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TROPSOILS PROJECT INDONESIA
(SOIL MANAGEMENT CRSP)
February 1987
TROPSOILS PROJECT INDONESIA
(SOIL MANAGEMENT CRSP)
FUNDING AGENCY
U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C.
DATE STARTED:
June July 1983.
COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS.
1. University of Hawaii (lead institution).
2. North Carolina State University (support institution;
active participation ended July 1986).
3. Center for Soil Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
RESEARCH SITE:
2 S, 101 E (see location maps, p. 2-3)
Sitiung, West Sumatera, Indonesia; approximately 210 km SE of
Padang. Time to travel: 5 hours by car and 7.5 hours by public
transportation.
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Kalimantan
Java X a (
BALt
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Location of Sitiung region, West Sumatra, Indonesia
_ _
LEGEND \ 2' /. > / sIIC
, SOIL SR.MPLE SITE
0 TGNNS
1 DISSECTED PENEPLRIN 4 -~'
2 TRANSITION PENEPLRIN-TERRACES\
3 SUBRECENT TERRfCES
4 RECENT FLOUGDPLIN .V
5 GRANITE .
A TROPSOILS LAND RESTORATION SITE
B TROPSOILS LAND CLEARANCE SITEI !.
Main geomorphic units and sample locations, Sitiung. SI-SVC marks
location of transmigration settlements.-
SITIUNG AGRICULTURE: Most transmigrant families are engaged in
raising field crops. Field work is mostly done by hand. Common
crops are rice, corn, soybean, peanut, cowpeas, cassava, and
mungbeans. Vegetables and fruits are grown in the home gardens.
In the newer settlements, a major portion of the farm produce is
for home consumption.
Javanese and Sundanese farmers usually till the land and like to
see it clean of weeds. The indigenous minang farmers, on the
other hand, employ no-till farming practice. Most farmers know
the value of lime, fertilizers, and pest control chemicals, but
few can afford to use as much as they would like to.
Crop yields are generally low to very low, but can be improved
with sound management. The following table presents a comparison
of crop yields under low and high input management systems.
YIELD, t/ha
CROP
Low input
High input "
Upland rice 0.7 2.5
Corn (monoculture) 2.0 5.5
Corn (corn + rice) 0.11
Soybean 0.3 2.0
Peanuts 0.6 2.0
Cowpeas 0.6 1.5
Mungbeans 0.0 1.0
* Experimental yields
CONSTRAINTS TO PRODUCTIVITY*
Researchers' Perception
1. Poor soil fertility
2. High soil acidity and
aluminum saturation
3. Moisture stress
4. Soil variability
5. Soil erosion
6. Poor supply of agricultural
inputs
7. Poor genetic stock
8. Poor quality seeds
9. Pests and diseases
-Farmers' Perception
1. Poor soil and climatic
conditions.
2. Inadequate labor
3. Shortage of cash
4. Marketing problems
5. Poor extension services
6. Government policy
7. Lack of irrigation works
8. Pests and diseases
* These are not ranked in order of importance
7
The anticipated project team will include Ron Guyton (senior agronomist),
Lalit Arya (senior soil physicist), Carl Evensen (junior agronomist), Stacy
Evensen (nutritionist), Stephenie Kan (junior agricultural economics graduate
student), unnamed senior farming systems researcher with interest/experience in
extension, and an unnamed junior agroforester. Changes and additions may occur
due to funding uncertainties, and the unavailability of new team members to
participate in this planning process.
The following six major categories summarize our Indonesian on-site
program. Rationale, activities, and personnel requirements are listed for
each:
1. Liming and Soil Fertility
Liming
Various lime trials have been done in Sitiung. The initial results have
been consistent with published information regarding soil acidity on similar
soils in other parts of the world. However, there is a noticeable lack of long
term lime studies on soils in Indonesia, as well as in the humid tropics in
general. Now we have the opportunity to study long term aspects of liming as
indicated below:
Maintenance: Studying annual lime application for maintaining an
established or desired level of acidity.
