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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARM SYSTEMS IN LOWER
CASAMANCE SENEGAL
BY MAMADOU LO
INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND RESOURCES ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE FLORIDA
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL FARM SYSTEMS IN LOWER
CASAMANCE SENEGAL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
I INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------- 1
II BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION ------------------- 1
2-1 Geography ------------------------------------ 1
2-2 Climate and hydrology ------------------------ 2
2-3 Soil ---------------------------------------- 2
2-4 Demography ----------------------------------- 3
2-5 Agriculture and livestock -------------------- 3
2-6 Production systems -------------------------- 3
III CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM ----------------------- 4
3-1 Localization of the farm --------------------- 4
3-2 Characteristics of the farm ------------------ 5
3.2.1 Schematic modeling of the farm ---------- 5
3.2.2 Gender analysis ------------------------- 6
IV LINEAR PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF THE FARM ----------- 9
4-1 Resources and minimum survival constraints---- 9
4-2 Production-reproduction, consumption and marke-
ting activities ------------------------------ 9
4-3 Maximization of the family income ------------ 11
4-4 Influence of gender on the farm -------------- 11
4-5 Maximization of the female income ------------ 13
4-6 Maximization of the male income -------------- 14
4-7 Proposition of an alternative technology ----- 14
V CONCLUSIONS ---------------------------------------- 16
VI- ANNEXES ---------------------------------------- 17
VII BIBLIOGRAPHY -------------------------------------- 31
I INTRODUCTION
The West african country of Senegal is primarily an
agricultural country. In 1980, agriculture accounted for 28 percent
of the GNP and provided employment for 80 percent of the
economically active population.
In recent years, cereal production in Senegal has not been
sufficient to meet consumption needs and most of the production was
generated by the smallholders which represent about 60-70 percent
of the farmer population.
The overriding concerns of small scale farms to sustain the home
and the family rather than to produce for growth and profit in one
hand and the important role they play actually in the economic
development of the country have received ample attention of the
Research and Extension.
And it has been recognized and accepted by the government and the
other actors of the development that changes in the production
systems of these farms, based on the utilization of new or modified
technology, is an important strategy and a challenge for the
agricultural, economic and social development of the country.
II BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION
2-1-Geography
I INTRODUCTION
The West african country of Senegal is primarily an
agricultural country. In 1980, agriculture accounted for 28 percent
of the GNP and provided employment for 80 percent of the
economically active population.
In recent years, cereal production in Senegal has not been
sufficient to meet consumption needs and most of the production was
generated by the smallholders which represent about 60-70 percent
of the farmer population.
The overriding concerns of small scale farms to sustain the home
and the family rather than to produce for growth and profit in one
hand and the important role they play actually in the economic
development of the country have received ample attention of the
Research and Extension.
And it has been recognized and accepted by the government and the
other actors of the development that changes in the production
systems of these farms, based on the utilization of new or modified
technology, is an important strategy and a challenge for the
agricultural, economic and social development of the country.
II BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION
2-1-Geography
I INTRODUCTION
The West african country of Senegal is primarily an
agricultural country. In 1980, agriculture accounted for 28 percent
of the GNP and provided employment for 80 percent of the
economically active population.
In recent years, cereal production in Senegal has not been
sufficient to meet consumption needs and most of the production was
generated by the smallholders which represent about 60-70 percent
of the farmer population.
The overriding concerns of small scale farms to sustain the home
and the family rather than to produce for growth and profit in one
hand and the important role they play actually in the economic
development of the country have received ample attention of the
Research and Extension.
And it has been recognized and accepted by the government and the
other actors of the development that changes in the production
systems of these farms, based on the utilization of new or modified
technology, is an important strategy and a challenge for the
agricultural, economic and social development of the country.
II BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION
2-1-Geography
The studied farm is located in the Southern region of
Senegal, called : Lower Casamance. This region covers an area of
7200 km2 (Map 1) It comprises 3 districts or departments
Ziguichor, Oussouye and Bignona.
2-2-Climate and hydrology
The climate is subguinean and is characterized by two
seasons : a dry season from November to May and a rainy season from
June to October. Annual average of rainfall is 800mm -1100mm. Salt
water from the Atlantic Ocean frequently flows as far as 220 km
from the mouth of the Casamance River because of the low relief of
the region.
2-3-Soil
The nature of the soils depends on their position in the
topographical sequence. Two types of soil predominate : 1) the
upland soils (ferralitic and ferruginous soils) are argillaceous
sandstone1. They are beige or ocre color and are the domains of
upland crops groundnutss, millet/sorghum, upland rice and maize)
2) the lowland soils with a high level of clay (heavy soils).
These soils have a low permeability and are the domain of rice
production (nappe rice and aquatic rice )2
2-4-Demography
The studied farm is located in the Southern region of
Senegal, called : Lower Casamance. This region covers an area of
7200 km2 (Map 1) It comprises 3 districts or departments
Ziguichor, Oussouye and Bignona.
2-2-Climate and hydrology
The climate is subguinean and is characterized by two
seasons : a dry season from November to May and a rainy season from
June to October. Annual average of rainfall is 800mm -1100mm. Salt
water from the Atlantic Ocean frequently flows as far as 220 km
from the mouth of the Casamance River because of the low relief of
the region.
2-3-Soil
The nature of the soils depends on their position in the
topographical sequence. Two types of soil predominate : 1) the
upland soils (ferralitic and ferruginous soils) are argillaceous
sandstone1. They are beige or ocre color and are the domains of
upland crops groundnutss, millet/sorghum, upland rice and maize)
2) the lowland soils with a high level of clay (heavy soils).
These soils have a low permeability and are the domain of rice
production (nappe rice and aquatic rice )2
2-4-Demography
The rural population of the region is estimated at
261,000 with a high migration during the dry season3. The two main
ethnic groups are : the Diola, who constitute 85 percent of the
population and the Mandingues with 5 percent.
2-5-Agriculture and livestock
The region is essentially an agricultural region and
plays an important role in the economic development of the country.
Groundnuts, rice, millet/sorghum and maize are the main crops.
Different types of livestock are also found in the region, such as
N'dama cattle and guinean species of sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys,
and horses4.
2-6-Production systems in Lower Casamance
The region was divided into five zones or agricultural
situations5 following three criteria (Map 1)
1) The sexual division of labor
2) Importance of uplands compared to lowlands
3) Existence and use of animal traction.
The zones are :
a)Zone 1 : It is characterized by a social organization of labor
type "diola" with no animal traction. Transplanted rice is
dominant.
b)Zone 2 : The social organization of labor is "diola" with
The rural population of the region is estimated at
261,000 with a high migration during the dry season3. The two main
ethnic groups are : the Diola, who constitute 85 percent of the
population and the Mandingues with 5 percent.
2-5-Agriculture and livestock
The region is essentially an agricultural region and
plays an important role in the economic development of the country.
Groundnuts, rice, millet/sorghum and maize are the main crops.
Different types of livestock are also found in the region, such as
N'dama cattle and guinean species of sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys,
and horses4.
2-6-Production systems in Lower Casamance
The region was divided into five zones or agricultural
situations5 following three criteria (Map 1)
1) The sexual division of labor
2) Importance of uplands compared to lowlands
3) Existence and use of animal traction.
The zones are :
a)Zone 1 : It is characterized by a social organization of labor
type "diola" with no animal traction. Transplanted rice is
dominant.
b)Zone 2 : The social organization of labor is "diola" with
The rural population of the region is estimated at
261,000 with a high migration during the dry season3. The two main
ethnic groups are : the Diola, who constitute 85 percent of the
population and the Mandingues with 5 percent.
2-5-Agriculture and livestock
The region is essentially an agricultural region and
plays an important role in the economic development of the country.
Groundnuts, rice, millet/sorghum and maize are the main crops.
Different types of livestock are also found in the region, such as
N'dama cattle and guinean species of sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys,
and horses4.
2-6-Production systems in Lower Casamance
The region was divided into five zones or agricultural
situations5 following three criteria (Map 1)
1) The sexual division of labor
2) Importance of uplands compared to lowlands
3) Existence and use of animal traction.
