. Husbands a.ad children had only minimal involvement.
Except on the use of crop for local food which was mostly decided by the wife
alone, other decisions pertinent to storage was more or less made by botn
husband and wife.
Seed Segection
Selecting seeds to be stored for th' next cropping was done after all
the crops had been harvested.' After drying,\cora on cobs were spread on tne
floor. Selected cobs'were of good quality (cobs were shinny, free from pest
and with big kernelss. .Only husbands and fives were involved in seed
selection.. Sixty nine percent of the husband respondents reportedly did tne
.seed selection, but housewives' participation was als high because husoands
were oftentimes\.busy with other work in the farm.
Transporting and'.Carrying Farm Produce
S Tedious jobiI Like transporting harvested corn was usually done oy mea
(husband 69%, son. 57Z,: table 8). This-was done using carabao drawn sledge or
:by manually carrying the sacks filled with corn. To finish the worK early
was the reason
" activity was mostly done by husband alone.
Marketing
LIn general, farmers sdld their crops within the community. Perhaps tnis
i a s :an indication of the relatively low marketable surplus from the farm,
which makes it unprofitable for the farmers to sell their crops to buyers
outside their community who offer better price.
Farmer mostly utilized their harvested, corn for home consumption. They
only mark ted their produce when they are badly in need of money or if they
are already committed to local, assemblers because they are indebted before
harvest time.
us.bands (\7%) and wives (33%) were highly involved in marketing the
produce. Wives p rticipation.in selling can be attributed to the fact that
\
she is the family treasurer and is also incharge in buying the necessities
for the home. The role of the children was to carry the product to tne
buyer.
Except for the quantity to be sold, more husbands were making decisions
on matters related to marketing.
Processing
The local millers who are also local assemolers were operating at tne
farm level but in limited scale. Thus, most farmers were only using the
traditional corn grinder for milling. It was the responsibility of the women
p to process the product into corn grits because they are the ones who prepare
S food; for the family. Children also gave assistance in doing tne work, while
S': '. husbands only helped if they are already free from farm work.
'Processing also includesi making food/delicacies out of corn. Examples
are the boiled and roasted young corn, porridge, and corn pie. The husbands
: and wives were equally responsible in making decisions regarding processing.
I WOLVEAMEi? AAD DECISION dAKILG IN
S-r.C.-. ..-- F-ARMIIG ACTIVITIES
Involvement of Male and Female Children and Helpers
Involvement of male children and helpers in rice production was more on
:Irarvesting, weeding, threshing and planting. They were mostly within tne
ages from 15-19- years old (Table 10). -Also worth to note, was tne
: L;-i -r'tvement.of male- children below 10 years old. in some of the activities.
S xeet i processing, involvement of most female children and helpers
was a so n- the same activities as that of men. however, those who assisted
Sin. ee ing and harvesting were mostly within the age bracket of 20-24 years
old, *Whhle in- planting, thinning and threshing, 15-19 years old were mostly
involved (Table 10). There were few female children below 10 years old wno
also assisted in some activities undertaken in rice production.
, -= "
Land Preparation
Land preparation for upland rice was done either by plowing and
harrowing or through the use of bolo. An animal drawn wooden plow and comb
harrow were used in plowing and harrowing, respectively. Carabao was the
draft animal used. Farmers with no available tillage resources or whose farm
area is located in very steep hills used bolo in land preparation.
Except for some who hired laborers, the household members involved in
land preparation were the husbands (84Z) and some sons (42Z). In order to
finish the work early, a few wives (8%) assisted, especially in farms where
bolos were the only implement used (Table 12). Since the husbands were
mostly involved in land preparation, decision making pertinent to this
activity was also generally done by them.
Planting
Planting upland rice in sloping areas was done by diobling. In flat
areas seeds were sowed in furrows by hills. They planted this crop once a
Year which is usually in May-July.