Residual: Duration or length of effectiveness of a single application.
Downward Movement of Ca into the soil profile and its effect on crop
growth.
Effectiveness of lime on various soil types.
Soil Fertility
Phosphorus: The studies on phosphorus have consistently indicated a very
strong response to P fertilizer on previously unfertilized soils, but relatively
8
low rates of both initial and maintenance applications have been sufficient to
establish and maintain plateau crop yields. A more indepth look at the
maintenance or longterm phosphorus fertilizer requirements needs to be done.
Also, experimentation of the interaction of phosphorus with lime has recently
been initiated and should be continued.
Potassium: There has been a remarkable response to K fertilizer on
Sitiung soils, requiring high rates and frequent applications to provide plateau
yields of most food crops. Apparently potassium leaches very rapidly from the
soil and at least one study (effect of organic materials on the replenishment of
potassium and curtailment of leaching) should be continued. Conservation of
potassium will be critical to establishing viable and continuous crop
production.
Micronutrients: No experimentation has been initiated to date by
TropSoils on micronutrients. We have not witnessed any identifiable
deficiencies in either our research plots or farmer fields. However, a survey
of plant tissue from various locations and crops would help establish the
general micronutrient status of the soils and relevance of future research on
that subject.
All of the above topics will provide experimental data that can be used by
the CSR soil testing program, led by I. P. Gedjer Widjaja-Adhi, to help
establish valid indices for making lime and fertilizer recommendations, using an
expert system. The established trials will be supervised by Ron Guyton, and new
trials will be done in collaboration with anticipated new CSR personnel.
2. Soil and Water Conservation Work to date by TropSoils has illustrated
that soil moisture shortages, soil erosion, and excessive runoff are serious
problems in West Sumatra. Despite 2500-3000mm of annual rainfall, crops suffer
from moisture stress that eventually results in serious reductions in yields.
9
Crop roots appear to be confined wi-nin the depth of tillage, which is
manually performed with a hoe to a depth of ten to fifteen cm. This shallow
rooting depth reduces the amount of water stored in the soil that is available
to the plants. Thus, crops cannot utilize any of the soil moisture stored below
a depth of 6 inches. There is reason to believe that a further major
restriction to root development is the presence of toxic levels of aluminum
below the depth of tillage and, therefore below the depth of lime incorporation.
Neutralizing soil acidity creates favorable conditions for root growth and a
favorable chemical environment for nutrient availability
Soil moisture storage is affected by internal drainage conditions.
Although the West Sumatra soils are clayey, many of them are composed of stable
aggregates. We believe that much of the infiltrated water rapidly drains below
the root zone. It may be possible to alter the soils structure to impede this
internal drainage, thus increasing soil moisture storage in the root zone.
On the steeper cultivated slopes, excessive runoff and soil erosion occur
quite easily. A large portion of the rainfall that otherwise could be stored in
the soil profile is lost to runoff. Continued removal of topsoil, which holds
the limited amount of plant nutrients results in a serious decline in
productivity. The problem is most serious for resource-poor farmers because
they cannot easily replenish the lost nutrients and other inputs to restore soil
productivity. It is imperative that management practices developed for farmers
in this region be conservation-effective practices in order to sustain economic
crop production in this humid environment.
During 1986-1987, the major focus of research will be oriented toward the
following objectives:
Determining the extent and rate of downward movement of lime and the
effect on root development and water absorption;
10
Characterizing the available water retention properties of soils in the
Sitiung area;
Investigating the effect of residues, both surface and incorporated, on
water retention and soil losses;
Exploring the potential of various conservation effective farming
systems; and,
Investigating the effects of current and revised tillage practices on
soil and water conservation.
Anticipated non-CSR personnel involved in this project will include Lalit
Arya and a junior scientist. Involvement by the farming systems researcher in
the study is expected.
3. Organic Material and Forage Management The marked response of some crops
to green manure in previous experiments in Sitiung has suggested that the proper
management of organic materials might reduce the need for lime and fertilizers
on Sitiung farms. Also, the importance of livestock and difficulties in finding
adequate feed has suggested the need to assess more productive forage systems.
