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GENDER ISSUES IN FARMING SYSTEMS
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
WOMEN IN A CROP-LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS PROJECT
IN STA. BARBARA, PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES*
Thelma R. Paris**
I. INTRODUCTION
In April 1984, a project design workshop on women in rice farming
systems was held at the International Rice Research Institute to
organize a collaborative and coordinated effort to undertake
research/action research in five general program areas of
technology development; extension; impact of new technologies;
complementary studies (such as dynamics of agricultural household
behavior; functioning of rural labor markets; policy environment which
affects farm and household decisions, etc.) and sensitization. The
ultimate aim of this collaborative work which will be developed under
the overall umbrella of the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network (ARFSN)
is to institutionalize women's concerns within the agricultural research
and extension systems dealing with rice farming systems.
This action-research project in Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan is one of
the ARFSN sites which intends to improve the existing farming systems
through an integration of suitable crop and animal production
technologies. Specifically, this project is developing ways of
increasing utilization of crop-by products and residues as animal feeds
through crop-livestock research (Roxas et.al., 1984).
*Paper prepared for the Conference on Gender Issues in Farming
Systems Research and Extension, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA, 26 Feb-March 1, 1986.
**Senior research assistant, Agricultural Economics Department,
IRRI. The author acknowledges Dr. Gelia T. Castillo, IRRI Visiting
Scientist for her valuable comments and suggestions; and Dr. Leslie A.
Laufer, former Rockefeller Fellow, who helped initiate this paper.
In line with these objectives, mechanisms will be developed by
which women's considerations will be considered at the various stages of
the technology development process specifically in the design,
dissemination and extension. Women's concerns will be integrated within
the farming systems with the following basic elements (Cloud, 1985;
Castillo, 1985) such as:
o analysis of women' productive activities within the farming
systems, i.e., including their roles in the household and in management
of agricultural production;
o identification of the factors influencing women's productivity
in farming systems such as access to productive resources (information,
technology, land, labor, capital, markets) and access to and control
over the benefits of production;
o identification of existing, emerging and possible technology
options conducive to the expansion of women' productive capacity as
well as human development potential; and
o application of this understanding throughout the farming systems
research process.
This paper provides an example as to how we are trying to integrate
women's considerations in this on-going farming systems project.
II. THE CROP-LIVESTOCK PROJECT
The crop-livestock project in Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan started in
1984 as a collaborative project between the Institute of Animal Science,
University of the Philippines in Los Banos, the Ministry of Agriculture
and Food, the Rice Farming Systems Department and the Department of
Agricultural Economics of the International Rice Research Institute.
This project uses the farming systems approach which conducts the
research in three main stages, viewing the farm as a complete system;
identifying the local farming system and its constraints; selecting
existing technologies and techniques in overcoming these constraints and
making a preliminary selection, testing and adapting these technologies
under the conditions in which men and women farmers have to work.
Sta. Barbara was chosen by a team of scientists based on its
nearness to major livestock auction markets, potential for crop and
livestock improvement and nearness to government support agencies and
experiment stations. Two villages represent distinct production systems
and socioeconomic environments. Malanay is an irrigated area where two
HYV rice crops are grown while Carusucan is a purely rainfed area where
generally only one crop of rice is grown. Malanay can be considered as
more prosperous than Carusucan because of the availability of irrigation
from National Irrigation Administration, availability of electricity and
proximity to markets and trading centers.
Crop and Livestock Technologies
1. Cropping systems component
Improvements in the cropping systems component were done through
component testing (variety, fertilizer trials, etc.) and cropping
patterns were designed based on the historical rainfall distribution and
farmers' existing practices (Fig.l, Tables la and lb) (This section
draws heavily from Godilano, 1986).
Rainfed site. In the rainfed area of Carusucan, generally only one
rice crop per year is grown. However, farmers in this research site
plant two rice varieties depending upon the type of soils. For
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instance, farmers would usually plant early maturing high yielding
varieties (IR36, IR58) in the light well drained but drought prone soils
and tall, maturing high yielding varieties (IR42, IR48) and local
varieties in heavy, flood prone soils. Although there is no clear cut
demarcation between the land categories, the farmers are smart enough to
avoid crop damage or losses by identifying cultivar types to be planted
in their plots.
After cropping pattern trials and component technologies were
further tested and refined, the agronomist recommended that legumes can
be grown before and after rice as long as the farmers follow the right
cut-off dates. The cut-off dates are in the middle part of May and
November. With the addition of legumes in the pattern, residues can be
an important feed for the cattle, maintaining the feed availability
throughout the year especially during the months of February and March.
Legumes can also provide food (proteins) and income for the family.
Farmer's previous practices in mungbean production were: (1) use
of hired tractors at a rate of P400/ha for land preparation; (2) use of
low yielding (only 0.3 t/ha) varieties; and (3) unscheduled and frequent
sprayings (4x) even 10 days before harvesting. This may be harmful to
both human beings and livestock. As an improvement in the cultural
practices, the agronomist recommended that furrowings be done by
carabao, high yielding varieties of mungbeans be used, drilling in
furrows, no fertilizer, no weed control and only 3 insecticide
applications (2, 12, 35 days after emergence) be done.
