This item is only available as the following downloads:

Designing_innovations ( PPT )

Designing_innovations ( PDF )

PAGE 1

Designing innovationsA case study from Zapotitn, El Salvador initiated with CENTA in 1973

PAGE 2

Peter Hildebrand, assigned by the University of Florida to CENTA, was creating an agricultural economics department for that agricultural research and extension organizatoin in El Salvador

PAGE 3

He was fortunate to have a Peace Corps Volunteer, Edwin C. (Tito) French to work with, along with three Salvadoreaos

PAGE 4

The challenge we faced, besides creating the department, was to help CENTA generate innovations to help improve the livelihoods of smallholders who were the majority of the population of the country.

PAGE 5

Our main target area was an irrigation project that had been put mostly into sugar cane. The country wanted smallholders to produce vegetables there for San Salvador.

PAGE 6

As in most of Central America, maize and beans were the staples of the diet, and critical for smallholders to produce.

PAGE 7

Most smallholders produced maize on all available land. Beans were usually produced following maize, or sometimes intercropped in the drier areas.

PAGE 8

Even to the edges of national monuments!

PAGE 9

Unemployment and under employment were widespread.

PAGE 10

Even though most Salvadoreaos were very hard working when they could find something productive to do.

PAGE 11

Primary roads and transportation generally were good

PAGE 12

Many secondary and access roads also were acceptable.

PAGE 13

Particularly in the project area.

PAGE 14

Soils were generally of volcanic origin and were quite fertile

PAGE 15

Pesticides and fertilizers were also widely avalable in local markets.

PAGE 16

We knew that we had to design a system consistent with the following situation: Labor was relatively abundant, but Bullocks were available for land preparation Land was scarce Transportation was available Chemical inputs were easily accesible Irrigation (in the area) was installed Maize and beans were critical crops, and Vegetables should be included

PAGE 17

We had already been experimenting with twin rows of maize to support tomatoes in a variety trial that Horticulture had asked us to do.

PAGE 18

We (probably Tito rather than the rest of us) thought that we could plant early vegetables in the space between the maize rows.

PAGE 19

So we set up a new trial based on this idea and on the concept that one farmer, with help from other members of the household should be able to do all the work.

PAGE 20

We planted twin row of maize with beans and radishes in between.

PAGE 21

When the radishes were sold, they paid for all the cash costs of establishing the crops up to that point. Radish harvest also “weeded” the maize and beans, increasing labor productivity.

PAGE 22

The beans matured before the maize canopied.

PAGE 23

And were harvested by hand, the prevailing practice.

PAGE 24

Hilling the maize formed beds for vegetables that were transplanted when the maize was “doubled” over to dry in the field.

PAGE 25

Cucumbers (or tomatoes) were staked to the maize tying the stalks in tripods for strength.

PAGE 26

Yields of cucumbers were much higher and quality was better than cucumbers grown on the ground, the common practice

PAGE 27

Before the last cucumber harvest,

PAGE 28

cabbage was transplanted on the edges of the beds.

PAGE 29

Then a second crop of maize was planted where the beans had originally been.

PAGE 30

Allowing the cabbage to mature before the maize canopied.

PAGE 31

And pole beans were planted on this second crop of maize. Seven crops in a year !

PAGE 32

The second crops of maize and beans were harvested in time to prepare the land for the next year.

PAGE 33

We had many visitors to our plots

PAGE 34

And “Multicultivos” became one of the ten national programs in CENTA

PAGE 35

In 1975 there were 600 on-farm multicultivos demonstrations all over the country.