A series of experiments has been initiated in Sitiung to 1) quantify the
influence of green manures on crop yields, 2) evaluate fertilizer and
herbaceous legumes and forage grasses for use on transmigrant farms, and 3) to
incorporate information from Sitiung transmigrants in the selection and design
of green manure and forage management systems. These are:
Alley Cropping: There is presently one experiment being conducted to
determine the green manure and wood productivity of three legume trees at three
levels of lime application and their influence on intercropped food crops.
Source and Application-Method of Green Manure: Two experiments are
being conducted to compare methods of production and application of two species
of herbaceous legumes.
Forage Crop Evaluation: Two experiments are underway designed to select
promising forage and green manure species and determine their fertilizer
requirements.
Compost: A farmer-managed experiment is being conducted in Sitiung home
gardens to compare crop response to compost, farmyard manure, inorganic
fertilizers and fishpond sludge; and to assess the interest of farmers in these
different fertilizers and amendments.
0
Carl Evensen and Russell Yost in Hawaii are the primary researchers in
this series of experiments. For the composting trials, Carl will be assisted by
Stacy Evensen and the farming systems researcher.
4. Agroforestry The farming system of the indigenous population of Sitiung
includes shifting cultivation which culminates in tree crops (rubber, coffee,
fruit trees). A variety of tree crops are also grown on transmigrant home
gardens. The appropriateness and advantages of tree crops in the Sitiung
environment are now obvious, including tolerance to soil acidity, reduced risk
of pests, soil conservation, more effective use of available soil moisture, more
reliable cash incomes, and lower human labor requirements. It appears that the
development of improved soil management practices for field crops alone will
1) not result in a satisfactory income for transmigrants, and 2) is not
consistent with the farming system of the indigenous population at all. The
following activities have high priority:
Legume Tree Evaluation: This experiment has been undertaken in
collaboration with NFTA, investigating the nitrogen contribution of these
leguminous trees, and assessing suitability for the Sitiung environment.
Food-Tree Intercrop: Ideally a whole series of experiments would be
initiated which use these kinds of crop mixtures. Such experiments could focus
on soil fertility, soil biology, soil physical and/or conservation questions.
12
leguminous trees, and assessing suitability for the Sitiung environment.
Food-Tree Intercrop: Ideally a whole series of experiments would be
initiated which use these kinds of crop mixtures. Such experiments could focus
on soil fertility, soil biology, soil physical and/or conservation questions.
The legume tree evaluation is being undertaken by Carl Evensen. The
planned agroforestry graduate student would be responsible for the series of
experiments called "Food-Tree Intercrop". This would be an ideal context in
which to collaborate with another institution such as the Horticulture research
station in Solok, the Abai Siat Rubber Replanting Project in the Sitiung area,
or the NES coconut project in Rimbo Bujang.
5. Extrapolation Soil management research on infertile, strongly acid, Red
Yellow Podzolic soils of Indonesia by the TropSoils Project has uncovered three
major soil constraints that restrict crop yields. These are aluminum toxicity,
and severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies. Project personnel have
developed a computerized expert system that enables extension agent to make
recommendations to neutralize toxic aluminum with lime or organic matter. The
research on phosphorus shows that although the soils are severely deficient in
this element, the problem can be corrected with relatively low initial, and
still lower maintenance, rates. In the case of potassium, rapid leaching of
this nutrient from the root zone into the toxic subsoil renders this element
more difficult to manage in these soils than similar clay soils elsewhere in the
world. Research, however, proves that lime and organic matter improve the
potassium fertilizer use efficiency by crops.
This two part activity is designed to test the technical, economic and
social suitability of TropSoils research findings in farmer fields.
The first part consists of testing the accuracy of the lime rates
recommended by an expert system, and establishing the-range of transferability
13
of the low phosphorus fixation rate, the high potassium leaching rate and the
effectiveness of green manure to counter the toxic effects of aluminum in acid,
Red Yellow Podzolic soils of Indonesia. In addition, efforts will be made to
incorporate the diverse kinds of social science input into an expert systems
designed to predict the crops likely to be grown.