Irrigated site. Although no cropping pattern was tested in the
irrigated site, component technology trials such as variety, fertilizer
rates, ratooning potential of the 2nd rice crop and fitting an upland
crops in between the two rice crops were verified. Except for the
fertilizer rates and variety trials, the rest of the trials failed
because of the uncertainty in the water release by National Irrigation
Administration during the first crop. This eventually flooded the
mungbean crop at flowering stage, and the potential of the main rice
crop to ratoon was hindered because of the lodging caused by floods.
The following component in the cultural management of the two rice
system will be widely tested in farmers' fields.
Test factors Improved practice Farmers practice
1. Variety IR60 IR42, IR36
2. Fertilizer (kg/ha) 60 kg wet season 80-100 kg in
(3 bags Urea) both season
80 kg N dry season (4-5 bags)
(4 bags Urea)
The recommended fertilizer application is: one-half of the
recommended nitrogen as basal and the remaining amount to be applied 5-7
days before panicle initiation.
Those two components (variety and fertilizer) can contribute to a
higher grain and fodder yield and can be much more economical than what
the farmers are presently using. Further component technology trials on
forage grasses are being done to improve fodder yields to augment the
supply for ruminants in this area.
2. Livestock component
In this component, animal nutrition, health and breeding
interventions were designed because generally the animals in the area
are undernourished due to the low nutritive value of the fodder being
fed to them. For both areas, feeding the cattle with a minimum of 2 kg
of leucaena leaves (leguminous tree) per day was initially recommended
to improve the protein quality of the fodder given to the animals.
Proper nutrition of these cattle fatteners would increase farmer's
income. Unfortunately, an unknown "jumping lice" destroyed the leucaena
all over the country thus affecting this particular intervention.
Irrigated site. Component technology trials are now being done to
try forage grasses and protein rich indigenous fodder, the feeding value
of which is not known to the farmers. The breeding scheme of carabaos
through artificial insemination of Murrah breed is now being introduced
at the same time stressing the importance of maintaining healthy animals
through proper nutrition.
Rainfed site. In this area, feeding of leguminous residues to
supplement rice straw for cattle fatteners has been initiated. Since
only one rice crop is predominantly grown in this area, there is more
seasonality in the availability of feeds for the animals. Rice straw
is preserved after the harvesting season to last for the whole year.
The use of legume residues as feeds during the dry season can even out
the seasonality in availability of feeds in this area.
III. THE PROCESS OF "INTEGRATION": SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
1. "Breaking into" the farming systems research group
Since the project has been going on for two years, breaking into
the established research group was done gradually. We (the women in
rice farming systems or WIRFS) attended as observers in one of their
workshops in the project site. In this meeting where representatives of
the collaborating agencies were present, we began to understand the
overall objectives of the project, the various components, the existing
crop and livestock practices, constraints, the complexity in designing
the technologies for both crop and livestock, and the on-going
activities. Despite the so-called multidisciplinary approach involving
the animal nutritionist, livestock specialist, agronomist, economist,
crop protection specialist, animal breeder and veterinarian from the
different agencies, no social scientist was formally included in the
team. An economist represented the socioeconomic component of the team
but his tasks were concentrated on analyzing the economic viability of
the crop and livestock technologies. The need for a social scientist
was realized when the recommended livestock intervention (minimum of 2
kg leucaena daily feeding for cattle fatteners) was not being adopted by
the livestock cooperators even before the epidemic occurred. A social
scientist then conducted case studies on livestock farmer cooperators
and non-cooperators to find out the reasons behind adoption and
non-adoption of the recommended livestock feeding intervention. Since
feeding leucaena to cattle is new to the farmers, certain problems were
encountered such as: Most farmers did not know that the leaves can be
dried in the sun and mixed with rice straw and other grasses;
gathering of the leaves is a "bother" to the farmers' routine; the
frequency of cutting the stems for higher herbage yields and the proper
way of feeding leucaena to animals was only explained to the farmers and
not to the women who feed and gather forage for the animals; and other
misconceptions such as the abortive effects of leucaena and so forth
(Juliano et.al., 1985). The activities (meetings, field trips)
concerning the livestock technology involved only men. Because of this,
the research team realized the importance of studying the "human
element" and considering the "clientele" of the proposed intervention,
,thus the social scientist is now formally included in the team.
2. Collecting information about the household and the
women in particular
The next step was collecting information about the household and
about women's roles in farm activities in the area. We were able to get
the socioeconomic profiles for both research sites but there were no
studies or information on the participation of women in agriculture.