The zones are :
a)Zone 1 : It is characterized by a social organization of labor
type "diola" with no animal traction. Transplanted rice is
dominant.
b)Zone 2 : The social organization of labor is "diola" with
animal traction. Upland crops are dominant with a direct seeding of
rice.
c)Zone 3 : The social organization of labor is "mandingue
dominant" with diola and other ethnics. The use of animal traction
is limited and direct seeding of rice is used. It is a cosmopolite
zone.
d)Zone 4 :The social organization of labor is "mandingue" with
the expanding of animal traction and expanding upland cropping
peanuts, maize and sorghum/millet).
e)Zone 5 : The organization of labor is "diola" with a
widespread animal traction and transplanted rice remains important.
III- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM
3-1-Localization of the farm
The studied farm is located in the village of Boukitingo
(Map 2), 45 km from the regional capital Ziguinchor, in zone 1,
which is characterized by a social organization of labor type
"traditional diola" with a dominance of transplanted rice but
without animal traction.
In this zone men and women work together in the lowland and the
upland. The heavy work is in the hands of the men and the nurseries
for rice, transplantation, weeding and harvesting are in the hands
of the women. Off-farm activities (fishing, fruit picking,
collecting palm wine/oil, and basket-making are important sources
animal traction. Upland crops are dominant with a direct seeding of
rice.
c)Zone 3 : The social organization of labor is "mandingue
dominant" with diola and other ethnics. The use of animal traction
is limited and direct seeding of rice is used. It is a cosmopolite
zone.
d)Zone 4 :The social organization of labor is "mandingue" with
the expanding of animal traction and expanding upland cropping
peanuts, maize and sorghum/millet).
e)Zone 5 : The organization of labor is "diola" with a
widespread animal traction and transplanted rice remains important.
III- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM
3-1-Localization of the farm
The studied farm is located in the village of Boukitingo
(Map 2), 45 km from the regional capital Ziguinchor, in zone 1,
which is characterized by a social organization of labor type
"traditional diola" with a dominance of transplanted rice but
without animal traction.
In this zone men and women work together in the lowland and the
upland. The heavy work is in the hands of the men and the nurseries
for rice, transplantation, weeding and harvesting are in the hands
of the women. Off-farm activities (fishing, fruit picking,
collecting palm wine/oil, and basket-making are important sources
of revenue in this area. The village has also 60 hectares of
community land.
The village is composed of 20 exploitations with a habitat type
"independent". The average size of exploitations in this area is 2-
2.5 hectares.
3-2-Characteristics of the farm
3-2-1-Schematic modeling of the farm
The farm (Annexe 1) has a total of 2 ha of land (1.25 ha for
rice and 0.75 ha for upland crops) and three hectares in the
community land (for fruit picking, palm wine, fuel wood, ect). In
the rice fields, only one hectare is used because of the salinity.
The family is composed of 3 people : 2 males (one adult and one
child) and one woman. The main activities of the farm are crop
production (rice, Groundnut) and off-farm activities such as
collecting palm wine/oil and fruit picking.
Groundnuts, collecting palm wine and fruit picking are the main
source of revenue for the farm. The farm has four pigs and poultry.
The family is the main source of labor for all activities in the
farm.
Rice production, which is never sold according to the tradition,
constitutes the staple food for the household and during the
ceremonies and rituals.
Animals (pigs) are essentially used for the ceremonies and
of revenue in this area. The village has also 60 hectares of
community land.
The village is composed of 20 exploitations with a habitat type
"independent". The average size of exploitations in this area is 2-
2.5 hectares.
3-2-Characteristics of the farm
3-2-1-Schematic modeling of the farm
The farm (Annexe 1) has a total of 2 ha of land (1.25 ha for
rice and 0.75 ha for upland crops) and three hectares in the
community land (for fruit picking, palm wine, fuel wood, ect). In
the rice fields, only one hectare is used because of the salinity.
The family is composed of 3 people : 2 males (one adult and one
child) and one woman. The main activities of the farm are crop
production (rice, Groundnut) and off-farm activities such as
collecting palm wine/oil and fruit picking.
Groundnuts, collecting palm wine and fruit picking are the main
source of revenue for the farm. The farm has four pigs and poultry.
The family is the main source of labor for all activities in the
farm.
Rice production, which is never sold according to the tradition,
constitutes the staple food for the household and during the
ceremonies and rituals.
Animals (pigs) are essentially used for the ceremonies and
rituals and constitute with the crop residues, the main sources of
manure for rice fields.
Fuel, drugs and complementary food (rice) are bought generally
in the market.
3-2-2-Gender analysis
In the traditional diola system, men and women work together and
both can have the same activities.
Gender analysis includes the men and women activities, access to
different resources/benefits and control of these resources.
a)The family activities : The main activities (Annexe 2) in the
farm include crop production (rice and groundnuts), management of
the livestock (pigs, poultry), household production such as
cooking, collecting fuelwood, fishing and off-farm activities.
Men and women are involved into these different activities.
b)Family resources : (Annexe 3). They include land, labor,
capital goods, inputs, credit, market/transportation ...ect. Both
men and women have access to and control of the resources.
Hiring labor is done sometimes during the harvesting. Cash
comes mainly from the sale of peanuts, palm wine and fruit picking.
The family does not have access to the purchased inputs
(fertilizers, seeds) because of the lack of credit.
Only local varieties are used for growing crops : variety called
"bourkouss" (90-100 days) for groundnuts and short and long cycle
varieties (100-120 days) of rice such as Etouhal, Ehog, Mpak
Senicoly and Diamisse.
c)Benefits and incentives analysis : The benefits of the farm
come essentially from the sale of groundnuts palm wine and fruit
picking (Annexe 4). Both man and women have access to the benefits
and incentives. Rice production, poultry, fruit picking and some
household production are managed by the woman and men control the
benefits of groundnuts and palm wine.
Sale of groundnuts brings to the family an amount of cash of
30,000 francs CFA ($60) per year. For palm wine the revenues are
more important and turn around 60,000 francs CFA ($120). From fruit
picking the amount of cash is estimated to 10,000 francs CFA
($60)6. The average yield for groundnuts is 500 kg/ha and 927 kg/ha
for rice production.
d)Seasonal calendar : (Annexe 5)
1) For crop production the activities begin in May and end in
October-September depending of the dates of seeding.
For groundnuts the cleaning period starts on May until the first
rain (June). It is done by men and takes 40 person-days/ha. The
plowing/seeding periods (30 person-days/ha) are short compared to
the weeding period which is more elastic. Plowing is done by man
and seeding is done by woman.
Weeding of groundnuts is done generally one time at the end of
August-beginning of September and takes around 20 person-days/ha.
Harvesting done also by man and woman take 30 person-days/ha.
For rice production (transplanted rice), the activities begin
with the nurseries in July after the seeding of upland crops
groundnutss). Preparation of the nurseries which include clearing,
plowing/seeding takes 3 person-days/ha of the family labor and is
done by the woman. Land preparation for rice fields (done by man)
begins in mid-August (traditional date) when the rice fields are
moist and easy to plow. It is a slow and arduous task and takes 41
person-day/ha6 (based on an 8 hour-days) with the traditional tool
called "cayendo". This sum includes two plowings. Transplanting
period can last a month and more depending on the configuration of
the rainfall pattern. Transporting and transplanting of seedling
take an average of 50 person-days/ha of woman's labor. Weeding,
when it is done takes about 2 person-/ha. Bird scaring starts with
the beginning of the maturity when birds are attracted to the first
grain crops ready for harvest. This activity is generally done by
women or the children. The range in time spent for bird scaring is
around 20 person-days/ha.
Harvesting is a very slow and difficult work due to the
traditional method used (knives). And the great difficulty in
measuring harvest time is that the work is staggered as different
fields mature at different times and because labor is not always
available when needed. This activity done only by woman takes 42
person-days/ha.
2) The domestic activities such as collecting fuelwood,
carrying water, cooking, fishing are conducted all year.
3) Off-farm activities include collecting palm oil and palm
wine and fruit picking. These activities begin in September after
the installation of crops and become intensive from November to
April during the dry season. Collecting palm nuts and palm wine
take around 150 person-days/year and fruit picking/preparation of
palm oil around 48 person-days.
IV LINEAR PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF THE FARM
4-1 Resources and minimum survival constraints
The main activities of the farm involve crop production
groundnutss, rice) and non-agricultural activities such as
collecting palm wine and fruit picking during the dry season.
For resources, the farm possesses two hectares of family land for
crop production and three hectares of community land for fruit
picking, collecting palm wine, fuelwood, ect. The labor for all
activities of the farm comes from the family.