In line with the farming systems approach being utilized, the technologies
and systems identified as promising must be tested under farmer conditions. A
tentative set of "Best Management Practices" has been identified and the process
of testing the systems will be initiated. Similarly, two or three "special
studies" on aspects of the farming systems can be expected, dictated by
observations and information needs of the team. One, year-long study that will
be completed is the characterization of home gardens. An enterprise record /
keeping study is being initiated and will be partially completed during this
year.
The work in Sitiung will be carried out with the assistance of local
extension agents. To do so, appropriate contacts with extension officials and
provincial administrators will be required.
In addition, the project will require the services of an economist to
evaluate the benefits that accrue to users of the technology. The Farming
Systems Researcher will evaluate farmer reactions to the innovation and the
likelihood of their retaining the technology, as well as providing ongoing
feedback to other members of the team on matters related to farmer acceptance of
technology. Continued support is anticipated from Perry Philipp, Hal McArthur,
Kathy Wilson, and Carol Dixon at the University of Hawaii.
The development of the decision support system will continue at the
University of Hawaii, under the leadership of Goro Uehara, Russell Yost and
Steve Itoga.
6. Linkages The goals and objectives of TropSoils are closely related to
these many other programs and institutions in Indonesia. The total
accomplishments of these programs can be increased by periodic interaction to
share relevant information, and by working collaboratively where mutually
beneficial results can be achieved. Since its beginning in Indonesia, TropSoils
has had a highly beneficial collaborative relationship with the Centre for Soil
Research. However, there appear to be additional opportunities to add to this
success.
As a means to initiate these actions, the following are suggested:
a. Continue the major collaborative effort with the Centre for Soil
Research in the same manner as has existed from the beginning of the
program.
b. Appoint a joint committee to devise a plan and promote the
extrapolation of current technology on the proper use of lime. The
composition of the committee would include a representative from CSR,
one from Extension and one from TropSoils.
c. Initiate an exchange of the Annual Work Plans between the TropSoils
program and the SARIF program in Sitiung.
d. Conduct and annual joint meeting to review the accomplishments of each
program during the past year, and the plans for activities during the
coming year.
e. Maintain a sensitivity to the opportunities which may arise for
collaboration with other institutions which could be mutually
beneficial.
7. Constraints Major constraints to accomplishing the activities identified
above, in addition to uncontrollable environmental factors, are personnel
staffing and adequate funds for operations.
15
The level of funding from TropSoils to support operating expenses, is most
uncertain. This is due in part to the uncertainty of actions by the U.S.
Congress and in part to the competing demands for TropSoils funds from
components of the program in other countries. While every effort will be made
by the Management Entity to maximize the funding for TropSoils Indonesia,
substantial additional support will be required to conduct fully the activities
set forth above.
I
ONGOING RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
1. SOIL FERTILITY
a. Lime reaction
crop response
residual effect
maintenance
b. Phosphorus
Crop response
critical levels
maintenance
lime X phosphorous model
rock phosphate vs. TSP
c. Magnesium
crop response (rice-peanut; maize-soybean)
maintenance
d. Fe-toxicity: fertility management
to eliminate "orange disease" in
flooded rice.
e. Effect of calcium and molybdenum on
productivity of forage legumes
f. Nitrogen sources
2. VARIETY SCREENING
a. Peanut screening for
acidity tolerance
3. ORGANIC MATERIAL AND FORAGE MANAGEMENT
a. Alley cropping
- effect of lime X tree species
b. Green manure management
source of GM, method of application,
liming rates
c. Tree legumes
d. Forage legumes and grasses
4. SOIL PHYSICS AND EROSION/CONSERVATION
a. Root growth problems
Aluminum toxicity and liming
Effect of organic amendments
b. Post-clearing management
organic residue and cover crops
tillage
chemical inputs
c. Erosion/Conservation
evaluation of conservation practices
bench terrace
bund terrace
grass strip
slot mulch
bare
5. SOCIOECONOMICS
a. Farmer practice and production study.