The members of the family were involved in planting (Taole 12) Some-
farmers hired laborers through a system locally termed as "prendis".
"Prendis" means that the laborer is assured to harvest the portion of the
field which he had planted. Involvement of housewives in this task was high
because they wanted to speed up the operation, they had no more work at home
and the family cannot afford to hire laborers.
Decisions regarding the variety used, time of planting in relation to
rains and spread of planting dates were mostly made by the husband alone or
by both the husband and wife. Only few practiced intercropping and
replanting which oftentimes were decided by husbands alone.
Thinning
Thinning was less practiced by farmers. dusoand (31%) and wives (26%)
were reportedly involved in the activity.
Weeding
Handweeding which is very time consuming was the most common weed
control method employed by upland rice farmers. the farm implement used was
bolo. Due to financial constraints, herbicides was never utilized.
Majority of the farm household respondents participated in weeding
(Table 12). The "prendis" labor system was also practiced in this particular
activity. Quite a number 6f housewives (759) assisted in tnis tasK because
they want to finish the .work early.
Although a husband alohe decision pertinent to weeding was mostly
practiced by upland farmers, a considerable number of husoands and wives also
jointly decide on matters pertaining to tnis task.
Harvesting
Rice was. harvested by sickle, with about half of tne straw as stcoble.
Others cut the panicle from the straw with a sharp iaife. There were tnose
who prefer the -latter because the harvested rice is .free from weeds. rae
stubbles were left to rot in tne field after harvesting and later
incorporated in the soil during plowing.
The family was mostly utilized in harvesting in addition to people
working under the prendis system Sotedly, the housewives (80/) and
children (male 741, female 91%) were greatly involved. They usually assiaced
to speed up the operation and get more share. Furthermore, harvesting can oe
easily done by housewives and female children.
threshing was done by the people involved in harvesting. however, cnere
\
were few who hired laborers to perform the task. dives and children assisted
to finish the work early.
Timing of threshing was dominantly a husband alone decision while tne
rest of the decision making areas pertinent to harvesting and ttreaniag ras
made not only by husbands alone but also by the other members of the family
involved in the activity.
Storage
Generally, rice is the most preferred staple food by Filipinos. Some
farmer respondents mentioned that they even have to purchase rice to
supplement their own produce. There were instances however, tnac they were
forced to sell their rice for casn needs. Storing rice for seeds and future
use is done by cleaning and drying it well first, before it is placed in tne
sack.
Preparing the rice into some local recipes was mostly decided by the
wives, while the quantity of rice to be stored was both a husoand and wife
decision.
Seed Selection
Selecting seeds for planting was done by choosing and picking panicles
with good quality grains through visual inspection before harvesting tne resc
of the crop. In cases where only one upland rice variety was used, farmers
set aside some rice after it had been cleaned and dried. Seed treatment was
not practiced-by farmers. Although work involvement in seed selection was
dominated by the husbands (52%), 38% of the housewives also contributed in
doing the task because their husbands were doing other activities in tne
farm.
Transporting and Carrying Farm Produce
Upland rice farmers with-carabaos used carabao drawn sledge to transport
their product to their homes, especially if tne volume is too much to be
carried manually.
Family members were involved in transporting and carrying the product to
their houses. Dominantly involved in this activity were the husbands (801)
and children (male 42%, female 44Z). The women participated because tney
1d
wanted to give assistance to the other members of cne family and to fiaian
the work early. Decisions relative to this task was mostly done oy tne
husbands.
Harketiag
Serving mostly as buyers of farmers' product were local assemblers nao
are residing witnin tne barrio or in the town proper. .Aajority were able to
sell only by gantas.
A total of twenty four respondents were able to sell some of caeir
upland rice during the last harvest season. iost of tnose involved ia
selling were husbands (164) and wives (15Z). housewives were involved in
marketing because they claimed to be incharge in keeping the money and
purchasers of the necessities for the home. Decisions related to this
activity were made by whoever sold the product.