Population profile (ages 15-44 were disaggregated by sex), nutrition
status of children, acceptors of family planning methods were provided
to us by the Municipal Health Office. During the initial stage of this
project, a benchmark survey was done. Information about the household,
landholdings, cropping patterns, livestock inventory, crop residue
utilization, livestock feeding practices and constraints in crop and
livestock production were obtained. However, there was a lack of
information on the specific tasks and responsibilities of different
different household members, access to factors of production and
consumption patterns of the household. Thus we conducted a diagnostic
survey last November 1985 on the selected farmer cooperators as well as
and non-cooperators of the project. We asked information concerning
participation in specific crop and livestock activities by gender;
off-farm and non-farm activities; access to information, land, credit,
agricultural household technology, inventory and ownership of assets,
animal and poultry inventory. We asked additional questions about
consumption. It is the women's responsibility to secure and prepare
food (with the goals of nutrition and health in mind) and other
responsibilities probably influence their decision about cropping
pattern (mix of crops, varieties) animals to raise.
3. Exploring potential technologies for women
After conducting the diagnostic survey, we stayed in the site for 3
days, talked with key informants, with women, and observed on-going
activities in the village. During that visit we were lucky to witness
the processing of glutinous rice which takes place only once a year.
Glutinous rice is grown and harvested two weeks earlier than the other
rice varieties to take advantage of the high price in November 1 (All
Saints Day) which is a special holiday. During this time the demand for
glutinous rice is high as it is used as a main ingredient in rice
delicacies. This is also a major traditional income generating but
labor-intensive activity of women in this rainfed site. The women take
turns in continuously stirring glutinous rice in a special way. This
task is carried out the whole day. After this, the glutinous rice is
pounded by men, women and children with the use of a heavy pestle to
loosen the husk. The children are paid per can. Because glutinous rice
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preparation consumes so much fuel, cattle dung is used in this area
mainly for this purpose. This "discovery" made the team think of
developing technologies which are important to women such as:
high-yielding, shorter maturing glutinous rice variety; low, light
machinery which can reduce drudgery and cooking time; fuel-saving
devices all of which may enable women to earn more. Since the data
about cropping patterns were presented in an aggregate form in the
initial benchmark survey, the importance of glutinous rice as a source
of income for women and the household in general did not become
immediately evident until after inquiries on women's activities were
made.
4. Becoming part of the team
Another crop-livestock workshop in the site was held on January 3,
1986 to assess accomplishments, discuss problems and present the future
plans of the project. This time we were no longer mere observers but
part of the team. In this workshop the importance of incorporating
women's concerns in the project was underscored. Specifically, we
showed that women take active roles in crop and livestock activities and
that the major sources of income of women come from these activities
therefore they simply cannot be simply ignored in the technology design,
dissemination and extension process. The following points were
emphasized in the dialogues by the whole team.
a) Some productive activities which are being modified by new
technology interventions are the responsibilities of women. The
introduction of mungbeans after rice means additional income and
additional labor in harvesting and threshing for women and children
therefore discussions about this proposed crop should include such
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considerations. Improved cultural practices, pest management as well as
the use of mungbean residues as fodder for animals could be demonstrated
not only to men but also to women.
b) It is important to understand who will have an additional
incentive to participate in the proposed intervention. Since it is the
women's responsibility to harvest, thresh and market mungbeans, the
increase in productivity may provide her incentives to readily adopt the
technology. Because she has to be aware of the market prices, marketing
strategies (the right time to sell and not to sell, to sell directly to
the market or to the middlemen) and learn how to compute cost and
returns her market and financial orientations will have to be developed.
On the other hand, women may be expected to cooperate with innovations
in swine raising, i.e., growing root crops or home grown feeds to
substitute for commercial feeds because swine is women's responsibility.
She decides how to spend the income she derives from selling swine.
Recent research documents that in societies where women participate in
the market economy in some way, where women have direct access to cash,
their power is greater in intra-household decision-making and the status
of women is higher in the community (Cloud, 1985).
c) Research resources would not only be concentrated on men's
activities but on women's as well. For example, large animal (men's
responsibility) vs. small animals (women's responsibility) or rice
(man's crop) vs. legumes, vegetables (women's crops). In both research
sites, livestock interventions have always been focused on ruminants,
rather than on swine. Also there are few on-farm researches conducted
on vegetable and rootcrop production in this area. In fact there has
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been no training classes on swine and vegetable production from which
women may benefit.
d) Proposed crop technologies would also need to consider the
importance of the crop in the diet. Here the consumption patterns and
preferences will have be taken into account.
e) The value of tailoring component research to meet farmers'
needs was very much recognized and as a matter of fact was being done
even then. There was also a consensus that since an understanding of
technology is crucial to adoption, it would indeed be ideal if the
senior researcher themselves could explain their research results to the
potential users- men and women farmers.