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS TO DATE
AGRONOMIC
A. LIME
1. Efficiency: lime to achieve 20% acid saturation (A1+H)
(about pH 5) for most efficient use of lime.
2. Crop tolerance to acid saturation: Mungbean 0
Soybean 15%
Maize 30%
Peanut 40%
Rice 60%
3. Prediction: LR (t/ha) = 1.5 (exch Al+H -(RAS*ECEC))
Where RAS is required acid saturation,
ECEC is effective CEC (sum of bases)
BD=1.0 and tillage is 15 cm
4. Maintenance: approximately 1/3 of initial rate per year
will maintain the established level of acid saturation.
5. Incubation: none required, lime reacts very quickly in
the warm, moist soils of the udic environment.
B. PHOSPHOROUS
1. Soils have low P-fixation capacities despite high clay
and high Fe contents; 20-80 kg P/ha is sufficient to
reach optimum yields.
2. Rates of 10 to 20 kg P/ha/crop are adequate to maintain
sufficient available soil P.
3. Method of application of P fertilizer is not critical
for agronomic effectiveness but broadcasting has, by
far, the lowest labor requirement.
C. POTASSIUM
1. Under high yield environment, high rates of K are
required to achieve maximum yields.
2. Poor residual effect; should make applications each crop.
3. Rice blast is suppressed with KC1; probably due to C1-.
D. ORGANIC MATERIAL
1. Newly cleared soils
a. No response to lime despite 50% AS; organic acids
complex Al.
b. Burning increases yields, does not reduce organic C.
2. Green manuring
a. Alleviated lime response of rice.
b. Improved efficiency of P fertilizer.
c. Alleviated K response.
3. Alley cropping
a. Albizia falcataria and Calliandra calothyrsus prunings
alleviated lime response of rice and improved
fertility.
b. Trees tolerate poor soils and soil acidity.
c. Trees tolerate frequent pruning, i.e. coppice well.
E. SULFUR:
No response to S fertilizers on corn, soybean, or mungbean
on either recently cleared soil or soil cultivated for
5-years.
F. MAGNESIUM: (Initial information)
1. Strong visual response of maize and soybeans
2. Little response of rice and peanut.
G. VARIABILITY:
1. Base status (Ca, Mg, K) best correlated with variable
growth.
2. Organic C and extractable P not correlated.
CROP MODELS AND EXPERT SYSTEMS:
Modeling work has been carried out mainly at the University of
Hawaii. A corn model has been tested and validated in Hawaii and
Indonesia. An expert system (ACID3B) that mimics the human
expert has been developed to make liming recommendations for a
variety of soil and crop conditions.
SOCIOECONOMICS
Social scientists (anthropologists, economists, etc) have played
a valuable support role in TROPSOILS research efforts. While
agricultural researchers have concentrated on specific
constraints to crop production (e.g. assessing problems relating
to soil acidity), social scientists have taken a broader view.
In general, their role has been to assess current farmer
practices, the potential for proposed research as perceived by
the farmer-user and to provide continuous monitoring and feedback
relating to the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of the
TROPSOILS research program. Using various methodologies
including participant observation, time allocation studies, and
farmer record-keeping systems, these researchers have provided
the following:
1. A characterization study of ethnic variation in soil
management practices which led to a variety of experiments
on different tillage practices.
2. Documentation of the potential of tree crop cultivation
among the indigenous population fueling TROPSOILS' interest
in agroforestry research.
3. A survey of sources and amounts of household income. This
information allowed researchers to tailor their lime trial
treatment levels to more closely approximate farmers'
capabilities.
4. Justification for continuation of a forage grass trial via
documentation of time required for local farmers to collect
animal feed.
5. A food consumption survey which provided useful information
about dietary preferences thus enabling researchers to
focus on appropriate crops for experimentation.