Processing
This activity involved milling/pounding and making food delicacies out
of rice. It was the usual practice of farmers with small quantity of produce
to pound their palay for consumptiTn. Oly -few Drought caeir rice to
commercial millers.
Pounding rice was dominantly performed by females (wives 85% and
daughters 75 ) because they are oftentimes left in the house and it is tneir
duty to prepare meals for the family. The same was also true in preparing
delicacies. La some instances, they were assisted by the men if tne latter
are already free from farm activities. Majority of the housewives and
daughters made decisions on matters related to tnia tasK ablee 13).
Implications
The findings pointed out that joint farming and decision-maicing were
carried out in the upland areas of the region. there were also particular
activities in whicn women were more involved and tneir decision carried more
19
weight ,than. the men's. Generally, women (housewives and daughters) tend to
concentra'c'in certain farm practices such as planting, weeding, harvesting,
and processing sweet potato'; planting, weeding, harvesting, husking, storing
and processing corn; and planting, weeding, harvesting, threshing and
processing upland rice. Often the men were incnarge of land clearing,
plowing and transporting the produce. Except in processing, decisions
relative to the production of the three crops was mostly made by the
husbands. However, the housewives, sons and daughters were always
supportive.
In as much that the women participate in decision making and in farm
production, it is essential that they should be involved at the different
stages of FSR/E. Because for instance, if the women are not involved in tne
diagnotic phase, the- production problems they face are seldom known; thus
research cannot develop the technology suited 'to their needs.
Apparently, the urgency, to increase overall production and the very
limited farm resources were the reasons for the-housewives and daughters high
level of involvement in farming. Majority of the. upland farmers cannot
afford to finance farm activities thus, most family members worK together in
the various agricultural tasks to operate their small farms. Therefore, the
rural youth should also be involved in technology development and its
transfer. .-These young people are the future, and if they learn more about
improved agricultural technology they can become a major force for long term
agricultural development including increase agricultural production and
-improved living conditions in the rural areas.
Lastly, the observed joint decision-making in agricultural activities of
the men, women and youth suggests that programs, projects or training in
agriculture should not involved men alone but should also include the women
and the youth.
and the youth.
3 L 3 L. L j 3 A P
I. A~ls_. 3jolorejs .. a. al.
19
aalaza -.ayta FaZD aV /iiGA. Fayays. Ve.
2. Alcjoer, Dolorea .
1a vi3 e Faruar -joprgraitor ai d 'irci3? ip 3 ;&i j'3dP z i /
ictrodrjcead iara Priccicea as Vitiaja aid jaro ai-iu
dP)?-_.. ,iS.A Saybay. .ca.,
3. ArdiLLaa. Joae S.
1973 4. ljr1 L jsCtOa ca rPnii ipi.iea .iisary Actiaia Je .da.uiia
Janiverity Pre,., Philippixaa.t
4. aiuac, A51.33a.
1932 Shoart.-era Parcicipsac, .Agraomy/iSoii. 3.jiearci a.Ui
9 xceasi ioa SDP 9V Report. Vii.s day ay, .aeye.
3. Office 3f aurta aid Agri.ultural DOaaLapaz i s ijAia/Pniitppiiej .
19$1 "Projecat Paper". i a rmi Si, 5 ystem D-i e ya/ paj.ti
PFoiacc-iasera Viaamas
6. Parrilla. Leonila 3.
1946 Socio-.acoaoaic Profile oi Jto _:i4o and 4acizaoaa-I
G-adara. a*sr FSDP-ai YiSCA. Aaybaf, "/ce.a
7. Prrilla, Leoaila S.
1936 -3ci*o soanoaic Profile oq agnroc, _iita.ia 69a
Dpp-3V, "ij$A dayosay. iayca.