The main constraints are essentially, constraints of seeds during
the rainfall season. And the farm satisfies its needs of seeds each
year from the previous harvests. The farm doesn't use any
fertilizers or improved varieties.
4-2 Production, consumption and marketing activities
Among the crop productions, rice remains the most important
crop for the farm. It constitutes the staple food of the family and
is never sale (according to the tradition). For 1 hectare, rice
production takes about 158 person-days of the family labor. The
take around 150 person-days/year and fruit picking/preparation of
palm oil around 48 person-days.
IV LINEAR PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF THE FARM
4-1 Resources and minimum survival constraints
The main activities of the farm involve crop production
groundnutss, rice) and non-agricultural activities such as
collecting palm wine and fruit picking during the dry season.
For resources, the farm possesses two hectares of family land for
crop production and three hectares of community land for fruit
picking, collecting palm wine, fuelwood, ect. The labor for all
activities of the farm comes from the family.
The main constraints are essentially, constraints of seeds during
the rainfall season. And the farm satisfies its needs of seeds each
year from the previous harvests. The farm doesn't use any
fertilizers or improved varieties.
4-2 Production, consumption and marketing activities
Among the crop productions, rice remains the most important
crop for the farm. It constitutes the staple food of the family and
is never sale (according to the tradition). For 1 hectare, rice
production takes about 158 person-days of the family labor. The
take around 150 person-days/year and fruit picking/preparation of
palm oil around 48 person-days.
IV LINEAR PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF THE FARM
4-1 Resources and minimum survival constraints
The main activities of the farm involve crop production
groundnutss, rice) and non-agricultural activities such as
collecting palm wine and fruit picking during the dry season.
For resources, the farm possesses two hectares of family land for
crop production and three hectares of community land for fruit
picking, collecting palm wine, fuelwood, ect. The labor for all
activities of the farm comes from the family.
The main constraints are essentially, constraints of seeds during
the rainfall season. And the farm satisfies its needs of seeds each
year from the previous harvests. The farm doesn't use any
fertilizers or improved varieties.
4-2 Production, consumption and marketing activities
Among the crop productions, rice remains the most important
crop for the farm. It constitutes the staple food of the family and
is never sale (according to the tradition). For 1 hectare, rice
production takes about 158 person-days of the family labor. The
second crop produced in the farm is peanut which is allowed to sale
and constitutes an important source of revenue for the farm. It
takes 120 person-days/ha of the family labor and can bring to the
family 30,000 francs CFA each year.
The two other activities of the farm are collecting palm wine and
fruit picking. All these two activities are mainly done during the
dry season. They take a total of 196 person-days of the family
labor and brings also every year 70,000 francs CFA to the family
(60,000 francs from palm wine and 10,000 francs from fruit
picking). The results of analysis (Annexe 6) shows that each year,
the sale of peanut, palm wine and fruit picking gives to the family
a revenue of 158,273 francs CFA, which satisfies widely the needs
of the family (to purchase extra food, drugs or other needs).
The solution in Annexe 1 shows that 0.88 ha of rice and 2.64 ha of
palm wine are produced using 0.88 ha of thge family land and 2.64
ha of the community land and all the labor. The answer report shows
also that groundnuts would have to be increase in 18,648 francs CFA
before a different value would result. For palm wine, a decrease of
23,000 francs CFA will change the results of this activity.
For the resources (land, labor and seeds), 1.11 ha of the land
family and 0.36 ha of the community land were not used.
For labor, one additional day of labor would add 405.40 francs CFA
to income. A decrease of 390 days would change the activity mix.
For rice consumption, all the production is used and one
additional unit would add 69 kg to the consumption and a decrease
of 417 kg would change the activity mix.
For seed rice, only 13.25 kg were used and change will appear if
the quantity of seed is decreased in 6.74 kg.
4-3 Maximization of the family income
By maximizing the family income, the sales of peanuts, palm
wine and fruit picking bring to the family a total income of
107,116 francs CFA. The family can produce 552.25 kg of peanuts in
1.25 ha; 923 litres of palm wine in 1.31 ha; 819 kg in 0.88 ha and
exploit 0.14 of fruit picking (Annexe 7).
The results of the answer report annexee 7) shows that the
production of peanuts can be increase infinitely but change will
appear in this activity if the income is decreased by 30,000 francs
CFA. For palm wine, change will appear if the income is decreased
to 60,080 francs.
For the resources, land family is binding and a decrease by 1.10
ha will bring change in the use of land. For the community land, it
can be increased infinitely but change will appear if we decrease
it in 1.55 ha.
Labor wet is not binding, but labor dry is binding and an
additional day of labor dry will add 405.94 francs CFA to income.
Labor dry can be increased by 430 (200+230), but a decrease by 182
will change the results.
4-4 Influence of tender on the farm
For seed rice, only 13.25 kg were used and change will appear if
the quantity of seed is decreased in 6.74 kg.
4-3 Maximization of the family income
By maximizing the family income, the sales of peanuts, palm
wine and fruit picking bring to the family a total income of
107,116 francs CFA. The family can produce 552.25 kg of peanuts in
1.25 ha; 923 litres of palm wine in 1.31 ha; 819 kg in 0.88 ha and
exploit 0.14 of fruit picking (Annexe 7).
The results of the answer report annexee 7) shows that the
production of peanuts can be increase infinitely but change will
appear in this activity if the income is decreased by 30,000 francs
CFA. For palm wine, change will appear if the income is decreased
to 60,080 francs.
For the resources, land family is binding and a decrease by 1.10
ha will bring change in the use of land. For the community land, it
can be increased infinitely but change will appear if we decrease
it in 1.55 ha.
Labor wet is not binding, but labor dry is binding and an
additional day of labor dry will add 405.94 francs CFA to income.
Labor dry can be increased by 430 (200+230), but a decrease by 182
will change the results.
4-4 Influence of tender on the farm
The particularity of this zone (zone diola) is the sexual
division of labor. Men and women in this zone work together in the
same fields of crop productions. Meanwhile the labor time remains
different for each sex during the wet season and dry season (Annexe
8). This division depends on the roles and functions that each
member of the family plays in the household.
During the dry season, each member of the family can have non-
agricultural activities (collecting palm wine for the male and
fruit picking activity for the female) but the revenues remained
common revenues.
For land family, all the surface area available is used for
production of peanuts (for sale) and rice (for the family
consumption). Land community is also used by the male and the
female for production palm wine and fruit picking.
During the wet season, male spends 85 person-days/ha in the peanut
field for cleaning, plowing, seeding, weeding and harvesting; 19
person-days for collecting palm wine; 41 person-days/ha for plowing
(2 plows) rice fields. And during the dry season he spends 131
person-days for collecting palm wine.
The production of peanuts (seeding, weeding and harvesting) takes
35 person-days/ha of the female labor. The female spends also 115
person-days/ha in rice production (nursery, transplanting and
harvesting/transportation) during the wet season and 48 person-days
in fruit picking during the dry season (Annexe 8).
Gender analysis of the farm shows that 1.12 ha of peanuts and 0.88
ha of rice are produced during the wet season using almost the
labor time of the male and female. And during the dry season, all
labor for both male and female are used for collecting palm wine
and fruit picking. These activities bring to the family an income
of 126,077 francs CFA.
The results of the answer report shows that for resources, male
labor during the dry season is binding and an additional day of
labor would add 458 francs to the family income. But if more than
59 extra days were available, male labor dry would no longer be
limiting and a decrease by 130 days will change.
The female labor dry is also binding and an additional day of
female would add 625 francs to the family. If more than 32.7 extra
days were available, female labor dry would no longer be limiting
and a decrease by 53 days will bring change in female labor.
4-5 Maximization of the female income
By maximizing the female income, the results in Annexe 9 shows
that the family produces only 0.01 ha of peanuts and 0.88 ha of
rice (for consumption), and can exploit 1.25 ha for fruit picking
and sale 666 kg of fruit which brings 33,300 francs CFA of female
income. Fruit picking activity uses all the female labor during the
dry season. The answer report shows that an additional day of
female labor during the dry season will add 625 francs to the
female income. If more than 80 extra days were available, female
labor dry would no longer be limiting and a decrease by 53 days of
female labor dry (60-53) will bring change.