5. Incorporating women's concerns
Based on the interactions among the crop, livestock and social
scientists in the project, several developments came out:
a) To enhance farmer participation on crop and livestock
activities a class was held in January 18, 1986 wherein a female
livestock nutritionist explained the importance of the nutritive value
of different crop residues and fodder such as maize stover, banana
leaves and stems, sweet potato tops, cowpea, mungbean residues,
sugarcane tops, and other wild plants some of which farmers were unsure
about their particular feeding value. She clarified misconceptions
about the abortive effects on pregnant cows of cassava leaves and other
leguminous fodder. She also gave lessons on preservation of rice straw,
legume residues and explained the proper way of mixing feeds for the
animals. She discussed the different sources of available homegrown
feed that can be given to swine and how to produce earthworms as feed
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for chickens. Unlike the usual practice of inviting only men to attend
meetings, this time their wives were also invited. The female
attendance in the rainfed site was very encouraging. Twelve women out
of twenty-six people attended. In fact they were the ones who came
earlier. Some brought their children with them. In the irrigated site,
only 8 women attended out of 24 people who came. Some of the reasons
for non-attendance were: nobody will be left in the house to cook and
take care of their children; attending meetings concerning livestock is
unconventional (for men only).
b) Recognizing the importance of women in the dissemination of
technology, the details of the technology were also explained to them.
In the breeding intervention, detecting estrus as well as maintaining
the health of the animals is crucial for the success of the
intervention. In a class conducted by the animal breeder, women were
also invited. Teaching women during the design stage on how to detect
estrus, how to monitor estrus cycles and detect animal illnesses may
facilitate the adoption of breeding animals through artificial
insemination. When the women who attended the class were interviewed,
apparently they do not know anything about detecting estrus in large
animals but they do for swine. Misconceptions about getting smaller
offspring through artificial insemination were clarified. In the
proposed addition of legumes before and after rice, the women can remind
their husbands regarding the planting cut off dates, and proper time to
spray. Since they are the ones harvesting and threshing mungbeans, they
can also preserve the mungbean hay by drying them in the sun and storing
them in a dry area.
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c) Recognizing the importance of glutinous rice as an important
source of income of women in the rainfed site, the farmers under the
guidance of the agronomist will test high yielding and early-maturing
rice variety (IR65), and compare yield potential, with the local
glutinous variety currently in use. Later on, its cooking quality and
other characteristics essential to the nature of the special rice
delicacy will be tested. IR65 matures in 114.9 days with a potential
grain yield of 5 t/ha. While local glutinous rice matures between 130
to 140 days with a grain yield of 3 t/ha. Root crops such as sweet
potato will be tried next year.
The potential for developing a light machine for processing
glutinous rice will be explored in October when actual processing takes
place. An agricultural engineer from the International Rice Research
Institute or from the Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery will
be invited to see if some light low cost machinery can be designed for
the purpose.
An animal husbandry man will be invited to look into local sources
of suitable feeds for swine raising which is women's responsibility and
source of income.
d) Recognizing the importance of communicating laboratory results
to the farmers, the scientists (animal nutritionist and animal breeder)
themselves volunteered as "extension agents" in the dissemination of
technology. For instance the female animal nutritionist who conducted
farmers' classes was also the same person who conducted research in the
laboratory establishing the feeding value of crop residues for cattle
and carabao. For someone who was used to working on problems of large
commercial livestock growers and teaching in the classroom using
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technical lingo, reaching the farmers and imparting her technical
knowledge in layman's language for the first time was a great feat but a
rewarding job for her.
These classes involving men as well as women will start the series
of classes which will provide an understanding about the technology;
maintain interaction between the scientists and the farmers, and provide
feedback for a dynamic technology development process.
IV. THE ROLES OF WOMEN IN THE FARMING SYSTEMS
In both villages, there are gender differences in farm production
activities. Women specialize in swine, mungbeans, cowpea, vegetables
while men specialize in rice, cattle, and carabao. However, despite the
specialization, they complement each other.
1. Crop production activities
There is gender division of labor in rice production. Pulling of
seedlings is mostly done by women while land preparation, transplanting,
weeding, fertilization, spraying, harvesting, threshing and hauling are
mostly done by men. Social custom was mentioned as one of the reasons
why women who are originally from these areas, do not transplant as
practiced in the nearby provinces. In both sites women are more
involved in making labor arrangements than in buying of farm inputs. In
the irrigated area, women are mostly responsible for selling products
and by-products. Also, in this area, a labor arrangement exists wherein
transplanters are not immediately paid after the service has been
rendered but they have the right to harvest and thresh. Since the
transplanters are mostly men, therefore very few women can participate
as hired labor in harvesting. In the rainfed site, exchange or
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reciprocal labor arrangement in land preparation, pulling of seedlings,
transplanting and harvesting is being practiced. The difference in
hired labor arrangements can be explained by the presence of more
landless workers who harvest in the irrigated area during the second
cropping season. Ih the rainfed site only 2% of the households are
landless so that exchange labor can be practiced by those who have farms
(Table 2).
For those who grow mungbeans, cowpea and vegetables, women
participate mostly in harvesting, threshing, and marketing decisions on
selling price, marketing outlets and when to sell (Tables 3-5).
2. Livestock activities
Men are generally responsible for large animals (cattle and animal)
although women and children help in activities such as feeding,
gathering of forage, cleaning the shelter, cleaning the animal, taking
the animals to the fields, collecting and disposing wastes. Putting up
the shelter and buying and selling of large animals are mainly done by
men (Tables 6 & 7).