3. Paacual,. *erelico P.
1936 Socio ecoioaic ProEile o t.ra a.eat reas i:a cae ia*rar
Visayae & reioas DOepaeit or Aa.ritciitral 6(s :4..
ViSG" Bayoay. Layte.
*. Project Stau
1985 PSOP U3 Annual taprct. ViSa" dayaay. i.eyfe.
LJ. Saidoval, Aacomia Cecila f.
19i6 Coasiarnicatio4 Zomspon*4ts and CLieatela ^qa siiqcatioa
1Pactiexatoia T1n lacoas -aai arai I4 CI .id
Daparcauat of AgricuLciiral iduacaioi aad xu 3caraiza. 4 ij.4i
Saybay. Layce.
11. Soil and 1aid & asiojurcet Appraisal a3d ZraLnina Projec: Paniippi.as.
193d "Sociological StudJ for AgricuiLtiral die pe, Gfa4dara
dicipaLity i auraau. of Soila, .ti.ai;yj or .raSCuicurd.
Jaited Jations Developma:ic Pr. ra*ase, ?ood aid Agri:-ltLura
Orzanisacioas oi cvla Jaited A.ac1.J3:.1
table 1. ddacatiio.al attaL.-ment at houl3eold meaioersC iaolved ia 3jJert poLdao, corn and uplaaid rice produciioil.
Wv&E PJrATOO
Educational attaianent
6 D 0
4061 <32 IA=3
a W
.437 *487
t461d
I 0
1021 16
JPL A.L RWLC
S W 0 0
A4036 A.3-dd 3 -5,3 4-32 di8
P a R J E.4 '
P a a ri .A r
ilo formal scaooliin
Primary (1-4 years or
Grade 1 4)
Atte ndad
Jonplated
aiterinedLata (5-6 years
or Grade V VL)
Atte. aed
Completed
Secondary (7-10 years
or 19s-4Cit year)
Attended
Conplated
3otlegiaLe (11 15 year or
Ist-4th year)
Attended
Completed
22 15 7
31 20
40
1 1
8 19
1 3
22 15 6
6
1
24 16 4 3 12
37 17
17
5
5
8 8 15
7
2
2
4 3
1o 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
4 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 3
4 4 5 10 5
S* husband
4 wife
3 = Son
J Daagiter
0 relatives and fari helpers living with the family
total (.)
dea n
100. 100
100 100
100 10l
a W
A-37 4-C33
i I
fable 2. Aga of nale c.iildrei and oitar nouiehold
potato proddctioa.
members and tueir worc intoive ant in as4et
Farm Activities
Land Preparation
Planting
ideeding
harvesting
rranaporti.g &
Carrying Farm
Produce
Aarke i ng
Belo 10 IJ -14
I z
(.*31)
( 42)
(4-1a)
(aia4)
A
15--19
45
39
34
20
23
25
G
2J -24
-A
45
39
36
50
above 24 Total
I X
10 10O
11 100
11 100
100
faole 3. hA^ oLf emaale ciiLdrea- aad ocior o iouseaold mauaoecr aad ttheir wc i wivoleaint
L.i s'it pcaj p)c' prductiot.
Far- Activitimi daela. 1J0 1-L4 15-19 2J-24 aoova 24 Tocal
L t X h
Plalti i (.A-1) 3 21 41 21 100
Wsea i. ('z 25) 12 23 36 24 1.1)
iar sest3i (.3) 33 33 33 99
rra,~portia. &
Carryin.a
Farn
Produce (,4-5) 63 20 1i0
Mar K ti I ( l ) 100 100
Procesai a (.J6) 33 11 33 17 100)
table '. Lavolvemnit of aousenaold znambers i sweet potato production.