These are just a few examples of how an awareness of farmers'
traditional practices, economic and labor capabilities and
constraints and farmers' perceptions of proposed technologies has
allowed TROPSOILS researchers to more effectively work with and
develop technologies for use by local farmers in Sitiung.
FUTURE PLAN
Tropsoils workplan for 1986-87 was prepared in May 1986. It was
developed from considerations of ideas contributed by Center for
Soil Research, University of Hawaii, North Carolina State
University, Management Entity, U.S. Agency for International
Development, and the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research
and Development. Six major Areas of activity were identified.
These were:
1. Liming and Soil fertility.
2. Soil and Water conservation.
3. Organic material and forage management.
4. Agroforestry.
5. Extrapolation/Extension/Socioeconomics.
6. Linkages with other programs and institutions.
Staffing needs were specified for each activity. It was assumed
that the funding level would be maintained and the necessary
professional staff would be brought in.
Several things have happened since this workplan was developed.
Most important is the cutback in the budget that both UH and CSR
have suffered. The University of Hawaii Tropsoils budget has
been reduced by 49% and that of CSR by about 75% As a result,
staff and other material support f.r the project had to be
curtailed. For example, socioeconomics and agroforestry
positions have not been filled. We had anticipated that a few
graduate students/research associates would join the project in
Sitiung. None are expected now. Equipment necessary for
initiating new activities have not been made available. CSR has
asked its staff members in Sitiung to discontinue some of the
experiments.
Moreover, Tropsoils program in Sitiung is in a state of
transition. All members of the original American team have
departed, except Carl and Stacy Evensen. Stacy plans to leave
end of February 87. Carl will leave in June 87. New members,
Ron Guyton and Lalit Arya arrived in Sitiung 5 to 6 months ago.
Ron is a forage agronomist. He is supervising the soil fertility
experiments left in progress by Mike Wade. He is also supervising
maintainence and repair of equipment and vehicles. Lalit is a
soil physicist. He is responsible for developing and
implementing a research program in soil physics and soil and
water conservation. Lalit is also the current team leader and
has many administrative and supervisory responsibilities.
Progress has been slow because of a number of factors (listed
under factors affecting progress). All of the activities
envisioned in the 1986-87 workplan have not been implemented. At
the present time, it seems that Lalit Arya and Ron Guyton will
be the only two American staff in Sitiung. There is a
possibility that CSR will call back some of its B.S. level staff
and locate them elsewhere.
Future plans for Tropsoils research must, therefore, consider the
above circumstances. The team in Sitiung has had several
discussions and feels that 1986-87 workplan addresses soil
management issues that are relevant to Sitiung as well as to
other humid tropical regions. The team does not see how a future
workplan would be any different from the current plan. In other
words, the current workplan should continue to provide the
guideline for activities in the immediate future. There is need,
however, to consider the many constraints that the project is
facing and prioritize the activities.
The team recommends the following research activities.
AGRONOMIC
1. New liming trials should be initiated with emphasis on
monitoring the movement of calcium with depth and time for
several rates of lime application. These trials should
also attempt to establish the effective root zone of
different crops and how it is affected by liming.
Leaching losses of calcium must be determined. Include in
these experiments the observations of residual effect of
applied lime on crop yield. It would be desirable to
establish one trial of this type on each of the three
major soil types.
2. Past studies on phosphorus have shown little effect of
phosphorus without lime. Very little growth was obtained
if no lime was applied. It is therefore recommended that
only phosphorus X lime experiments be continued. It may
be desirable to expand the trial to include the three
major soil types.
3. Studies on soil potassium have shown a dramatic response
of crops to applied potassium. Again, all responses were
obtained in presence of lime. Potassium is known to leach
out of the soil fast. It would be desirable to initiate
trials that would establish the rate of leaching and the
residual effects of applied potassium. An investigation
of the effects of organic materials on replenishment of K
and curtailment of leaching should be initiated.