Swine and poultry is considered as women's responsibility. Their
care and maintenance, buying rice bran and taking rice for milling, and
selling swine and poultry are mainly done by women. Generally men do
not interfere in the care and maintenance of swine. Decisions about
price and marketing, how income from swine sales will be spent belong
mainly to women (Tables 8 & 9). Decisions regarding what type of
milling process the palay will go through is usually done by women.
Processing rough rice through fine milling "cono" is preferred by women
because the rice bran obtained from this process is for swine. The rice
bran obtained from rough milling process "kiskisan" is for cattle. In
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times of scarcity of rice bran supply (non-harvest season) decisions
have to be made whether rice bran will be for swine or for cattle
3. Income generation activities
In rice production activities, women earn their income by working
as hired labor in pulling of seedlings. A woman can pull seedlings at
about 120-150 bundles a day at the rate of P0.25 per bundle. There is
no standard wage rate for pulling seedlings per day but income earned
depends greatly on the skill and speed in pulling seedlings. Women are
generally preferred over men to pull seedlings because they do the job
better and faster. Instead of bending down the waist, the women in
these sites, squat on the wet soil to accomplish this job.
Women earn additional income by selling vegetables (tomatoes,
squash) and legumes harvested from small plots or from the upper rice
bunds.
In the rainfed site, women are involved in processing and selling
glutinous rice "diket" in October. Out of 1 can of unprocessed
glutinous rice costing P30 per can, 3 cans of processed glutinous
rice can be obtained. This can be sold at P20-25 per can. If sold
during the peak demand season which is on Nov. 1, prices can go as high
as much as P28 per can. Fuel costs about P20 per can.
Since there are no other available income generating activities for
women in the sites such as handicrafts, etc., few women are involved in
earning activities such as selling fish, snails, selling pigs, and
tending small variety stores.
For men, transplanting and harvesting in other farms as well as
fishing, carpentry/construction work are the major secondary sources of
1US 19
US$1 = P19
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income. Large animals are sold to meet large expenses like
hospitalization; to finance a family member going abroad, to replace
another animal, etc. while selling of small animals is done to meet
immediate expenses such as schooling and daily household needs (Table
10).
V. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES
1. Access to education, training, organization and credit
Majority of the farmers and their wives in the sample households
have about 6 years of schooling. For household members above 15 years
old, more men than women have reached high school. In the rainfed site
More men than women (5 and 2%) have had no schooling. There is only one
elementary school in both sites and the irrigated site is more
accessible to the high school located in the municipality.
Training classes tend to be gender specific, for example, Farmer's
Class, Azolla Training, Crop-Livestock were mostly attended by men while
Nutrition classes, Food preservation, were mostly attended by women.
There were no training programs on vegetable gardening, swine and
poultry raising and other income generating activities which would
provide additional knowledge and skills on these activities in which
they are involved (Table 11).
Women participate in church and village health organizations. The
formal organizations for men are Samahang Nayon, Farmers Association,
Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Association (Table 12). These
organizations give the farmers access to credit, inputs, technology and
markets for rice production. For instance, a new presidential decree
was recently issued authorizing the National Food Authority (NFA) to
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grant farmers cooperatives priority in selling their produce to
government at higher prices than the market price and NFA also gives
credit for inputs at lower interest rates than the private banks. Women
do not have access to formal credit since they are not formally
organized and do not have collateral such as land titles. In the study
site, share tenancy and leasehold are the predominant land tenure
arrangements (Table 13) and women are not involved in these
transactions. Women have more access to informal credit particularly
for food consumption purposes. They are responsible for borrowing to
meet emergencies and food shortages.
2. Access to household technology
Women's access to improved household technology enhances their
productivity. In the irrigated site, labor-reducing technologies are
more available to women such as sewing machines, refrigerator and
electric iron made possible by the availability of electricity. Water
from pumps are near their households so water is not a major problem.
There is a greater tendency for the sample households in the rainfed
area to use firewood for fuel but because of the increasing scarcity of
bamboos and wood in the area, the households resort to cow dung. In the
irrigated site some households use rice hull for fuel with the use of
specially made rice hull stoves. In a typical household one sack of
rice hull is used per day (Table li).
SUMMARY
In this paper, we showed how women's concerns are being integrated
in a crop-livestock farming systems project in Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan.
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By providing the scientists with timely and useful information about
women's roles and management responsibilities in household and farm
production, along with their access to and control of factors of
production and income generating activities, women's concerns can be
readily integrated in the various stages of technology development
particularly in the design, dissemination and extension.
In this particular farming systems project, several developments
have taken place such as:
a) .the interaction and complementarity of the disciplines
(agronomist, animal nutritionist, livestock specialist, animal breeder,
crop protection specialist, economist, social scientist) in solving men
and women farmers' problems;
b) addressing and disseminating technologies not only to men but
as well as to women who are also potential users and beneficiaries of
these technologies;
c) incorporation of consumption considerations of crops and
crop-by-products to human and animals, respectively;
d) flexibility of the scientists in tailoring component research
to meet small farmers' needs and in serving as "extension agents"
themselves;
e) considering designing' specific technologies for women to
increase their productivity.