dujband Wife Son Daugncerj Others
Activitae .t-36 *,8d :4=61 ;132 4=-5
Land Preparacion 86 7 48 40
Planting 82 69 74 59 6
Weeding 84 70 79 78 30
darvestiag 37 90 16 9
transporting acid
Carrying of Farm
Products 67 51 30 9 4
Marketing 20 31 7 3
Processing 5 95 19
le ;. Ar31, .3 J- : L3. 1:Kaliit Li 3dzt p3LaL3 iarSaii aci.LviciLeS.
aad rf
iltrdaald, WLec, Jnliid
rea and t niica^e
La;:d Preparatioa; ( = 4)
a. Saiquenca or oparatio c
b. rijiii:+ ot eac.i operation to raiit
,. iquip.uetc ;ise ii eca ioperatioil
d. Vari.acia I-i o i cnti vw t i aso-ial condition
Plantia3 ('.J))>
a. Varacy(ina) .ied 1
b. Ost&SaLI a-d pacingn1 ,4
e. density a.il spaciaj of iaterplaited crop
d. Time or plaatina i. r4iacion t3 rains
e. 3?reaJ ot pl~tciag date
t, SeqJeBaC ot interplaakiag crop
g. Aetrnd of pla-tiag (i Lls, broadcast, etc.)
h. Practice oC rapLsntiat part or hole field.
Weeding (4=69)
a. huaber of weeding
b. T'riiia of: eas ii ral1tLoti to
c. qulse alt s.ivJ 0 waei.ig
d. Use ot) fils
pLating
darvascLta ( i9J)
a. rimai&g oZ unacasc ii relation zo maturity
b. Aethod jr tacsvetiig
c. Use ot laives ad c.ps for animals/iaaa
d. timing aad iec.ida of piciiig teavea and tops
93
93
91
92
62
59
24
73
73
27
47
21
75
78
15
.54
31
16
36
36
2
2
3
3
$
6
5
3
4
2. 1'
; 10 L- .
. ,* 9"^P
9. .
50
$1 4
30 .
4.
29.
30
.8
1
* 32
S.
13
12
14
S' 20
* 21
p3L
:1*.1
(dot practiced)
.43t
practiced
A
rot.
liJ
1JJ
tO0
: i 62
61
t .
E v
.
I **
'
19
t...
17
1.-:.
loo
. 100
100
too
S 100
100
100
100
103
103
100
tid ua ii
.. w
(-.
Storage
iluJoa id
6. frrauipjrtii:t aad carryinA of faria produata (JaiO)
a. rfpc of traiiport ujed
b. of traaOE~L~poctOC
Au a o.a id
alad JILS
32
33
ruibani4iia. i;a3 a d- r
raJi alid aCaara
22
9
7. LHarieLi-a; ( 4-1J)
b. ay i or bizyez2.
C. Iivill ")z liilt3
d. frap3')rtlt4 aad carryiq4 farys products
e. Mathad at craiwport w.Sea selling
f. qusP~xtity to sale
8. ?roceaiai4 (*9J)
a. rfathod 02 processing
b. rypa/kiad-of process product
d. Squipmaethools used
32
31)
.30
33
4il
,2i
A 5J 18
F -
94' "1
~1. I 1
1 '
I1 .4
I .r 1. ~
Pracciced
A
i::.
).4
5,,.
'I
. .!
''
-i
i
i'
4i
i
'.
14
"
r
-
:
r
i
i' (
~
(' i
4,04 t i iluEkt ij II .
.
i.
'
'
i.
,
; I
fabl! 6. : o :nmaL c ii lrea ad 3 .1 )tite hOutni3i~Old
coti. prdJ.itl.o i.
Farm A=tivities
Below LJ
1%
lJ) -Lj,
1014
1s -19
X
above 24
h
lotal
.
Lauid Preparactila
Plaatin,
Thi ii rag
feeding
Harvest g
luski ng
Storage &
Oiaposal
Trai npjrtig. &
Jarryia.