4-6 Maximization of the male income
The results of analysis in Annexe 10 shows that by maximizing
the male income, the family can produce 552.25 kg of peanut for
sale (in 1.25 ha), 819 kg of rice in 0.88 ha for the family
consumption and collect 745 litres of palm wine for sale. The
marketing activities (peanuts and palm wine) bring 92,777 francs
CFA for the male using all the male labor during the dry season and
94% of male wet labor.
The results of the answer report (Annexe 10) that land family is
binding (used for peanut and rice production). Male labor dry is
also binding and an additional day of male dry labor will add 458
francs to the male income. If more than 59 days were available,
male dry labor would no longer be limiting (140+59 = 199 days). A
decrease by 130 days of male dry labor will bring change in labor.
4-7 Proposition of an alternative technology
From the linear programming analysis of the farm, we have seen
that the farm has limited resources (land and labor) but earns
important revenues from the non-agricultural activities such as
collecting palm wine and fruit picking.
Extension of crop productions is limited due to the lack of land
and labor constitutes also a constraint to increase the production
of palm wine or fruit picking during the dry season.
4-6 Maximization of the male income
The results of analysis in Annexe 10 shows that by maximizing
the male income, the family can produce 552.25 kg of peanut for
sale (in 1.25 ha), 819 kg of rice in 0.88 ha for the family
consumption and collect 745 litres of palm wine for sale. The
marketing activities (peanuts and palm wine) bring 92,777 francs
CFA for the male using all the male labor during the dry season and
94% of male wet labor.
The results of the answer report (Annexe 10) that land family is
binding (used for peanut and rice production). Male labor dry is
also binding and an additional day of male dry labor will add 458
francs to the male income. If more than 59 days were available,
male dry labor would no longer be limiting (140+59 = 199 days). A
decrease by 130 days of male dry labor will bring change in labor.
4-7 Proposition of an alternative technology
From the linear programming analysis of the farm, we have seen
that the farm has limited resources (land and labor) but earns
important revenues from the non-agricultural activities such as
collecting palm wine and fruit picking.
Extension of crop productions is limited due to the lack of land
and labor constitutes also a constraint to increase the production
of palm wine or fruit picking during the dry season.
As an alternative solution, basket making activity during the dry
season can be a good alternative for the farm because of the
facilities to collect the row material and the price offered in the
market (250-300 francs CFA). The introduction of basket making can
ameliorate sensitively the family income. Meanwhile this activity
requires labor for collecting the row material and making baskets.
This means that the farm needs a little amount of cash to start
this activity for hiring labor.
The acceptability of the improved technology by the farm depends
essentially on the availability of cash which can be easily found
from the sales of peanuts, palm wine and fruit picking.
If the farm starts the dry season with 20,000 francs CFA and the
female has 16,000 francs at her disposer, she can hire labor for
basket making paying 150 francs/one person-day.
The results in Annexe 11 shows that with 16,000 francs CFA, the
female can hire 107 person-days for basket making and produce with
this labor 389 baskets for sale (300 francs CFA/basket). This
amount of basket sold bring to the family 116,700 francs, a net
cash of 100,700 francs CFA which increases the total annual income
of the farm (226,744 francs CFA).
The analysis of the answer report (Annexe 11) shows that an
additional franc of female cash would add 5.6 francs to the family
income. This amount of cash can be increased infinitely but a
decrease by 16,000 francs or less will bring change to the
activity. Basket making activity increases sensitively the family
income (226,744 francs CFA) and constitutes a good alternative for
the farm.
V CONCLUSIONS
The main activities of the farm are crop production (rice for
consumption and groundnuts for sale) and non-agricultural
activities such as collecting palm wine and fruit picking.
The main source of labor for the farm comes from the family and is
not sufficient for extended activities.
The limits in land for the family make impossible long fallows and
extension in the upland. The lack of credit and low access to
inputs (fertilizers, seeds..ect) and some other social
considerations influence negatively the family activities.
Linear programming analysis of the farm activities shows that the
main incomes of the farm come from the sales of peanuts, palm wine
and fruit picking. From these marketing activities, the farm earns
each year a total revenue of 126,077 francs CFA.
The introduction of basket making as an alternative solution can
increase sensitively the farm revenue (100,700 francs CFA) without
any changes in the other activities. The main constraint for this
activity is the needs of cash for hiring labor which is easily
found from the sales of palm wine, peanuts and fruit picking.
ANNEXES
Legend
I: Social organize of labor Diola: no animal
traction; transplanted rice dominant
II: Social organize. of labor Diola no animal
traction: upland crops impt, direct seeding of rice
m: Social organize. of labor Mandinka
dominant with Diolas & others; limited animal
traction; direct seeding of rice
IV: Social organize. of labor Mandinka:
expanding use of animals, expanding upland
cropping
V: Social organize. of labor Diol:a widespread
animal traction: transplanted rice remains impt.
Map
MAP OF SENEGAL AND FARMING SYSTEMS ZONES IN LOWER CASAMANCE
_
4D ti
I
-Z~ eOU
V;lHct o( BLulAgo
C2egucJwrir. SfHEGA.)
~iap ~Z ",
ANNEXE 1 : SCHEMATIC MODELING OF THE FARM
- plowing
-transportation
-nurseries
-col.palm wine
-col.palm oil
ANNEXE 2 : ACTIVITIES ANALYSIS
MALE FEMALE
CROP PRODUCTION
1-GROUNDNUTS
-preparation M
-plowing M
-seeding M F
-weeding M F
-harvest/transp/storage M F
2-RICE
-nurseries F
-cleaning F
-plowing M
-seeding F
-Weeding F
-bird scaring F
-harvest/transp/storage F
LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES
-feeding pigs/poultry M F
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION
-cooking M F
-collect of fuelwood F
-fishing M F
-palm oil preparation F
OFF-FARM ACTIVITIES
-collecting palm wine M
-collecting palm nuts M
-fruit picking F
M=male ; F=female
ANNEXE 3 : RESOURCES ANALYSIS
ACCESS CONTROL NOTES IMPLICAT.forFSR/E
LAND
who use M-F M-F trad.syst limited land,short
fallows. Exten.lim
how use M-F M-F trad.syst
WATER
who use M-F M-F trad.syst good management
of water in low
land
how to use M-F M-F
LABOR
family M-F M-F work to good management
gether no compet.low
land/upland crop
limited labor
hiring M-F M-F if cash allows to resol
availab ve lack of labo
CAPITAL GOODS M-F M-F come from Off-farm activ.
off-farm are the main
sources revenue
(diversification
INPUTS
seeds M-F M-F local seed no access to new
varieties
fertilizers F F manure used for rice
CREDITS high cond low access to
editions innovations
EDUCATION M-F M-F extension
MARKETS/TRANS M-F M-F information(in
formal network
M=male ; F=female
ANNEXE 4 : BENEFITS AND INCENTIVES ANALYSIS
ACCESS CONTROL USES IMPLICAT.FSR/E
CROP PRODUCTION
-rice M-F M a-b-d-f Trad.system ma-
nagement resource
Limit for extens.
-groundnuts M-F M e Source of cash
LIVESTOCK
-poultry M-F F a-b Manure is used for
lowland crops
-pigs M-F M-F a-g
HOUSEHOLD PROD
-oil palm M-F F a-b nuts are used for
manure, to feed
pigs(rainseason)
-fishing M-F F a Ameliorate health
-fuelwood M-F F c
-build.mat. M M a nurseries of rice
-car.water M-F F a
OFF-FARM
-col.palm wine M M a-b-f Important source
-col.palm nuts M F a-b of revenue
-fruit picking F F a-e
M=male ; F=female ; a=comsumption ; b=storage for consumption
exchange or sale ; c=fuel-building ; d=exchange ; e=sale ; b=manure
; g=ceremonies-rituals
ANNEXE 5 :SEASONAL CALENDAR OF THE FARM
RAINFALL PATTERN <-------DRY SEASON --------><---WET SEASON--- >
Nov Dec Jan Fev Mar Apr Mayl J JnJul Aug Sep Oct
ACTIVITIES
GROUNDNUTS
-cleaning M--->
-plow/seeding MF--->
-weeding MF-->
-harvesting MF-->
LOWLAND RICE
-nurseries F--->
-plowing M-->
-transplant. F-->
-harvesting F-->
DOMESTIC ACTIV.