With these developments, the important conceptual contribution
of Farming systems research to recognize the centrality of the household
and women's perspective in particular, is now being slowly
operationalized in this crop-livestock farming systems project in Sta.
Barbara, Pangasinan.
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Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
McKee, Catherine.
1984. Methodological Challenges in Analyzing the Household in
Farming Systems Research: Intrahousehold Resource
Allocation, in Proceedings of Kansas State University.
1983 Farming Systems Research Symposium, Animals in the
Farming System, ed. by Flora, C.B..
-22-
Paris, Thelma and L. Unnevehr.
1985. Human Nutrition in Relation to Agricultural Production: A
Project in the Philippines. Paper presented at the Farming
Systems Research Socio-Economic Workshop, International Rice
Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Roxas, Domingo and R. Olaer.
1984. On-farm Crop-livestock Systems Research in Sta. Barbara,
Pangasinan. Report of the Crop Livestock Systems Research
Monitoring Tour. Philippines and Thailand, International
Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, 10-18 Dec.
1984.
Monthly rainfall (mm)
6001
Existing pattern
500
400
300 1-
200
Mar Apr
Rice
/ Rainfed
i Irrigated
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Weekly rainfall
180 = W
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Fig. 1. Average monthly and weekly rainfall distribution
(34 years), crop-livestock research sites,
Pangasinan, Philippines.
II'
1oo0 -.
'-''' '-'-'''''''
iRice
Table la.
Percentage area planted to different cropping patterns,
Malanay (irrigated), Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan, CY 1984-85.
No. of No. of Total % of Total
Cropping Pattern Farmers Plots Area Area Planted
Planted
(ha)
IR42 TPR IR36 18 39 25.69 51.19
HYV's-Fallow 14 32 9.38 18.71
IR42-TPR IR42 8 11 2.80 5.58
HYV's -Squash 8 17 3.32 6.61
HWV's-WSR MlVs 7 16 2.21 4.41
HYV's-Mung 5 11 1.86 3.71
IR42 TPR IR54 1 2 1.00 1.99
IR36 TPR IR36 1 1 .30 .60
HYV's TPR HYV's (IR62) 1 4 1.34 2.67
Fallow-EMng 1 1 .20 .40
Mung-Fallow 3 .44 .88
HYV's Diket 3 .43 .87
IR42-TPR 60 3 1.19 2.38
Cooperator 18
SCooperator 8 26 134 50.16 100.00
Non Cooperator 8
Table lb. Percentage area planted to different cropping patterns in
Carusucan (rainfed), Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan, CY 1984-85
No. of No. of Total % of Total
Cropping Pattern Faners Plots Area Area
Planted Planted
(ha)
IR42 Fallow 21 31 12.81 39.79
IR48 Fallow 14 16 6.06 18.82
IR36 Fallow 9 12 2.56 7.96
Diket Fallow 11 13 2.87 8.92
Traditional-Fallow 3 5 1.61 5.01
Other HYV's Fallow 4 4 0.69 2.17
IR42 Mung 7 7 1.93 6.01
IR36 Mung 7 7 1.03 3.20
Diket Mung/Cowpea 5 10 .41 1.29
Other HYV's Mung 3 3 .30 .93
IR48 Mmng 2 3 .65 2.02
IR48 Cowpea 2 3 .95 2.95
IR42 Cowpea 1 1 .30 .93
27 115 32.17 100.00
Cooperator 18
Non cooperator 9
h0
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d 14J 1 Cv tD Sl o C (a 3 :s -4 Q)
4U1 N CP4 C O = M -4 0=0C O
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-4l WOCN N o
-4 ( NN
a..
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N4 N
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* -
0'
m Mn n
NM N (N
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a) 'a w c r. w -A4 I
to 0 0 0a 4 .0 4 i4 >0 q
'0 $44 : 0C 3 t 0= .4
t w ) 'a .( 'a 4-1 0 -A
a m m E S 0 i E
um 0 0 m m 0
p% I m N mn N 4
Table 5. Percentage of sample households which used different sources
of labor in specific activity for squash production, Malanay,
Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan.
Family (n=6)
Activity M F
Land preparation 67
Planting 67
Broadcasting 17
Weeding 17
Fertilization 50 17
Spraying 17
Harvesting 33 17
Buying seeds 17 17
Buying fertilizers and chemicals 17 17
Selling products and by-products 33 50
.-.---.--.---- ...-,-.; --...-- -c-_ Ci -_L L---- -..r-.- -.- -~.-. ~ I:~_L_
Table 6. Percentage of sample households which used different sources
of labor in specific activities for carabao production, Sta.
Barbara, Pangasinan, CY 1984-85.
Activity
Putting up shelter
Preparing feeds
Feeding
Watering
Cleaning animal
Waste disposal
Gathering forage
Buying animal
Buying feeds
Taking animal to market
MALANAY (n-18)
Family
M F C
83 6
89 17 22
94 28 11
89 17 6
83 22 17
61 22 17
83 17 6
67
11 6
17
CARUSUCAN (n=17)
Family
M F C
18
88 6 24
76 18 59
88 24 59
76 24 29
53 12 41
82 12 47
41 12
24
53
Table 7. Percentage of sample households which used different sources
of labor in specific activities for cattle production, Sta.