Farm Prodjce
Hark eti n
Proca3siag
(.'4id)
( 445)
(*42)
(A=40)
(43)
(.+23)
-4i
35
20
33
3d
31
25
38
34
26
2 22
33
4 17
1JJ
10J
1o0
1j
10
100
LJO9
9 100
aambsa a id :-iir War. Li
aibla 7. *,.4 o aena.aLe niltdre i and other noajjeadiJ ,nii.abzr aaJd cmair waorK i.tvLa~JaSI
ia caor pcoductioa.
delow 10
aI
1J-14
z
A G
15-19
X
23-2A-
L
abova 24
t
local
4
Pla ;ti ng
fri nii al
Weediag
',arveaj ti n3
Hulkin3
Storage &
uispos.al
fra..partia-, &
uarryiLin
Farin ProJue
Iarkecing
proceisiig
( ^ld)
( t,2)
( .pl.d)
( 4.21)
(1-23?
( 1) ?
(iJ1)
(.4-8)
(0t-1)
23
1J3
24
21
15
10J
12 50
100
25 3d
Fara Activitiaes
aole d. Lwaolvemelc of ioasehold members ia corn fariin. activities.
Ausbaad Wie don Dau&nters Otiers
Activities .31 ,8 7 J61 1427 4*6
g 1X A
Land Preparation 7d 9 51 33
Plan in [t 8 78 75 63 33
rhi ninir 46 25 7 1
Weedial 91 79 74 61 17
iarvestin n72 67 80 78
:uskia and Shellin3 63 78 67 185 67
Storage 63 91 7 4
deed aelectio.i 69 64
rranjporting and
Carrying of farm
Products 69 15 57 26 17
iarketiiq3 37 33 5 5
Processing 64 71 38 30
fable 9. rai.; oi decisio;:imaiti.i ia ,.or s Ear.hil,.t activities.
;i'a oat Id
4Lte don ilJi a d1Il dusbaniJ, Wifa, Jaid-
ajl wLat rel aid chirsj
Staad Praefl)rtii (.4-,J)
a. 3seqj!-,2a of operation
b. riL--; of .ac1 apoeratilo to caixas
c. -'Ji.A 12 i ur.2! il eic:1 operation
d Variai.oii aiC oe whiti seaonil conditions
2. Pla tii-; ( *933)
a. J'ariety(ie ) used
b, Jesn.-ty aid spacing
c. JDe1?ity aad pacing or incerplainted crop
d. Cime o. ola.ing in relatio. tLo raiit
a. iprcad or plauitiii date
f. d-ujaeaa oft interplaaciing crop
g. dar.id of piantiag (hills, oroadaast, etc..)
h. leitiad1 of coreriaq seed
i. Pra-cics af replantint part or wadol field'
3. Thi rnii;! 4z48)
a. d.eat;J nr tiiiani 4
b. Tarrec d'nricy
c. Use 3a L il'inA.
4. Weediqt (J1'3J)
a. 4u-aer o wvaadiags ',
b. ricli.i of eaca it relation t- planting,
e. dq~ipmeznt sed i.I weeding .
d. Use of heroicides
e. UJe if aeadi '.
5. tarrestint (90) .:
a. iania 3 o"f 'arve.t il relation to maturity
b. .AaCt.dJ oi harvve3tiua
e. Us4 .1 leaarea and t-ps for a.tiaali/maa-
d. rTi-, I 9- mleiiciod o pi.cti.> laavaes and cops
e. di a OL .4talKi
5 2
66 10
55 .9
46 4
8 3. 9
di 8
51 4
47 7
41 9. .
58 ,.- 5 ,,.
60, 1
76 i: '
5 9 ."..'*:'::" :'.:-"..
(not practiced)
59 3 -
72 5
65
26
26
67
7
jo
10
1I
1
2
I
1* .
24
27
16
it
113
11
25 **. 11 .
'* -,.2 : ., .
19 8
, 1. 17 ,' -' :. : i -
19
10. 20.
.1
I.