-col.fuelwood F-------------------------->
-car.water MF-------------------------------------------->
-feed livestok MF----------------->
-cooking MF-------------------------------------------->
-h.care.rep. MF------------------------->
-fishing MF-------------------------------------------->
OFF-FARM
-col.palm wine M-------------------------> M-->
-col.palm nuts M-------------------------> M-->
-prep.palm oil F------------------------->
-fruit picking F------------------------->
M=male ; F=female
ANNEXE 6 : Basic matrix and production activities
UNIT INCOME (CFA)
GROUNDNUTS RICETRANS. RICE Product PALM WINE FRUIT PICK RHS RES.USE
30000
0 60000
10000
LAND family (ha)
LAND community (ha)
LABOR (pers-days/ha)
SEED PEANUTS (KG)
RICE CONS.
RICE ACCTG
SEED RICE (KG)
OBJECTIVES INCOMES vs VARIABLES
158273.42
GROUNDNUTS
RICE TRANS.
RICE Product
PALM WINE
FRUIT PICK
0
0
0
0
-1
1
0
819.00
Answer Report
Solution Cell
LIN1:A16
Variable Cells
LIN1:B16..B16
LIN1:C16..C16
LIN1:D16..D16
LIN1:E16..E16
LIN1:F16..F16
1
0
158
0
0
-927
15
0.88
0
1
148
0
0
0
0
2.64
2
3
530
60
-819
0
20
0.883495
2.63789
530
0
-819
-4.8E-14
13.25243
LAND family
Land community
LABOR
SEED PEANUTS (KG)
RICE CONS.
RICE ACCTG
SEED RICE (KG)
Starting Final
158273.419050118 158273.4191
Starting
0
819
0.883495145631068
2.63789031750197
0
Final
0
819
0.883495146
2.637890318
0
Gradient Increment
30000 18648.65
0 69.09822
0 64054.05
60000 Infinite
10000 9459.459
Decrement
Infinite
Infinite
Infinite
23000
Infinite
Cell
LAND family (ha) LIN1:17..17
LAND community (ha) LIN1:18..18
LABOR (pers-days/ha) LIN1:19..19
SEED PEANUTS (KG) LIN1:I10..I10
RICE CONS. LIN1:I11..I11
RICE ACCTG LIN1:112..112
SEED RICE (KG) LIN1:I13..I13
LIN1:B16..B16
LIN1:C16..C16
LIN1:D16..D16
LIN1:E16..E16
LIN1:F16..F16
Value Constraint
0.883495145631068 <=2
2.63789031750197 <=3
530 <=530
0 <=60
-819 <=-819
-4.7961634664E-14 <=0
13.252427184466 <=20
0 >=0
819 >=0
0.883495145631068 >=0
2.63789031750197 >=0
0 >=0
Binding?
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Slack
1.116505
0.36211
0
60
0
0
6.747573
0
819
0.883495
2.63789
0
Dual Valu
0
0
405.4054
0
69.09822
69.09822
0
-18648.6
0
0
0
-9459.46
Right Val
2
3
530
60
-819
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
Increment Decremen
Infinite 1.116505
Infinite 0.36211
53.5922330097501 390.4078
Infinite 60
314.430379744988 417
314.430379744988 417
Infinite 6.747573
1.11650485437401 0.446602
819 Infinite
0.883495145631068 Infinite
2.63789031750197 Infinite
0.535922330112417 Infinite
ANNEXE 7: Maximization of the family income
Peanut product Peanut transf. Peanut sale Rice product Rice transf P. wine prod P. wine transit P. wine sale F. pick. prod F. pick.trans F. pick. sale RHS Res.use
Unit income (CFA)
Land family
Land community
Labor wet
Labor dry
Seed pean.
Peanut Acctg
Peanut cons.
Rice cons.
Rice acctg
Seed rice
Palm wine acctg
Palm wine cons.
Fruit p. acctg
Fruit pick. cons.
family income
Objectives incomes VS variables
107116.38
0 0 80
0 50
2 Land
1 Land community
274 Labor wet
200 Labor dry
50 Seed pean.
-0 Peanut Acctg
-6 Peanut cons.
-819 Rice cons.
-0 Rice acctg
13 Seed rice
0 Palm wine acctg
-56 Palm wine cons
0 Fruit p. acctg
-84 Fruit pick. cons.
-107116 family Income
6.00 552.25
0.88 819.00 1.31 56.00 923.46 0.14 84.00 0.00
Answer Report
Solution Cell Starting Final
LINEAR2:A26 107116.3781 107116.3781
Variable Cells
LINEAR2:B26..B26
LINEAR2:C26..C26
LINEAR2:D26..D26
LINEAR2:E26..E26
LINEAR2:F26..F26
LINEAR2:G26..G26
LINEAR2:H26..H26
LINEAR2:126..126
LINEAR2:J26..J26
LINEAR2:K26..K26
LINEAR2:L26..L26
Starting Final
1.116504854 1.116504854
6 6.00
552.2524272 552.25
0.883495146 0.88
819 819
1.305945946 1.305945946
56 56
923.4594595 923.46
0.14 0.14
84 84
0 0
Gradient
0
0
60
0
0
79.99999995
0
80
0
0
0
Increment
Infinite
60
Infinite
30000
32.36245955
Infinite
80
Infinite
19485.40541
32.47567568
0
Cell Value Constraint
LINEAR2:09..09 2 <=2
LINEAR2:010..010 1.445945946 <=3
LINEAR2:O11..011 273.5728155 <=330
LINEAR2:012..012 200 <=200
LINEAR2:013..013 50.24271845 <=60
LINEAR2:014..014 -1.0658E-13 <=0
LINEAR2:015..015 -6 <=-6
LINEAR2:016..016 -819 <=-819
LINEAR2:017..017 -4.7962E-14 <=0
LINEAR2:018..018 13.25242718 <=20
LINEAR2:019..019 1.4744E-13 <=0
LINEAR2:020..020 -56 <=-56
LINEAR2:021..021 8.6597E-15 <=0
LINEAR2:022..022 -84 <=-84
LINEAR2:023..023 -107116.378 <=0
LINEAR2:B26..B26 1.116504854 >=0
LINEAR2:C26..C26 6 >=0
LINEAR2:D26..D26 552.2524272 >=0
LINEAR2:E26..E26 0.883495146 >=0
LINEAR2:F26..F26 819 >=0
LINEAR2:G26..G26 1.305945946 >=0
LINEAR2:H26..H26 56 >=0
LINEAR2:126..126 923.4594595 >=0
LINEAR2:J26..J26 0.14 >=0
LINEAR2:K26..K26 84 >=0
LINEAR2:L26..L26 0 >=0
Binding?
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Slack Dual Value Right Value Increment Decrement
0 30000 2 0.216828479 1.104505
1.554054054 0 3 Infinite 1.554054
56.42718447 0 330 Infinite 56.42718
0 405.9459459 200 230 182.2293
9.757281553 0 60 Infinite 9.757282
0 60 0 Infinite 552.2524
0 60 -6 6 552.2524
0 32.36245955 -819 201 417
0 32.36245955 0 201 417
6.747572816 0 20 Infinite 6.747573
0 80 0 Infinite 923.4595
0 80 -56 56 923.4595
0 32.47567568 0 84 1380
0 32.47567568 -84 84 1380
107116.3781 0 0 Infinite 107116.4
1.116504854 0 0 1.116504854 Infinite
6 0 0 6 Infinite
552.2524272 0 0 552.2524272 Infinite
0.883495146 0 0 0.883495146 Infinite
819 0 0 819 Infinite
1.305945946 0 0 1.305945946 Infinite
56 0 0 56 Infinite
923.4594595 0 0 923.4594595 Infinite
0.14 0 0 0.14 Infinite
84 0 0 84 Infinite
0 0 0 Infinite Infinite
Peanut product
Peanut transf.
Peanut sale
Rice product
Rice transf
P. wine prod
P. wine transf
P. wine sale
F. pick. prod
F. picktrans
F. pick. sale
Decrement
30000
Infinite
60
Infinite
Infinite
60080
Infinite
80
Infinite
Infinite
Infinite
Peanut product
Land community
Labor wet
Labor dry
Seed pean.
PeanutAcctg
Peanut cons.
Rice cons.
Rice acctg
Seed rice
Palm wine acctg
Palm wine cons.