4. Investigations of root growth problems in Sitiung soils.
Both the mechanical and chemical limitations should be
investigated and indices established to recommend
ameliorating treatments. This study may be carried out in
conjunction with # 1. Field investigations should be
supplemented by laboratory and greenhouse measurements.
5. Characterizing the hydrologic properties and processes in
Sitiung soils. Despite 2700 mm annual rainfall, and high
clay content in Sitiung soils, crop failures due to
moisture stress are quite frequent. The reports are based
on visual observations only. Most investigators suspect
limited root growth. Some suggest excessively rapid
internal drainage as the cause of low moisture retention.
No studies have ever been conducted to reveal the real
nature of moisture limitations in these soils. The
proposed investigation would quantify soil properties that
govern moisture retention and depletion. It would produce
information on extractable soil moisture, crop moisture
use, and losses due to evaporation and internal drainage.
Results of these investigations along with those of the
investigations of root growth problems will form the
basis for recommending water management practices or
initiating appropriate new research. Information produced
will also serve as inputs to crop simulation models.
6. Sitiung farmers know the value of chemical inputs, but
only few can afford them. Those few who can, will
generally consider only low rates of lime and fertilizer.
Therefore, alternatives to chemical inputs must be
investigated. Marked response of some crops to green
manure, recorded in previous experiments, suggests that
proper management of organic materials might reduce or
eliminate the need for lime or fertilizers on Sitiung
farms. Trials need to be initiated to develop cropping
and soil management systems in which adequate organic
residue is produced and returned to the soil, in a manner
most convenient to the farmer. Combinations of residue
management, tillage, and low levels of chemical inputs
should be evaluated ,as alternatives to high input
chemical management or conventional clean cultivation with
little or no chemical inputs.
7. Soil erosion and runoff have been viewed as serious
problems in the Sitiung area. Efforts should begin to
explore the potential of various conservation effective
farming systems.
8. A new area to be added to the Tropsoils program is variety
screening for acid tolerance. The criteria for selection
may be crop yield or root growth response to levels of
aluminum saturation. Here's an opportunity to collaborate
with the Food Crops Research, Sukarami.
CROP MODELS AND EXPERT SYSTEMS:
Field experiments are expensive and often do not combine more
than a few variables. Outcomes are also uncertain due to
uncontrollable factors. Simulations overcome these difficulties
and are able to predict crop performance in a variety of
situations. Work has been in progress in Hawaii on crop
simulation models and expert systems. Testing and validation of
these models require data on weather, crop phenology, and soil
characteristics. Efforts should begin to produce complete and
reliable data sets expressely for the purpose of testing and
validation of simulation models and expert systems. Again, there
is an opportunity for the Food Crops Research and the Tropsoils
project to work together in this effort.
SOCIOECONOMICS:
Farmer practice information produced through the farmer practice
and production study carried out by Mrs. Stacy Evensen has been
most relevant and useful. This must continue. However, the
future of this effort remains uncertain, as Stacy plans to leave
end of February 1987, and a replacement for her has not been
thought of.
EXTENSION:
It has been suggested that Tropsoils engage in extension
activities. But Tropsoils does not have the expertise that are
needed. Furthermore, soils information alone may not form an
appropriate extension material.
Tropsoils and Food Crops Research may work together to combine
soils and crops information to produce agronomic packages for
important crops in the region.
The process of extension will, however, require involvement of an
agricultural education and communications expert. Such an expert
is unavailable. Local extension agents may be invited to
participate in this effort. However, it is for the heads of the
concerned programs/institutions to decide how best to approach
the issue relating t-o..extension.