I
1
20
2)
3
3
8
4
:J
33
ti
r -
63
ia t
eraacicad
10L
10J
1JJ
LOJ
100
133
103
130
lOj
100
S100
i10
100
100
100
1UO
Aui33ana iie sa Iai d ~ iadL .lu banJ, Jie, Jot d
and wie re-t and otimers
araas
6. Lruaki4i- aid Shalei.4 (1 MJO)
a. +'-t.13 31 .iU3Ki.gj
b li1 :i.i o 'u;iS .ag
d. e i- f c ) hu.it
7. Stora '.,e ( -)))
a. Mathl i f 1 toarii*
b. Ti.ni,.! ii storl.a
c. qua i t i st7 i.orad
Usia crop ia iLCal food
bte
t'ra.;c2jd tal
h
19
2i
1t33
11)3
kdi
8 .
d. 3eed Seleccion (d-*3)
a. ia at selection
b. 'riceria for selection
c. Seed cratmeant
). Tran.Jparciat a.id carrying of farna products (A 90)
a. fips of tra.i:p3rt used
b. iAl3. V31 iL transparc
13. Mar,teti.i (J=47)
a. datanod at aslliasi <
b. type or buyars
c. ILa'ni. of neLltin, .
d. rranaporcitj aid carrytfi fara prodacca
a. Method ai trsaspJrt when sellia
i. quaracity to sale
11. Processirv$ (.3)
a. letnoo' of processing
b. fyj/'.ti1 o. procaa. product
C. l isil l l/tJ3is us d
51
25
59
53
51
53
553
4,
42
42
42.
30
35
- 14
41
41
41
Ia
15
.8
11
17C
;us
; ;
a
:
.
B
r
i
i .
r.
:"
28
a?~7.'!
4'
9; .
LOU
1000
lO'J
100
10J
100
Coat~ lu'at to1I
raole 10. Age ot iAaie cniidren aid otirer liou3aald aoeeri3 a.id Ltnzir vor4 ii.olvaineat iL
uplaal rice productioai.
A G E
Far.n crtivitiae BsLor 10 10-1'4 -i-19 2J-t' aoove 2 foiLai
4' 4 i.
Land Preparation( i26) 40 40 15 10J
Pla ti ni (. 37) 6 10 45 24 3 100
Fi 1nii an ( 4 ) 60 4) 100
feeding ( 4*~3) i 22 45 2J 8 1U0
lIarv es ti ($.45) J 17 44 27 7 10J
rhreshiaA ( 51i) 5 24 43 22 6 10U
Storage &
Disposal (.1) 10 100
Seed Selectioa (A'1) 100 100
Eranap3rtin; &
Jarryi~a
Fara Pr.Joice ( 4226) 13 35 43 9 100
dar ke i ig ( 5) 20 43 40 100
Process3i ( $24) 29 33 29 4 100
fable 11. A:e of female children arid otnier household meabera
in uplaad rice production.
delow 1)
A
Farm Activities
Pla 1ting
Vhi nai nr
deed ing
darvestigci
rnreahi ng
Storage &
Disposal
Seed Selection
Tran1porting &
Carrying
Farm Produce
Processing
( 23)
(.+823)
(.=29)
(1d21)
(-1)
(.tlzt)
10- 14
35
A G
15 -19
42
50
42
40
43
2J-2g4
15
17
13
14
17
(i -14)
(J-24)
and taeir work iinvoveement
above 24
X
4
16
8
10
13
1JO
7
8
lotal
4
ii
1JO
100
100
100
10J
100
100
100
raOla 12. Ljotalvaa.natc o- ii-Juan.a)id m~sonar i1 upiald ri':. fac.r.ai ai;ci.Lci2.
dusba 1i W/ie 3on Dautjiceri Ocaera
Actrvicia3 1931 .(dd 1*61 .i3s .A061
La.i PreparaLtai d 2 13
Plan1Li 33 31 62 7!