Fruit p. acctg
Fruit pick. cons.
family income
ANNEXE 8: Gender analysis
Peanut product Peanut transit. Peanut sale Rice transf. Rice prod. P.wine prod. P.winetranst P.wine sale F. pick.prod. F.pick.tan F.pick.sale RHS Res.use
Unit income (CFA 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 50
Landfamily 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 21
Land community 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 < 3 21
Male labor wet 85 0 0 0 41 19 0 0 0 0 0 < 160 151
Male labor dry 0 0 0 0 0 131 0 0 0 0 0 <= 140 140
Female labor wet 35 0 0 0 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 170 141
Female labor dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 <= 60 60
Seed pean. 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 60 50
Peanut Acctg -500 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 0 -0
Peanut cons. 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < -6 -6
Ricecons. 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= -819 -819
Rice acctg 0 0 0 1 -927 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 0 -0
Seed rice 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 20 13
Palm wine acctg 0 0 0 0 0 -750 1 1 0 0 0 <= 0 -0
Palm wine cons. 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 <= -56 -56
Fruitp. acctg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -600 1 1 < 0 -0
Frt pick. cons. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 < -84 -84
family income 0 0 -60 0 0 0 0 -80 0 0 -50 < 0 -126077
Land
Land community
Male labor wet
Male labor dry
Female labor wet
Female labor dry
Seed pean.
Peanut Acctg
Peanut cons.
Rice cons.
Rice acctg
Seed rice
Palm wine acctg
Palm wine cons.
Fruit p. acctg
Frut pick. cons.
family income
6.00 552.25 819.00 0.88 1.07 56.00 745.53 1.25 84.00 666.00
Answer Report
Solution Cel Starling Final
Near 3A27 126077283 126077.283
Variable Cels Starling Final
Peanut product near 3:B27..B27 1.116504854 1.116504854
Peanut transf. Near 3:C27..C27 6 6
Peanut sale lnear3:D27..D27 552.2524272 552.2524272
Ricetransf. Near 3:E27..E27 819 819
Rice prod. Near 3:F27..F27 0.883495146 0.883495146
P.wne prod. near 3:G27..G27 1.06870229 1.06870229
P. wine transf near 3:H27..H27 56 56
P.wine sale near 3:127..127 745.5267176 745.5267176
F. pick.prod. near 3:J27..J27 1.25 1.25
F.plck.transf Inear 3:K27..K27 84 84
F.plck.sale Inear 3:L27..L27 666 666
Cel Value Constraint
Land family Inear 3:08.08 2 <=2
Landcommunity lnear3:09..09 2.31870229 <=3
Male labor wet Inear3:010..010 151.4315571 <=160
Male labordry Inear 3:011..011 140 <=140
Female labor wet near 3:012..012 140.6796117 <=170
Female labor dry near 3:013..013 60 <=60
Seedpean. Inear3:014..014 50.24271845 <=60
PeanutAcctg inear3:015..015 -1.06581E-13 <=0
Peanut cons. Near 3:016..016 -6 <=-6
Rice cons. near 3:017..017 -819 <=-819
Rice acctg inear3:018..018 -1.50879E-13 <=0
Seedrice lnear3:019..019 13.25242718 <=20
Palm wine acctg linear3:020..020 -1.03029E-13 <=0
Palmwinecons. lnear3:021..021 -56 <-56
Fruit p. acctg linear 3:022..022 -2.84217E-14 <=0
Fruit pick. cons. linear 3:023.023 -84 <=84
family income inear3:024..024 -126077283 <=0
Inear3:B27..B27 1.116504854 >=0
near 3:C27..C27 6 >=0
near 3:D27..D27 552.2524272 >=0
near 3:E27..E27 819 >=0
near 3:F27..F27 0.883495146 >=0
near 3:G27..G27 1.06870229 >=0
Near 3:H27..H27 56 >=0
near 3:127..127 745.5267176 >=0
lnear3:J27.J27 1.25 >=0
near 3:K27..K27 84 >=0
near 3:L27..L27 666 >=0
Gradient Increment Decrement
0 Infinite 30000
0 60 Infinite
60 Infinite 60
0 32.36245955 Infinite
0 30000 Infinite
0 Infinite 60000.0000001
0 80 Infinite
80 Infinite 80
0 Infinite 30000
0 50 Infinite
50 Infinite 50
Binding? Slack Dual Value Right Value Increment Decrement
Yes 0 30000.0000001 2 0.10080521 1.10450485
No 0.68129771 0 3 Infinite 0.68129771
No 8.568442896 0 160 Infinite 8.5684429
Yes 0 458.015267176 140 59.0771589 130.218667
No 29.32038835 0 170 infinite 29.3203883
Yes 0 625 60 32.7022901 53.28
No 9.757281553 0 60 Infinite 9.75728155
Yes 0 60.0000000001 0 Infinite 552.252427
Yes 0 60.0000000001 -6 6 552.252427
Yes 0 32.362459547 -819 180.521513 339.75
Yes 0 32.362459547 0 180.521513 339.75
No 6.747572816 0 20 Infinite 6.74757282
Yes 0 80.0000000001 0 Infinite 745.526718
Yes 0 80.0000000001 -56 56 745.526718
Yes 0 50 0 Infinite 666
Yes 0 50 -84 84 666
No 126077.283 0 0 Infinite 126077.283
No 1.116504854 0 0 1.11650485 Infinite
No 6 0 0 6 Infinite
No 552.2524272 0 0 552.252427 Infinite
No 819 0 0 819 Infinite
No 0.883495146 0 0 0.88349515 Infinite
No 1.06870229 0 0 1.06870229 Infinite
No 56 0 0 56 Infinite
No 745.5267176 0 0 745.526718 Infinite
No 1.25 0 0 1.25 Infinite
No 84 0 0 84 Infinite
No 666 0 0 666 Infinite
Objectives Incomes VS variables
126077.28 1.12
ANNEXE 9: Madimization of the female income
Peanut product Peanut ransf. Peanut sa Rice trans Rice prod. P.wine prod. P.winetransf P. wine sale F. pick.prod. F.pick.ransf F.pick.sale RHS Res.use
Unit income (CFA) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50
Land family 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 2 1 Land
Land community 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 <= 3 1 Land community
Male laborwet 85 0 0 0 41 19 0 0 0 0 0 < 160 39 Male laborwet
Male labordry 0 0 0 0 0 131 0 0 0 0 0 <= 140 10 Male labor dry
Female labor wet 35 0 0 0 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 <170 102 Female labor wet
Female labor dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 <= 60 60 Female labor dry
Seed pean. 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<= 60 1 Seed pean.
PeanutAcctg -500 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 0 -0 PeanutAcctg
Peanutcons. O -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= -6 -6 Peanut cons.
Rice cons. 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= -819 -819 Rice cons.
Rice acctg 0 0 0 1 -927 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 0 -0 Rice acctg
Seed rice 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 20 13 Seed rice
Palm wine acctg 0 0 0 0 0 -750 1 1 0 0 0 <= 0 0 Palm wine acctg
Palm wine cons. 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 = -56 -56 Panm wine cons.
Frit p. acctg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -600 1 1 <= 0 -0 Fnit p. acctg
Fnit pick cons. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 < -84 -84 Fruit pick. cons.