TROPSOILS STAFFING PATTERN
NAME/AFFILIATION
POSITION
DATE DATE
ARRIVED DEPARTED
E X P A T R'I A T E
Dr. Lalit M. Arya/UH
Dr. Ronald F. Guyton/UH
Mr. Carl I. Evensen/UH
Mrs. Stacy Evensen/UH
Dr. John R. Thompson/UH
Dr. Mike Wade/NSCU
Dr. Carol J. Colfer/UH
Mr. Dan W. Gill/NSCU
Dr. Richard G. Dudley
Ms. Stephenie Kan
Univ. of Florida
Ms. Ellen Veger
Univ. Amsterdam
STAFF
Team Leader
Soil Physicist
Agronomist
Research Associate,
Ph.D Candidate,
Agronomy & Soil Science
Research Associate,
Nutrition
Team Leader
Agronomist
Soil Scientist
Team Leader/Farming
Systems Specialist
Ph.D Candidate
Soil Science
Consultant in Fisheries
Biology
Agric. Economics
M.S. graduate student
Anthropology
Graduate student
IND O N E S I A N S T A F F
Mr. Sholeh/CSR
Dr. IPG Widjaja-Adhi/CSR
Site coordinator
(Soil Scientist)
Site Coordinator
Soil Scientist
(Now country coordinator)
9/86
8/86
10/84
10/84
7/83
7/83
7/83
6/84
2/86
4/86
8/86
12/85
7/86
7/86
6/86
6/86
11/86
11/86
10/86
10/85
9/86
Ir. Fahmuddin Agus/CSR
Ir. Sidik Talao'hu/CSR
Ir. Ida Bagus Aribawa/CSR
Ir. Cuk Sugyarso/CSR
Endang Hidayat/CSR
Mulyadi/CSR
Ir. Bujang Rusman M.S.
Univ. Padjadjaran
Ir. Kasli M.S.
Univ. Padjadjaran
Opan Sopandi/CSR
Rum Harayitno/CSR
Sarjiman/CSR
Martono/CSR
Asda Wijaya/CSR
Suwandi/CSR
Jamalinal/CSR
Sartini
Wagino/CSR
Ratno GM/CSR
Ratno SI
Adi Nagoro
Tarmin
Sukirno
Sugeng
Wakidi
Haryono
Maryono
Madi o
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Field technician
Field technician
Soil Scientist
Ph.D Candidate
Soil Scientist
Ph.D Candidate
Field technician
Field technician
Field technician
Field technician
Field technician
Field technician
Field Technician
Lab technician
Lab technician
Driver
Driver
Driver
Driver
Driver
Field Asst. local
Permanent Laborer
Permanent Laborer
Permanent Laborer
Permanent Laborer
7/84
9/85
7/85
8/86
7/84
7/83
9/86
9/86
7/84
7/83
8/83
7/83
4/85
8/83
8/84
9/86
10/84
9/83
12/83
4/85
6/85
11/84
8/84
10/85
1/86
7/83
7/83
Lasmi
Lasyem
Khairul Munir
Dr. Joko Santoso/CSR
Dr. Soleh Sukmana/CSR
Ir. Al-Jabri/CSR
Ir. Karim Makarim/BORIF
Ir. Heryadi/CSR
Ir. Edi Santoso/CSR
Ir. Agus Sofyan/CSR
Ir. Edi Joniarta/CSR
Ir. Tory Budiastoro/CSR
Herman Agus/Andalas Univ.
Ir. Wicahyono/CSR
Kasno/CSR
Kasmini/CSR
Atin S/CSR
Gunawan/CSR
Yusup
Sapar
Gusnawardi
Sunardi
Johansyah
Permanent Laborer
Permanent Laborer
Project Secretary
Site coordinator
Soil Scientist
Site Coordinator
Soil Scientist
Soil Scientist
Soil Scientist
Ph.D Candidate
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Soil Scientist
Junior Ag. Economist
Junior Soil Scientist
Lab technician
Lab technician
Field technician
Field Technician
Driver
Driver
Driver
Driver
Project Secretary
8/82
4/85
2/85
7/83
7/84
12/84
5/83
9/83
2/83
9/83
10/85
9/83
1/85
1/84
7/83
1/84
8/82
8/82
9/83
11/84
4/83
1/84
8/84
6/84
9/85
7/85
5/85
.3/85
9/85
5/84
3/86
6/86
7/85
2/85
5/86
5/86
9/83
1/84
6/86
3/85
8/83
4/84
11/84
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