rqL i qi 31 i6 3 10
leading 3o 75 74 66 23
darve t i a 8) 74 '1
nraesaLing 11 66 63 665
Storage 66 54 2 3
Seed Selection 52 Jd 2 3
rraa;.porting a id
Jacryiag of Farm
Products sJ 31 42 44
iarke i nga 16 15 d -
ProceaJsia 59 85 42 73
U!la band4J fite Son iu D oa 1
anad wife
A A X
dusbsaid, JLte. C.u11.
rea aed or:teur
Practiced fots
& A
1 Land Preparction (Ad-)J)
a. yaniic -E oprAoc.toai
b. Ci.ajL i{ t: eia *i ratio.i to rain
c. 5i.pe' ut jla in eac operaji.io: ,
d. VariLac. i ot nii i.l icih ea-oial caion~ tion
2. Pl.1tickI ( j 4A )
a. Vari:ty(iis) uaed
b. sa13nicty ail spaciL
c. iDeo ity aiid pacia; of.iaterplanced crop
d. i;ae F pLatincg in relatLon to raias
e. Spr.es .3t pLaaciaI date
f. Seluiaca of interplatict crops
g. Alcno0d oF planting (hills, broadcast~. ae.)
h. Maciol 3e civaring seed
i. Practice of replaatinS part or ihole field
3. Thiani J- (;1J2)
a. laetaiod ol t'ianini ,
b. rart.t: i-micy ,
c. UsI Df 'li-rinng
4. Weedil4 (t33)
a. -nbaer of wied.iiug
b. TiL.a i %. each ia relation to planting
c. i-quip-ie t used ia weeding
4: Usa oa 4eeal
5. i tarve ixii i ( 093)
a. :iam *,f narcvst in relation to acurity
b. 9inel itrvestial
C. Jae 3iL ,i;a i'
2
l
2
63
35
20
14
71
26
30
26
41
64
44
5t
66
42
61
43
51
LI
6
4
.1
6
7
.* 1
16
14
* 1.': 14 :
13
12
LJ.)
100
1 too
1 21
32
1 14
1 18
1 15
31
1 14
30
"LA
26
22
18
35
38
" 8
.27
21
28
too
IOo
100
lot
LJO
Lto)
100
lOi
100
* 4,
F.
aile 1J. Ar,!aA o deca. iJi .alt ia. i, ,jpla:id rlce farltiig acciiVtraes
'''
''
iancinjataioa
Ausbanrd it3e Sona
I A
iusbaal duaoaad, 4iie, Child-
and wife
x
ran and others
z
Practical Total
A A
6. Thread im, (424J)
a& Mstvid 3f thrashing
a. rinii of tlnreshinig
Toola u Jed
d dJs of caliks
7. Storage ( =9'))
a. Maeclad ot stori.n
b. ri.aia ia storiag
c. quaacity storad
d. Uae of crop in local food
3 aeed Salection (4*71)
a. rime of sealction
b. Criteria frr ieleccioa
c. Sead treatment
51
51
49
9. Transporting and carrying of farm products (3"90)
a. Type of transport uaed
b Netaod of transport
13 marketing (i4*2')
a. iatcliot of selling
b. Type of b,1yers
c. Tinmi -i of selling
d. rransportia ani carrying; fara products
e. i4ethod of transport whve selling
f. Quaitity to sale
11, Processiag (~o 4))
a. Method of procesain4
b. rypsi/xid of process product
c. Sqjipmeat/tools used
59
45
42
46
50
50
35
43
37
317
73
34
. .
42
42
42
33
33
3?
1
1 .
'
: i -
ii -' .'.'
47
54
44
19
19
42
2
3
3
8 3
14 1
12 20
*13 -4 "
13 4
12
13
5
6
12
Arais
133
'103)
koo
100
100
100
100
100
103
loor
RSS
HIDE