family income 0 0 -60 0 0 0 0 -80 0 0 -50 <= 0 -33300 family income
Objectives incomes VS variables
33300 0.01 6.00 0.00 819.00 0.88 0.07 56.00 0.00 1.25 84.00 666.00
Answer Report
Solution Cel Starting Final
In4:A27 33300 33300
Variable Cels Starting Final Gradient Increment Decrement
Peanut product In4:B27..B27 1.018921 0.012 0 0.00 infinite
Peanut transf. n4:C27..C27 509.4604 6 0 0.00 Infinite
Peanut sale in4:D27..D27 0 0 0 0.00 Infinite
Rice transf. ln4:E27..E27 909.4604 819 0 0 Infinite
Rice prod. ln4:F27..F27 0.981079 0.883495 0 0 Infinite
P.wine prod. ln4:G27..G27 0.866153 0.074667 0 0 Infinite
P. wine transf ln4:H27..H27 649.6146 56 0 0.00 infinite
P. wine sale kn4:127..127 0 0 0 1.42109E-14 Infinite
F. pick.prod. In4:J27..J27 1.25 1.25 0 Infiite 30000
F.pick.transf in4:K27..K27 84 84 0 50 Infinite
F.pick.sale ln4:L27..L27 666 666 50 Infinite 50
Cel Value Constraint Binding? Slack Dual Value RightValue Increment Decrement
Land family In4:08..08 0.895495 <=2 No 1.104504854 0 2 Infinite 1.10450485
Land community ln4:O9..09 1.324667 <=3 No 1.675333333 0 3 Infinite 1.67533333
Malelaborwet ln4O010..010 38.66197 <=160 No 121.3380324 0 160 Infinite 121.338032
Male labor dry ln4:011..011 9.781333 <=140 No 130.2186667 0 140 Infinite 130.218667
Female labor wet In4:012..012 102.0219 <=170 No 67.97805825 0 170 Infinite 67.9780583
Female labordry ln4:013..013 60 <=60 Yes 0 625 60 80.416 53.28
Seed pean. ln4:014..014 0.54 <=60 No 59.46 0 60 Infinite 59.46
PeanutAcctg n4:015..015 -2.6E-11 <=0 Yes 0 0 0 6 552.252427
Peanutcons. In4:016..016 -6 <=-6 Yes 0 0 -6 6 552.252427
Rice cons. 1n4:017..017 -819 <=-819 Yes 0 0 -819 819 417
Rice acctg in4:018..018 -2.8E-11 <=0 Yes 0.00 0 0 819 417
Seedrice In4:019..019 13.25243 <=20 No 6.747572816 0 20 Infinite 6.74757282
Palm wine acctg In4:020..020 -7.7E-10 <=0 Yes 0 0 0 56 745.526718
Palm wine cons. In4:021..021 -56 <=-56 Yes 0 0 -56 56 745.526718
Fruit p. acctg ln4:022..022 -2.BE-14 <=0 Yes 0 50 0 Infinite 666
Fruit pick cons. In4:023..023 -84 <=-84 Yes 0 50 -84 84 666
family Income in4:O24..024 -33300 <=0 No 33300 0 0 Infinite 33300
ln4:B27..B27 0.012 >=0 No 0.012 0 0 0.012 Infinite
In4:C27..C27 6 >=0 No 6 0 0 6 Infinite
ln4:D27..D27 0 >0= Yes 0 -1.42109E-14 0 552.252427 6
In4:E27..E27 819 >=0 No 819 0 0 819 Infinite
ln4:F27..F27 0.883495 >=0 No 0.883495146 0 0 0.88349515 Infinite
ln4:G27..G27 0.074667 >=0 No 0.0747 0 0 0.07466667 Infinite
In4:H27. H27 56 >=0 No 56.0000 0 0 56 Infinite
n4:127..127 0 >=0 Yes 0 -1.42109E-14 0 745.526718 56
ln4:J27..J27 1.25 >=0 No 1.25 0 0 1.25 Infinite
in4:K27..K27 84 >=0 No 84 0 0 84 Infinite
ln4:L27..L27 666 >=0 No 666 0 0 666 Infinite
ANNEXE 10: Maximization of the male Income
Peanutproduct Peanut ransf. Peanut sale Ricetransf. Rice prod. P.wineprod. P.winelranst P. wine sale F. pick.prod. F.pick.transf F.pick.sale RHS Res.use
Unit income (CFA 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0
Land family 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 2 2 Land family
Land community 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 < 3 1 Land community
Malelaborwet 85 0 0 0 41 19 0 0 0 0 0 <= 160 151 Male laborwet
Malelabordry 0 0 0 0 0 131 0 0 0 0 0 < 1140 40 Malelabor dry
Female laborwet 35 0 0 0 115 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 170 141 Female labor wet
Female labor dry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 <= 60 7 Female labor dry
Seed pean. 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 60 50 Seedpean.
Peanut Acctg -500 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0< 0 -0 PeanutAcctg
Peanut cons. -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 < -6 -6 Peanutcons.
Rice cons. O 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= -819 -819 Rice cons.
Rice acctg 0 0 0 1 -927 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 0 Rice accg
Seedrice 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 <= 20 13 Seed rice
Palmwineacctg 0 0 0 0 0 -750 1 1 0 0 0 0 -0 Palm ineacctg
Palmwinecons. 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0< -56 -56 Pam winecons.
Fruitp. acctg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -600 1 1 < 0 -0 Fruitp.acctg
Frut pick. cons. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 <= -84 -84 Fnit pick cons.
family income 0 0 -60 0 0 0 0 -80 0 -50 <= 0 -92777 familyincome
Objectives Incomes VS variables
92777.28 1.12 6.00 552.25 819.00 0.88 1.07 56.00 745.53 0.14 84.00 0.00
Answer Report
Solution Cel Starting Final
In5A27 92777.283 92777.283
Variable Cel Starting Final Gradient Increment Decrement
Peanut product ln5:B27..B2 1.1165049 1.11650485 0 Infinite 30000
Peanut transf. In5:C27..C2 6 6 0 60 Infinite
Peanut sale In5:D27..D2 55225243 552.252427 60 Infinite 60
Rice tansf. 1n5:E27..E2 819 819 0 32.36245955 Infinite
Rice prod. ln5:F27..F27 0.8834951 0.88349515 0 30000 Infinite
P.wine prod. ln5:G27..G2 1.0687023 1.06870229 0 Infinite 60000
P. wine transf In5:H27..H2 56 56 0 80 Infinite
P.wine sale ln5:127..127 745.52672 745.526718 80 Infinite 80
F. pick.prod. ln5:J27..J27 1.082691 0.14 0 0 Infinite
F.pick.transf ln5:K27..K2 649.61458 84 0 0 Infinite
F.pick.sale In5:L27..L27 0 0 0 0 Infinite
Cel Value Constraint Binding? Slack DualValue RightValue Increment Decrement
Landfamily ln5:08..08 2 <=2 Yes 0 30000 2 0.10080521 1.104505
Land community In5:09..09 1.2087023 <=3 No 1.79129771 0 3 Infinite 1.791298
Male labor wet In5:010..01 151.43156 <=160 No 8.568442896 0 160 Infinite 8.568443
Male labor dry ln5:011..O1 140 <=140 Yes 0 458.015267 140 59.0771589 130.2187
Femalelaborwet In5:012..01 140.67961 <=170 No 29.32038835 0 170 Infinite 29.32039
Female labor dry ln5:013..01 6.72 <=60 No 53.28 0 60 Infinite 53.28
Seedpean. In5:014..01 50.242718 <=60 No 9.757281553 0 60 Infinite 9.757282
PeanutAcctg ln5:015..01 -1.01E-13 <=0 Yes 0 60 0 Infinite 552.2524
Peanutcons. ln5:016..O1 -6 <-6 Yes 0 60 -6 6 5522524
Rice cons. In5:017..01 -819 <=-819 Yes 0 32.3624595 -819 180.521513 339.75
Rice acctg In5:018..O1 5.496E-14 <=0 Yes 0 32.3624595 0 180.521513 339.75
Seedrice in5:019..01 13.252427 <=20 No 6.747572816 0 20 Infinite 6.747573
Palm wine acctg in5:020..02 -1.64E-13 <=0 Yes 0 80 0 Infinite 745.5267
Palnwinecons. n5:021..02 -56 <-56 Yes 0 80 -56 56 745.5267
Fruitp. acctg in5:022..02 -8.82E-10 <=0 Yes 0 0 0 84 666
Fruitpick cons. In5:023..02 -84 <---84 Yes 0 0 -84 84 666
family income ln5:024..02 -92777.283 <=0 No 92777.28304 0 0 Infinite 92777.28
ln5:B27..B2 1.1165049 >=0 No 1.116504854 0 0 1.11650485 Infinite
ln5:C27..C2 6 >=0 No 6 0 0 6 Infinite
in5:D27..D2 552.25243 >=0 No 552.2524272 0 0 552.252427 Infinite
ln5:E27..E2 819 >=0 No 819 0 0 819 Infinite
ln5:F27..F27 0.8834951 >=0 No 0.883495146 0 0 0.88349515 Infinite
ln5:G27..G2 1.0687023 >=0 No 1.06870229 0 0 1.06870229 Infinite
In5:H27..H2 56 >=0 No 56 0 0 56 Infinite
In5:127..127 745.52672 >=0 No 745.5267176 0 0 745.526718 Infinite
1n5:J27..J27 0.14 >=0 No 0.14 0 0 0.14 Infinite
in5:K27..K2 84 >=0 No 84 0 0 84 Infinite
in5:L27..L27 0 >=0 Yes 0 0 0 666 84
ANNEXE 11 : Proposition of alternative solution (basket making)
Peanut product Peanut tansf. Peanut sale Rice transf. Rice prod. P.wine prod. P. wine transf P. wine sale F. pick.prod. F.pick.transf F.pick.sale re labor bask making Bask.Transf Bask.sale RHS Res.use
Unit income (CFA
Land family
Land community
Male labor wet
Male labor dry
Female labor wet
Female labor dry
Seed pean.