Barbara, Pangasinan, CY 1984-85.
Activity
Putting up shelter
Preparing feeds
Feeding
Watering
Cleaning animal
Waste disposal
Gathering forage
Buying animal
Buying feeds
Taking animal to market
MALANAY (n=13)
Family
M F C
77
CARUSUCAN (n=18)
Family
M F C
44 6
78 22 28
72 39 39
83 28 44
89 17 28
56 11 28
61 22 50
33 6
22
44
Table 8. Percentage of sample households which used different sources
of labor in specific activities for swine production, Sta.
Barbara, Pangasinan, CY 1984-85.
Activity
Putting up shelter
Preparing feeds
Feeding
Watering
Cleaning animal
Waste disposal
Gathering indigenous feeds
Buying animal
Buying feeds
Taking animal to market
MALANAY (n=18)
Family
M F C
47 7 7
7 7 7
CARUSUCAN (n=17)
Family
M F C
27 7 6
27 20 7
20 87 20
Table 9. Percentage of sample households which used different sources
of labor in specific activities for poultry production,
Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan, CY 1984-85.
Activity
Putting up shelter
Preparing feeds
Feeding
Watering
Waste disposal
Buying chickens
Buying feeds
Selling
MALANAY (n=18)
Family
M F C
20
7 7
CARUSUCAN (n=17)
Family
M F C
20 93
33
13 7
5 5
10 10
Table 10. Type of off and non-farm work
Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan.
done by sample household
Activity
Fishing
Transplanting rice
Harvesting rice
Household member
Men
Men
Men/Women
Pulling of rice seedlings 'Women
Carpentry/construction
Selling vegetables
Coconut candy making
Selling glutinous rice
Men
Women
Men/women
Women
Malanay
Jan-Sept
Nov-Dec
June-Aug
Jan-Feb
Oct-Nov
Mar-May
June-Aug
Jan-Feb
Feb-May
Jan-July
all months
Carusucan
June-Oct
July
Oct-Nov
July-Oct
Jan-Oct
Jan-May
Sept-Oct
Table 11. Distribution of sample household members by training class
attended by villages, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan.
Training
Farmer's class
IRRI-Crop Livestock
Meeting
Azolla class
Nutrition/Mother's Class
Food preservation
TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS
MALANAY
Farmer Spouse
6 (23) -
(65)
(8)
1 (4)
- 3 (12)
CARUSUCAN
Farmer Spouse
7(26) -
17(63)
1 (4)
- 4 (15)
- 2 (7)
27 27
Table 12. Distribution of sample household members by membership in
organization by villages.
Organization
Samahang Nayon
Farmer's Association
Agrarian Reform
Beneficiary Asso
Village Health Unit
Ilocandia club
Federation of Free Farmers
Church organization
MALANAY
Farmer Spouse
7 (27)
11 (42)
3 (12)
CARUSUCAN
Farmer Spouse
15 (56)
10 (37)
6 (22)
3 (12)
3 (11)
1 (4)
1 (4)
26
2(7)
27
Note: Figures in parenthesis are percent of total households who
participated.
I
Percentage of cropland under different
Barbara, Pangsinan, 1984-85.
tenure status, Sta.
N=26 N=27
Tenure Status Malanay Carusucan
(irrigated) (rainfed)
Ownership 1 3
Share-tenancy 39 71
Leasehold 60 26
a The most common arrangement between the landlord and the
tenant is 50:50. The landlord provides the inputs which will be
paid after harvest.
bThe farmer pays a fixed amount of output per year to the
landowner as payment for land rent.
Table 13.
--:'~ .'-i. ;-;-~.;~.I...- ,.;__....,;r~.-.., --~L-i --. ~--I~--I-:_ --_----_^~i-2- -i:--- r s-- --r_-. ~_.-.r.-_ __: -.~.
Table 14. Access to household technolgoy of sample households, Sta.
Barbara, Pangasinan.
Item
% of households with electricity
% of households with pumpwells
Average distance to water source (meters)
% of households with kerosene stoves
Malanay
n=26
92
92
11
Carusucan
n=27
0
100
9
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
households
with gas range
using firewood
using coconut husks
using rice hull
using saw dust
using cow dung
with sewing machines
with television
with refrigerator
with wall clocks
using radios
with electric iron
with toilets
Appendix
Minimum Data Set
1. Location
a. Country Philippines
b. Province Pangasinan
c. Villages Malanay Cirrigated)
Carusucan (rainfed)
d. Municipality Sta. Barbara
2. Environment
a. Latitude 16 Deg 03 Min North
b. Elevation 2m
c. Temperature (4C)
1. Specific trial period
Legumes (April)
(Oct.)
Rice (July)
(Jan.)
Mean
29.6
28.2
28.3
26.2
d. Precipitation
1. Pattern Pre-monsoon April May
Wet season May Sept.