Peanut Acct -
Peanut cons.
Rice cons.
Rice acctg
Seed rice
Palm wine acctg
Palm wine cons.
Fruit p. acctg
Fruit pick. cons.
Basket acctg
Basket labor
Female cash
family income
Objectives incomes VS variables
228744
0 0 60 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
65 0 0 0 41 19
0 0 0 0 0 131
35 0 0 0 115 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
45 0 0 0 0 0
00 1 1 0 0 0
0 -1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 1 -927 0
0 0 0 0 15 0
0 0 0 0 0 -750
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -60 0 0 0
1.12 6 552.25 819
0.88 1.07
0 80 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 48
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 0
-1 0 0
0 0 -600
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 -80 0
56 745.53 1.25
0 50 -150 0 0 300
0 0 0 0 0 0 < 2 2 Landfamly
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 Land community
0 0 0 0 0 0< 160 151 Malelaborwet
0 0 0 0 0 0 140 140 Male labor dry
0 0 0 0 0 0 170 141 Female laborwet
0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 Female labor dry
0 0 0 0 0 0 < 60 50 Seed pn.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panut Acctg
0 0 0 0 0 0 -8 P-6 anut cons.
0 0 0 0 0 0 -81 -819 Rice cos.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 Rice acctg
0 0 0 0 0 0 20 13 Seed rice
S0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 Palm ne acctg
0 0 0 0 0 0 -56 -5 Palmwine cons.
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fruit p. acctg
-1 0 0 0 0 0 -84 -84 Fnit pkk. cons.
0 0 0 -50 1 1 0 0 Basket acctg
0 0 -1 15 0 0 < 10 10 Basket labor
0 0 150 0 0 0 16000 18000 Female cash
0 -50 0 0 0 -300 -20000 -242744 family Income
84 666 107
0 389
Answer Report
Solution Cel Starting Final
1n6.A30 226743.9497 226743.9497
Variable Cels Starting Final Greadiet increment Decrement
Peanut product ln:B30..B30 1.116504854 1.116504654 0 Ininite 30000
Peanut transf. 6:C30..C30 6 0 60 Infinite
Peanut sale n6:D30..D30 552.2524272 552.2524272 60 Infinte 60
Rice transf. I6:E30..E30 810 819 0 32.362459547 Infinite
Rice prod. ln6:F30..F30 0.883495140 0.883495146 0 30000 Infnite
P.wlne prod. lin:G30..G30 1.06870229 1.06870229 0 Infinite 0000
P. wine transf In6;H30..H30 56 56 0 80 Infinte
P. wine sale in6;130..130 745.5267176 745.5267176 80 Infinite 80
F. pick.prod. In8:J30..J30 1.25 1.25 0 Infite 30000
F.plck.transf in:K30..K30 84 84 0 50 Iinite
F.pick.sale I:..L30..L30 66 666 50.0000000002 Infinite 50
ire labor ln6:M30..M30 106.6666667 106.608667 -150 Infinite 850
bask.making InHN30..N30 7.777777778 7.777777778 0 Infinite 12750
Bask.Transf In6:030..030 0 0 0 300 Infite
Bask.sal Mn6:P30..P30 388.8886889 388.8888889 300 Infinite 255
Cel Value Constraint Binding? Slack Dual Value Right Value Increment Decrement
Land family In6:S8..S8 2 -2 Yes 0 30000 2 0.100805211 1.10450485
Land community In6:SO..SO 2.31870229 o-3 No 0.6812977099 0 3 Infiite 0.88129771
Male laborwet n6:S10..S10 151.4315571 -180 No 8.5684428963 0 160 Ininite 8.5684429
Male labor dry n6:S11..S11 140 -<140 Yes 0 458.01526718 140 59.07715892 130.218667
Female labor wet n6:S12..S12 140.679117 <=170 No 29.32038835 0 170 Infinite 29.3203883
Female labor dry nn6:S13..S13 60 '60 Yes 0 625 60 32.70229008 53.28
Seed pan. In6:S14..S14 50.24271845 '-60 No 9.7572815534 0 60 Infiite 9.75726155
PeanutAcctg in6:S15..S15 1.7764E-15 -0 Yes 0 0 0 Infinite 552.252427
Peanut cons. In6:S1..S16 -68 -6 Yes 0 60 -6 6 552.252427
Rice cons. In0:S17..S17 -819 o-819 Yes 0 32.362459547 -819 180.5215128 339.75
Rice acctg in6:S18..S18 -1.5088E-13 <0 Yes 0 32.382459547 0 180.5215128 339.75
Seed rice l6:S19..S19 13.25242718 -<20 No 6.7475728155 0 20 Inlnite 6.74757282
Palm wine acctg In:S20..S20 6.3505E-14 -=0 Yes 0 8 0 Ininte 745.526718
Palm wine cons. ln6:S21..S21 -56 <-56 Yes 0 80 -56 56 745.526718
Fruit p. acctg ln6:S22..S22 2.8422E-14 -=0 Yes 0 50 0 Infinte 666
Fruit pick. con. ln6:S23..S23 -84 -04 Yes 0 50 -84 84 666
Basket acctg in6:S24..S24 1.7764E-14 -0 Yes 0 300 0 Ininite 388.888889
Basket labor Bn6:S25..S25 10 <-10 Yes 0 1000 10 Infinite 116.666667
Female cash in6:526..S26 16000 -<16000 Yes 0 5.88666666667 16000 Inlinite 1000
family hicome in6:S27..S27 -242743.95
n6:B30..B30 1.116504854 -0 No 1.1165048544 0 0 1.116504854 infinite
in6:C30..C30 6 >-0 No 6 0 0 Infinite
In6:D30..D30 552.2524272 >=0 No 552.25242718 0 0 552.2524272 Infinite
i60:E30..E30 819 >-0 No 819 0 0 819 Ininite
hi:F30..F30 0.883495146 >-0 No 0.8834951456 0 0 0.883495146 Infinte
in6:G30..G30 1.06870229 >-0 No 1.0687022901 0 0 1.06870229 Infinite
lin:H30..H30 56 >-0 No 56 0 0 56 nfincte
nB:130..130 745.5267176 >-0 No 745.52671756 0 0 745.5267176 Infinite
n6:J30..J30 1.25 >-0 No 1.25 0 0 1.25 Infinite
ln6:K30..K30 84 >0 No 84 0 0 84 Infinite
lin6:L30..L30 666 >-0 No 666 0 0 666 Infinite
lin6:M30..M30 106.6666667 >-0 No 106.66666667 0 0 106.6666667 Infinite
n6:N30..N30 7.777777778 >-0 No 7.7777777778 0 0 7.777777778 Infinite
n6:030..030 0 >-0 Yes 0 -300 0 388.8888889 Infinite
In6:P30..P30 388.8888889 -0 No 388.88888889 0 0 388.88889 Infinte
VI- BIBLIOGRAPHY
--------**_----
1- Bertrand, R. 1973. Contribution for 1'etude hydrologique
pedologique et agronomique des sols gris-sableux de Casamance
". Agronomie tropical 28(12)1145-1192
2- Beye, G. 1972a. Etude des sols tropicaux : acidification,
toxicite et amendment ". IRAT/Senegal.
3- Farming Systems Team/Djibelor. 1985. Demographic census
of the Lower Casamance ". ISRA/Djibelor 1985.
4- Sonko, M.L and al. 1985. Les systems d'elevage en Basse Ca
samance. ISRA/Djibelor.
5- LO, M and Al. 1984 : Zonage et Systemes de production en
Basse Casamance. Rapport d'Equipe. ISRA/Djibelor.
6- Sail, Samba and al. 1985 : Le suivi agrosocio-economique
des exploitations agricoles en Basse Casamance (1983-1985).
Rapport d'Equipe. ISRA/Djibelor.
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