Post monsoon Oct Nov
Dry season Nov Feb
2. Specific during trial period
April 87 mm
July 434 mm
Nov 65 mm
Max
34.8
32.4
32.1
31.0
Min
24.3
24.0
24.4
21.3
e) Evapotranspiration
April 7.6
July 4.9
Nov. 4.3
Jan. 4.3
f) Humidity (%)
April 70
July 83
Nov. 77
Jan. 73
(mean) nmm
g) Soil (rainfed area)
Analysis Light .soils Heavy soils
1. pH 6.20 6.70
2. Organic carbon (%) 0.86 1.27
3. Total nitrogen (%) 0.06 .. 0.10
4. Potassium (K, m.eq/100 g) 0.11 0.26
5. Available phosphorous
(Olsen, ppm) 5.70 7.40
6. Available zinc (ppm) 0.69 0.25
7. Cation exchange
capacity (m.eq/100 g) 11.30 25.80
8. Particle size (%)
a) clay 13.00 33.00
b) silt 65.00 61.00
c) sand 22.00 6.00
-"
Harvesting date (rice)
Farmer's practice
Improved practice
Irrigated
Oct., April
Oct., April
Planting date Clegumes)
Farmer's practice
Improved practice
Harvesting date (legumes)
Farmer's practice
Improved practice
d) Experimental designs
Rice
Varietal trials (Early
maturing)
IR60 (IP)
IR36 (FP)
IR62 (FP)
Varietal trials (Medium)
maturing)
IR42 (IP)
IR42 (FP)
Diket (FP)
IR48 (FP)
none
April
none
June
e) Treatments (fertilizer kg N/ha)
Early maturing rice
Medium maturing rice
January planting
July planting
none
April, Nov.
none
June, Feb.
no. of farms involved
4
7
7
4
12
10
8
80, 60, 40, (control)
20
50, 40, 30, 20 (control
100, 80, 60 (check)
40, 20
100, 80, 60 (check)
40, 20
Rainfed
Dec.
Oct.
Irrigated Rainfed
3. Socio-economic
a. Size distribution of farms
Ave. farm size (has) 1.92 1.19
Ave. no. of plots per farm 5.5 4.3
Ave. plot area (has) 0.35 0.29
Size for cropping pattern trials (m ) 1,000 1,000
b. Land Tenure
% distribution of area
Owned 3 1
Share-tenant 71 39
Leasehold 26 60
c. Ethnic group/dialect Pangasinense Pangasinense
Ilocano Ilocano
d. Access to input and output markets highly accessible moderately accessible
e. Access to credit accessible accessible
4. Nature of cropping system
a. Percentage of operator's share sold
out (rice)
IR42 55 19
IR36 27 20
Glutinous rice 21 93
b. Labor utilization (rioel
(% of total manhours)
1) Female 14 16
Male 86 84
2) Hired 42 17
Family 53 65
Exchange 5 18
c. Energy requirements carabao carabao
d. Cash requirements
1) Prices (J/bag) 50 kg/bag
Urea
14-14-14 (Complete)
21-0-0 (Ammosul)
16-20-0 (Ammophos)
2) Price of products
Palay (W/kg)
(November) after harvest
(August) pre-harvest
Glutinous rice (O/kg)
(processed)
265 285
244 265
135 165
240 260
Irrigated
3 3.50
4 4.50
? 8 11
5. Trial details
a. Rice variety
Farmer's practice
Improved practice
b. Fertilizer (kg/ha)
Farmer's practice
Improved practice
IR36, IR42
IR60
80-100 kg in
both season
(4-5 bags)
60 kg N wet
season (3 bags
Urea)
80 kg N dry
season (4 bags
Urea)
IR36, IR42
IR58
none
40 kg N
c. Planting date (rice)
Farmer's practice
Improved practice
July, Jan.
July, Jan.
Rainfed
3.50
4.50
? 8 11
July
July
Irrigated Rainfed
h. Farmer's involvement management with management with
supervision from supervision from
technician technician
Researcher's involvement
Rice provision of planting materials
Legumes provision of planting materials
6. Factors to relate the trial back to the farming system
a) Problem trying to solve
o the existing farmer's practice (rice-fallow)
in the rainfed area can be improved with improved
cultivars, management and an addition of non-rice
crops (legumes) in the pattern,
o the existing farmer's practice (rice-rice) in the
irrigated area can be improved with improved
cultivars and management
b) policy implications
These improvements will increase the productivity of the
farmers and increase their incomes. However, government
support (in terms of credit and marketing should be continued
and strengthened to provide incentives to farmers to produce more.
c) Farmer's assessment of the intervention in terms of the problem
trying to solve
The farmers are very cooperative and they understood
the interventions being introduced however, the scientists
should always recommend technologies which are within
farmer's available resources.
7. Important circumstances
The proposed crop intervention are integrated with livestock
interventions, i.e. increasing utilization of crop by products and
residues as animal feeds. Farmers who participate in this
research are both crop and livestock cooperators.
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